Index hybridization 4:166–176 basic concepts 4:166 ecological consequences biological diversity 4:171–173 community impacts 4:173–174, 4:173F resistance abilities 4:172–173 species richness 4:173–174, 4:173F homoploid hybridization general discussion 4:166–167 hybrid speciation 4:168 hybrid swarms 4:167–168 introgression 4:166–167 novelty generation 4:167 novelty loss 4:167 polyploid hybridization ancient polyploidy 4:168–169 angiosperms 4:169 characteristics 4:168 classifications 4:168 diversification 4:170 polyploid complexes 4:169–170 recent polyploidy events 4:170–171, 4:171F, 4:172F tracheophytes 4:169 research summary 4:174 importance 6:76 Important Plant Areas (IPAs) 7:203–204 indicator species 4:255–256, 4:257F insecticide resistance 4:298–307 cross-resistance 4:302 diagnostic assays 4:302–303, 4:302F gene homology 4:301 management strategies 4:305–306 multiple resistance 4:302 mutation recurrence 4:301–302 nonpest species 4:306–307 origins 4:299–300 prevalence 4:298–299, 4:298F, 4:299F research background 4:298 research summary 4:307 resistance gene selection determinant factors 4:303 ecological influences 4:303–304 fitness costs 4:305 genetic influences 4:303 operational influences 4:304–305 resistance mechanisms characteristics 4:300 increased detoxification 4:300, 4:300F target site alterations 4:300–301, 4:300F transgenic plants 4:307 introduced parasites–species decline relationships 2:528T introduced species Australia 1:76T, 1:80 Brazil 1:76T, 1:82–83 extinctions 3:410–411 forest management impact 1:451 grazer-based ecosystem restoration and management 4:16–17 impact predictions and evaluations 4:355–356 impacts and distribution 4:378 India 1:76T, 1:82 aquatic ferns (Salvinia molesta) 4:346–347, 4:347F Asian laminarian kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) 4:345–346, 4:346F background information 4:345 cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) 4:347–348, 4:348F endangered species 3:208 Fallopia japonica 4:351–352, 4:352F impact predictions and evaluations 4:355–356 Lantana camara 4:352–353, 4:353F Mimosa pigra 4:353–354, 4:354F mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) 4:348–349, 4:349F Pinus pinaster 4:354–355, 4:355F prickly pear (Opuntia) 4:350–351, 4:351F Spartina alterniflora 4:349–350 pollinators 6:144–145 South Africa 1:76T, 1:81 United Kingdom 1:76T, 1:79 United States 1:75–76, 1:76T island biogeography analytical methods data analysis 4:403–405 floristic checklist methods 4:399 quantitative methods 4:400 releve´ method 4:399 sampling methods 4:399 data analysis dendograph approach 4:403F, 4:404F, 4:405 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 4:402F, 4:403–405, 4:404F, 4:405F improved display methods 4:404F, 4:405, 4:405F two-way table approach 4:402T, 4:404F, 4:405 experimental sampling design horizontal approach 4:406 transect approach 4:405–406, 4:405F vertical approach 4:406 invasive species 3:410–411 quantitative sampling methods challenges 4:400 count-plot method 4:400, 4:401–403 distance methods 4:400–401, 4:401–403 point-centered quarter method 4:401 sample plot size 4:401F, 4:403 wandering quarter method 4:401 releve´ sampling method basic concepts 4:399 cluster analysis 4:403F, 4:404F predefinied strata 4:399 size determinations 4:399, 4:400F species determinations 4:399 species quantity estimations 4:399–400 keystone species study 4:447 known and estimated species 4:384T lake and pond ecosystems 4:461T landscape legacies 4:525–527 777 Late Permian extinction event 5:171 Late Triassic mass extinction 5:172–173 latitudinal range shifts 4:604T living dead 4:590–598 animal populations 4:594–595 anthropogenic impacts 4:594–595 conservation practices 6:81 deforestation 4:591–593, 4:592F extinct megafauna 4:591–593, 4:593F food chains 4:595–596 forest ecosystems 4:590–591, 4:591F requirements 4:593–594 restoration programs 4:597 small plants 4:594 wildland patches 4:596–597, 4:596F mangrove ecosystems 4:337 medicinal plants 1:359, 5:705–706, 6:518–519 Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems Australia 5:213T California 5:213T, 5:215 Cape Region (South Africa) 5:213T Chile 5:213T, 5:216–217 Mediterranean Basin 5:213T mites 1:214–215 modern extinctions 2:168F, 5:368T molecular level diversity 2:635T mutation rates 2:628F native crops 2:662 Near East ecosystems animal diversity 5:469–470, 5:469F Ceratonia siliqua open forests 5:480F, 5:482–483 deserts 5:480F, 5:485–486 desert savannoid vegetation 5:480F, 5:486 dryland vegetation patterns 5:484 flora 5:480–481, 5:481T general discussion 5:481–482 mangroves 5:480F, 5:487 maquis/forests 5:480F, 5:481–482 Mediterranean savannoid vegetation 5:480F, 5:483 Mt Hermon montane forest 5:480F, 5:482 Mt Hermon tragacanth vegetation 5:480F, 5:483–484 Pistacia lentiscus open forests 5:480F, 5:482–483 Quercus calliprinos woodlands 5:480F, 5:482 Quercus ithaburensis open forests 5:480F, 5:482 reed thickets 5:480F, 5:486 sand vegetation 5:480F, 5:486 semisteppe bathas 5:480F, 5:483 shrub–steppes 5:480F, 5:484–485 shrub–steppes with trees 5:480F, 5:485 Sudanian tree oases 5:480F, 5:486 swamps 5:480F, 5:486 synanthropic vegetation 5:480F, 5:486–487 wet salinas 5:480F, 5:486 Ziziphus lotus 5:480F, 5:483 nematodes 7:430