Index characteristics 4:168 classifications 4:168 diversification 4:170 polyploid complexes 4:169–170 recent polyploidy events 4:170–171, 4:171F, 4:172F Polypodium polypodioides 3:517 Polypompholyx 6:44T Polyrachis simplex 5:463T Polyrhachis sokolova 5:13 Polyscias 3:522T Polysiphonia 3:359 Polysphondylium 6:290F Polystomatidea 7:439–440T, 7:448–449F, 7:449–451 Polytoca 1:70 polyunsaturated fatty acids 7:25–26, 7:32–33 Polyxenida 5:423–424, 5:423F Polyxenus lagurus 5:425–426, 5:428 Polyzonium germanicum 5:426 Pomacanthus imperator 3:471F pomace flies 1:28–29, 3:489–491T, 3:493 Pomarea dimidiata 7:184 Pomatias olivieri 3:674F Pomatomus saltatrix 3:469 Pomatoschistus minutus 3:478F pompano 3:467–471 pompeii worm 7:329 pom-pon mushrooms 3:637T ponderosa pine trees 1:144, 6:150T, 6:152–154, 6:712F pond snails 4:374 Pongamia pinnata 1:277 Pongidae 4:693 Pongo abelii 6:256–258T Pongo pygmaeus morio 6:256–258T Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 6:256–258T Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii 6:256–258T Pontania gracilis 4:173–174 Pontania pomum 4:173–174 Pontic steppe 1:262–263T Pontonia pinnophylax 6:547–548 Pontoporia blainvillei 5:77T ponyfish 5:122F, 5:123 poplars biofuel crop production 1:529T, 1:531–532, 1:544F boreal forests 1:628–630, 1:630T energy use impacts 3:261 North America 7:118 plant tissue chemistry 6:120T root–soil interface 6:113T Popophyra 6:296F Popper, Karl 1:16 poppy seeds 7:26 population density 6:157–167 measurement methods as a causal agent 6:157–158 general discussion 6:157 as a response variable 6:157 spatial density variation consequences genetic/evolutionary consequences 6:163 population dynamics 6:162–163 determinant factors external forcing 6:162 generation mechanisms 6:161–162 lifestyle characteristics 6:162 population dynamics 6:162 spatial patterns density–biomass thinning laws –3/2 thinning rule (plants) 6:161 –4/3 thinning rule (animals) 6:161 general discussion 6:161 statistical patterns 6:158–160, 6:160F Taylor’s power law 6:160–161 variability 6:158–160, 6:159F within-species occupancy-abundance patterns 6:161 summary discussion 6:167 temporal density patterns consequences cascade effects 6:164–165 evolutionary consequences 6:165 increased extinction probability 6:164 determinant factors external forcing 6:164 life history characteristics 6:164 population dynamics 6:164 measurement methods distribution shape 6:163 fluctuation magnitude 6:163 red-shifted variance 6:163 Taylor’s power law 6:163–164 trans-specific patterns –3/2 thinning rule 6:165, 6:166F cross-species comparisons 6:165 over-species density distributions 6:165 trait-based relationships breeding systems 6:165 dispersal ability 6:166 geographic range 6:166–167, 6:166F homozygosity 6:166 latitudinal gradients 6:166 reproductive investment 6:165–166 resource usage 6:166 Taylor’s power law 6:167 trophic status 6:166 population diversity agrobiodiversity 1:132, 1:132T countryside biogeography 2:351–352 ecosystem services general characteristics 6:170–171 global population diversity 6:171 local population diversity 6:171 regional population diversity 6:171 introduced species 6:172–173 natural selection 6:168 population dynamics 6:175–181 basic concepts 3:1–3, 6:175 density-dependent dynamics continuous time 6:177, 6:177F discrete time 6:177–178 density-independent dynamics single species with age structure 6:176–177 single species without age structure 6:175–176 evolutionary response studies 3:389 783 historical perspectives 2:420–421 landscape ecology 4:488–502 basic concepts 4:488–491 continuous habitat variability 4:497–498, 4:498F core and satellite model 4:496 disturbance recovery 4:498–499, 4:499F edge effects 4:496–497 environmental gradients 4:497–498 extinction debt 4:497 habitat fragmentation 4:496–497 habitat heterogeneity 1:381–382, 1:381F, 4:497–498 landscape changes 4:496–497 landscape structure basic concepts 4:491–493 habitat preservation 4:495 immigration 4:495 interspecific interactions 4:498–499, 4:499F landscape context 4:493 patch–matrix–corridor model 4:479, 4:479F, 4:492–493, 4:492F population viability analysis (PVA) 4:493–495 quantification methods 4:493 single large or several small (SLOSS) debate 4:495 metapopulation dynamics 4:495–496 research summary 4:499–500 simulation models 4:488–491, 4:490F, 4:491F soil moisture prediction 4:497–498, 4:498F source–sink dynamics 4:496, 5:324–325 spatial patterns 4:488–491, 4:489F modern extinctions 5:370 parasites ecological strategies 5:668 population growth 5:667–668 parasitoids 5:679–681, 6:179 simple two-species interactions basic concepts 6:178–179 competition 6:180 disease dynamics 6:179–180 host–parasitoid dynamics 6:179 prey–predator interactions 6:179 spatial density variation consequences 6:162–163 determinant factors 6:162 stochastic population processes 6:178 summary discussion 6:180 temporal density patterns 6:164 population genetics 6:182–198 conservation genetics 2:263–277 ex-situ conservation 2:273–274 future outlook 2:274–275 genetic drift 2:265–267 genomic research 2:274–275, 2:275F heterozygosity and fitness correlations (HFCs) 2:266 historical perspective 2:263–265 inbreeding 2:265–267, 2:272–273 individual genotypes 2:272–273 kin relationships 2:272–273