Index global distribution patterns 7:117T litter deposition 6:120T management strategies 7:213, 7:213F, 7:214T precipitation–temperature relationship 1:59F predation effects 6:236–237, 6:238F protected area systems 6:492T, 6:499T soils 1:627, 6:123T structure and function 7:213, 7:213F succession 1:632–634 successional dynamics 7:213–214, 7:214F timber-oriented management beetle species 7:218–219, 7:219T, 7:220F, 7:220T forest characteristics 7:216–217, 7:217F impact mechanisms 7:215–216, 7:217F, 7:217T landscape patterns 7:217–218, 7:217F, 7:218F, 7:219F production optimization 7:215, 7:216F research summary 7:219–220 vegetation characteristics 1:628–630 closed forests 1:629–630 forest–tundra ecotone 1:630 geographic boundaries 1:629F, 1:630T latitudinal classifications 1:629–630 lichen woodlands 1:630 longitudinal classifications 1:630–631, 1:631T, 1:632T, 1:633F wildfires 1:627–628 C4 plants 2:371T Chinese National Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) background information 3:375–376 biodiversity/biophysical effects 3:376–377, 3:377F future outlook and challenges 3:378–379 program goals 3:375–376 socioeconomic effects 3:377–378, 3:378F spatial distribution 3:376, 3:376F summary discussion 3:382 climate change studies 2:61F closed forests 1:629–630, 6:325–327, 6:326F, 6:326T coniferous forests biodiversity change scenarios 4:6F global agriculture impacts 3:428T global biodiversity trends 4:563F North America 5:564–565 protected area systems 6:492T, 6:499T South America 6:600–604T conservation status 3:170–174, 3:171–173T deciduous forests biodiversity change scenarios 4:6F climate change studies 2:61F current global land cover 4:557F global agriculture impacts 3:428T litter deposition 6:120T net primary production (NPP) 1:560T pre-agriculture land cover 4:557F, 4:558F, 4:566F temperate deciduous forests 1:271 tropical deciduous forests 3:404 definition 2:447–448 dry forests conservation status 3:171–173T global biodiversity trends 4:563F neotropical seasonally dry forests 5:488–500 animal diversity 5:490 Central America 2:28 characteristics 5:488–490 climate change effects 5:497–498 deforestation 5:491–492, 5:494F extent and geographical distribution 5:491, 5:492F, 5:493T fires 5:496–497 forest fragmentation 5:496, 5:497F grassland ecosystems 5:496 land change drivers 5:494F management practices 5:498 protected area systems 5:492–496, 5:493T, 5:495F savannas 5:496 secondary succession 5:490 shrublands 5:496 structural and functional characteristics 5:489–490, 5:489T, 5:491T precipitation–temperature relationship 1:59F protected area systems 6:492T, 6:499T tropical dry forest 1:266–267, 2:28, 3:110–111, 3:111F, 3:112–113, 6:600–604T ecosystems 3:528–536 biodiversity community organization 3:533–534 disturbance regimes 3:530–533 ecosystem functions 3:535 food webs 3:533–534 forest structure and patterns 3:530–533, 3:532F general patterns 3:530, 3:531F human activity 3:534 keystone species 3:535 latitudinal gradients 1:498F, 3:530, 3:530F tree taxa 3:532T biogeochemical cycles carbon cycle 6:149–150, 6:150T nitrogen cycle 6:152 classification systems 3:528–530, 3:529F climate change effects 6:149–150, 6:150T disturbance events 3:529 human activity biodiversity 3:534 dramatic climatic shifts 3:535 673 forest conversion and fragmentation 3:534, 4:154, 4:156, 5:496, 5:497F harvesting effects 3:534, 4:156 introduced species 3:534 pollution 3:534–535 living dead 4:590–591, 4:591F overexploitation 4:156 precipitation 3:529F South America 3:110 temperature 3:529F ecosystem services 3:96–98 evergreen forests 4:432T, 6:120T flooded forests 7:272 forested wetland conservation 7:371 forest fragmentation 4:154, 5:496, 5:497F forestry-related organizations 4:328–329 forest–tundra ecotone 1:630 fragmented forests 6:325–327, 6:326F, 6:326T fungi-related diseases 3:633, 3:633T global agriculture impacts 3:428T global biodiversity trends 4:563F Global Forest Resources Assessment 6:322 grazer-based ecosystem restoration and management 4:15 habitat–bird species diversity relationship 1:612–613 habitat fragmentation 4:564, 4:565F historical conservation practices 2:279–280, 2:281, 2:283 historic land-use patterns 4:572–574, 4:573F, 4:574F humid forests high mountain ecosystems 7:275 lowland ecosystems 7:273 low mountain ecosystems 7:275 international organizations 4:328–329 introduced plants 1:76 landscape legacies 4:525–527 land-use trends 4:558, 4:559F large-scale biodiversity experiments 4:588–589 latitudinal gradients 1:498F lichen woodlands 1:630 litter deposition 6:119–121, 6:120T living dead agroscapes 4:590–591, 4:591F animal populations 4:594–595 anthropogenic impacts 4:594–595 deforestation 4:591–593, 4:592F extinct megafauna 4:591–593, 4:593F food chains 4:595–596 requirements 4:593–594 restoration programs 4:597 small plants 4:594 wildland patches 4:596–597, 4:596F logged and managed forests 1:446–458 abiotic changes forest floor hydrology 1:450 insolation 1:450 temperature 1:450 wind patterns 1:450 biotic changes aquatic fauna 1:453 behavioral changes 1:453