Thông tin tài liệu
Index operational and financial model 7:357–358, 7:357F public protected area management 7:358, 7:358T water fund platform 7:364–365 watershed management 7:357–358 endangered ecosystems assessment methods 3:170 conservation status 3:170–174, 3:171–173T Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 3:170, 3:284 energy flow 3:237–249 benefits 3:237–238 biodiversity effects experimental research 3:247 number of species effects 3:245–246 research background 3:245–247 top-down versus bottom-up regulation 3:246–247 ecosystem boundaries analytical studies 3:241–242 basic concepts 3:238–239, 3:238F control mechanisms 3:241, 3:241F food web–trophic level relationship 3:240–241, 3:241F historical perspective 3:238–239 trophic dynamic concept 3:239–240 future research outlook 3:247–248 importance 3:247 multiple energy pathways background information 3:242–243 depth–light wavelength relationship 3:243 lake and pond ecosystems 3:242–243, 3:243F spatial heterogeneity 3:243 nutrient cycling benefits 3:237–238 food chains 3:244–245 internal versus external supplies 3:243–245 microbial loops 3:244–245 organic detritus 3:244–245 species interactions 3:247 estuarine ecosystems 3:297–308 biodiversity characteristics 3:299–300 ecological functions 3:300–301 fish 3:299–300 characteristics and distribution 3:297–298 Chesapeake Bay case study 3:303–306, 3:304F, 3:305F, 3:306F classifications 3:298–299 climate change effects 6:150–151 ecological functions biogeochemical cycles 3:301 biological properties 3:301 chemical modifications 3:301 climate variations 3:302 ecosystem modifications 3:301 exchange of materials 3:301 extreme events 3:302 freshwater delivery 3:301 general discussion 3:300–301 physico–chemical properties 3:301 sea level changes 3:302 suspended matter 3:301 temperature changes 3:302 transport changes 3:301 wind 3:302 eutrophication aquatic vascular plants 3:360–361 contaminant–stress relationship 5:29–30 high nutrient, low growth (HNLG) concept 5:26–27, 5:26T, 5:27F macroalgae 3:358–359 macrophytes 3:360–361 microfauna 3:363–364, 3:363F nutrient ratio changes 5:28–29, 5:28T, 5:29F functional role 3:297–298 future challenges 3:306–307 habitat loss and degradation 7:371T marine ecosystems 5:45 marine sedimentary habitats 5:108T nitrogen cycle impacts 5:543 salt water plants 6:77 Europe 3:333–346 alpine life zone 1:149T biological and cultural diversity 3:333 ecosystem diversity general discussion 3:333–334 vegetation classification 3:333–334 habitat and vegetation diversity Arctic desert biome 3:335T biotic interactions 3:334T, 3:335 boreal forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T continental semidesert biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T habitat diversity 3:334–335, 3:334T human interference 3:334T, 3:335 Mediterranean biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T pattern variations 3:335 prerequisites and sources 3:334–335, 3:334T steppe/grassland biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T taxon diversity 3:334, 3:334T temperate deciduous forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T tundra biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T warm-temperature evergreen forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T warm-temperature semidesert biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T zonation patterns 3:335–340, 3:336–340T pattern variations Arctic desert biome 3:335T azonal vegetation 3:336–340T biomes 3:335, 3:335T boreal forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T boreal/nemoral orobiomes 3:336–340T continental semidesert biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T 643 habitat diversity 3:344 Mediterranean biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T Mediterranean orobiomes 3:336–340T research literature and surveys 3:341–344T semidesert orobiomes 3:336–340T steppe/grassland biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T synanthropic vegetation 3:336–340T temperate deciduous forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T tundra biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T vegetation diversity 3:335–340 vegetation maps 3:340–344, 3:345F, 3:346T warm-temperature evergreen forest biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T warm-temperature semidesert biome 3:335T, 3:336–340T zonation patterns 3:335–340, 3:336–340T research outlook 3:344–346 vegetation classification background information 3:333–334 dominance approach 3:334 floristic–sociological approach 3:334 habitat classification 3:334 extreme events 4:209–223 abrupt driver changes 4:219–220 climate change effects 2:84–85 climate change studies 2:66, 2:93–94 defining criteria intensity 4:210, 4:211F rarity 4:210 severity/magnitude 4:210–211, 4:211F ecological implications 4:220–221 ecological responses cascading effects 4:214–215 general discussion 4:213 indirect consequences 4:214 irreversible, slow, delayed, or hysteretic recovery 4:213–214, 4:215F key structuring species loss 4:214 microenvironmental changes 4:214 response abruptness 4:213, 4:214F response characteristics 4:213–214 response magnitude 4:214 response rarity 4:213 emerging patterns and challenges anthropogenic amplification 4:217–219 compensatory mechanisms 4:216–217 compound effects 4:217 ecological memory 4:217, 4:218F event frequency 4:215–216 resistance mechanisms 4:216–217 sequences of events 4:217 species richness role 4:216–217 estuarine ecosystems 3:302 event types 4:211–212 global change effects 4:219–220 large-scale drivers 4:212–213
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