Index plant–insect associations 1:360, 4:35–36, 4:36T, 5:354–355, 6:48 pollination 6:141T prevalence 4:308 quantity estimates 1:326–328 research summary 4:312 river ecosystems 6:478–479, 6:478T sandy beaches 2:131–133 social insects Hymenoptera 4:181–182 Isoptera 4:412–413, 4:412F, 4:414T, 4:421–422 special associations 3:495 social systems 2:646 Southeast Asia 1:514–515 subterranean ecosystems 7:53 systematic classifications 7:91–93, 7:92F threatened species 1:514–515, 7:206–207F tropical rain forests 1:263 urbanization threats 4:564 wetland ecosystems 7:389–391 insect growth regulators 5:694 insecticides animal damage control 6:342 fish poisons 1:589 inorganic insecticides 5:693 insecticide resistance 4:298–307 cross-resistance 4:302 diagnostic assays 4:302–303, 4:302F gene homology 4:301 management strategies 4:305–306 multiple resistance 4:302 mutation recurrence 4:301–302 nonpest species 4:306–307 origins 4:299–300 prevalence 4:298–299, 4:298F, 4:299F research background 4:298 research summary 4:307 resistance gene selection determinant factors 4:303 ecological influences 4:303–304 fitness costs 4:305 genetic influences 4:303 operational influences 4:304–305 resistance mechanisms characteristics 4:300 increased detoxification 4:300, 4:300F target site alterations 4:300–301, 4:300F transgenic plants 4:307 Near East ecosystems 5:473–475 neem tree 1:589–590 organic insecticides antibiotics 5:694 botanicals 5:693 carbamates 5:694, 5:699T, 5:700T dinitrophenols 5:694 formamidines 5:694 fumigants 5:694 insect growth regulators 5:694 microbials 5:694 new insecticides 5:694 organochlorines 5:693, 5:699T, 5:700T organophosphates 5:693–694, 5:699T, 5:700T organotins 5:694 petroleum oils 5:694 pyrethroids 5:694, 5:699T semiochemicals 5:694 Insectivora 4:689, 4:690T, 4:701T, 6:309T instar analysis 3:68 Institutions of Sustainability (IoS) framework 1:338 Instituto de Investigacio´n de Recursos Biolo´gicos Alexander von Humboldt 1:507 Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) 1:506 insurance hypothesis 1:378 integrated aquaculture 1:198 integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) system 5:452 Integrated Conservation Development Projects (ICDPs) 2:231, 2:253–254 integrated pest management (IPM) systems 4:306–307 Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) software 5:357–358, 5:459, 5:460–462T, 5:463F integrated weed management (IWM) 4:88 integrity, ecological 3:310–311, 3:312F interaction strengths 3:507 Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) 4:327 intercropping 2:382–395 above-ground species interactions canopy heat capture 2:387, 2:387F characteristics 2:386–387 light interception/light use efficiency 2:386–387 shading effects 2:387, 2:387F spatiotemporal complementarity 2:387–388 Africa 2:382–383 Asia 2:383, 2:384F below-ground species interactions hydraulic lift effect 2:391 iron/zinc (Fe/Zn) nutrition 2:390 legume-based crop mixtures 2:389–390 nitrogen complementary utilization 2:389–390 phosphorus facilitation 2:390 root spatial distribution 2:388–389 spatiotemporal complementarity 2:388–389 vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) 2:391 water capture/water use 2:390–391 water use efficiency 2:391 crop pest and disease control biological pest control 2:391 genetic diversity effects 2:391–392 push–pull strategies 2:391 species diversity effects 2:392 definition 2:382–383 importance 2:382–383 intercropping patterns 2:383 Latin America 2:382–383 overyielding 705 above-ground–below-ground species interactions 2:386 above-ground species interactions 2:386–387 below-ground species interactions 2:388–389 classifications 2:386 crop pest and disease control 2:391 land equivalent ratio (LER) 2:386 summary discussion 2:392 intercrops 1:375–376, 7:230–231 interference competition 4:360, 6:669–670, 6:716–717 intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis 5:264–265, 5:264T, 5:265F, 5:266F interglacial cycles 2:59–60, 2:82–83 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) 4:329 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2:73, 2:246–247, 2:486–487, 3:282–283, 4:324–325, 5:449 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) 2:246–247, 3:101–102, 4:324–325 Interim General Models (IGMs) 1:568 intermediate beaches 2:128–129, 2:129F, 2:130F intermediate disturbance hypothesis 2:115–117, 2:563, 4:79, 5:256 intermittent lakes 7:50 internal eliminated sequences (IESs) 5:569, 5:571F International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation 6:514 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) 4:328 International Association for Plant Taxonomy 4:327 International Association for Vegetation Science 5:556 International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) 6:511–512 International Association of Botanic Gardens (IABG) 6:511–512 International Barcode of Life (iBOL) 4:327 International Biological Program (IBP) 4:403–405 International Botanical Congress 5:551 international business strategies 4:330 International Census of Marine Microbes (ICOMM) 2:21, 2:21F International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) 3:643 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 5:551 International Code of Nomenclature 5:551 International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature 5:554 International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature 5:556 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 5:552–553