652 Index ecotoxicology (continued) biotechnological studies 3:120 chemical studies 3:119 ecological studies 3:120 microbiological studies 3:119–120 toxicological studies 3:120–121 research summary 3:125 Ecotron large-scale controlled environment facility 4:585 Ecteinascidia turbinata 5:711 ectomycorrhizae 3:636, 3:636F ectoparasites 5:657, 5:668, 5:671F ectopic recombination 6:354 Ectopistes migratorius 1:621, 2:281–282, 7:182 Ectoprocta 4:384T, 4:385T ectosymbionts 5:116–117, 5:117F Ecuador biodiversity richness 1:501F botanical gardens 6:519 butterflies 1:657T, 1:658T Convention on Biological Diversity (1930) 2:313 coral reef ecosystems 1:500T deforestation 1:502T ecosystem services 7:356T endangered mammals 3:194T endemism 1:501F, 3:232T, 4:271T indigenous peoples 4:270 institutional collections and capacity 1:505T land cover classifications 6:607T neotropical seasonally dry forests 5:493T, 5:495F, 5:497F pastureland conversion 4:665T plant species 4:102T rain forests 1:159T species richness 1:499T, 1:501F, 4:271T threatened birds 7:181 tropical forests 6:600–604T, 6:606F, 6:606T tropical rain forests 6:314–315, 6:317T, 6:318T vascular epiphytes 3:520T water funds 7:355–357, 7:356T, 7:361–362 edelweiss 1:154 Edentata 5:225T edge effects habitat loss and fragmentation 3:406 historical range and variation (HRV) 2:577F human-generated ecotones 3:146–147 landscape ecology 4:496–497 species–area relationships (SARs) 6:641 Edgertonia floccula 6:292 edible plants 3:127–132 food habits 3:127–128, 3:127T geographic distribution 3:130–131, 3:131T species diversity abundance rankings 3:129T edible parts 3:129–130 food usage 3:130T prolific species 3:130T research background 3:128–129 taxonomic diversity 3:128–129, 3:129T standards of consumption 3:127–128 weeds 3:131–132 Edith’s checkerspot butterfly 4:257–258, 4:259F editosomes 5:572 Edmontonia 2:519T, 2:520T Edmontosaurus 2:519T, 2:520T Edriolychnus schmidti 5:670F educational opportunities 3:133–141 college and university programs 3:140 environmental education 3:136, 3:136 government-based initiatives 3:133 informal education experiences biodiversity experiences and resources Earthwatch Institute 3:138 National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) 3:138–139 nonprofit environmental groups 3:139 online resources 3:139 resources 3:138 botanical gardens 3:138 museums 3:138 resources 3:136–137 youth-serving groups 3:137, 3:137 zoos 3:137–138 K–12 education diversity of life concepts 3:134 formal science education 3:135–136 grades 3–5 3:134 grades 6–8 3:134–135 grades 9–12 3:135 grades K–2 3:133–134 Project 2061 3:133–134 public awareness surveys 3:139–140 research summary 3:140–141 systematics research and training 3:140 Edwards Aquifer (Texas, USA) 7:58, 7:59T Edwards Plateau 5:562–563 eelgrass 3:360–361, 6:454 eelgrass limpets 3:202T eelpouts 3:467–471, 5:34–35 eels 5:315, 5:473, 6:479 egalitarianism 6:574–575 Egeria densa 3:361 eggplant 2:663, 3:32F egg ratio analysis 3:68 egrets 4:257–258, 5:476–477 Egretta garzetta 4:257–258, 5:476–477 egusi melon 6:553 Egypt botanical gardens 6:519 flora 5:481T inland deserts 2:462F megaherbivores 5:224T species richness 1:499T wheat production 1:87–88 see also Near East ecosystems Egyptian mongoose 5:475, 5:477 Egyptian nightjar 5:474 Egyptian vulture 5:474 Ehrlichia ruminantium 2:636F Ehrlich, Paul 3:99, 6:205–206 Eichhornia azurea 1:165 Eichhornia crassipes 1:54–55, 1:164, 1:279, 3:359–360, 3:703, 3:704F, 4:359–360, 6:94 Eichhornia paniculata 4:248F Eigen, Manfred 5:630 Eimer’s organ 4:690–691 Einiosaurus 2:519T einkorn wheat 2:658, 2:662–663 Eisenia arborea 4:334, 4:335F Elachistidae 5:387–388T Elaeagnaceae 5:623F Elaeagnus angustifolia 7:399 Elaeidobius kamerunicus 5:607 Elaeis 7:272 Elaeis guineensis 1:543–547, 2:663, 5:602, 6:320, 6:508, 6:553 Elaeis melanococca 5:600–601 Elaeis oleifera 1:543–547, 4:285, 4:288T, 5:602 Elaeocarpaceae 5:621–625, 5:623F elands 1:50, 2:472–474, 4:696, 6:572–573 Elaphurus davidianus 3:196, 3:373 elapids 6:409 elasmobranchs Census of Marine Life project 2:7F characteristics 3:458–459 chimaeras 3:460, 3:460F rays 3:459–460 sharks characteristics 3:456–457, 3:458–459, 3:459F extinction theories 2:517 hemoglobin evolution 2:55F, 2:55T, 2:56 skates 3:459–460, 3:460F Elasmotherium 5:224T Elateridae 1:327T Elateroidea 1:327T Elbe River 7:152–153 electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic spectrum 6:390–391, 6:391F, 7:296, 7:297F measurement and analysis 6:390–391 remote sensor systems 6:391–392 Eleocharis 1:270, 2:376F Eleocharis albibracteata 4:107 Eleocharis parvula 3:209 elephant bird 1:601, 1:606 Elephantidae 5:224T, 5:225T elephants characteristics 4:694–695 conservation biology 2:243–244 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evolution 2:56F extant species 5:225T hemoglobin evolution 2:55F, 2:55T, 2:56 keystone species 3:93 migration impacts 5:318 number of species 4:690T Serengeti ecosystem 2:487–488, 2:488F size 1:601 species diversity 4:690T, 4:694–695 species interactions 2:352 Succulent Karoo 1:487–488 threat percentage 3:195 trophy hunting 3:197