796 Index Reptilia/reptiles (continued) Central America 2:25T characteristics 7:339–340 climate change studies 2:66, 2:92–93, 6:410 conservation issues climate change effects 6:410 crocodilians 6:411 declining populations 6:409–410 Lepidosauria 6:411 turtles 6:410–411 desert ecosystems 2:470T, 2:472–474, 2:473F elevational range shifts 4:605T El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events 3:156–158 endangered species 3:216–218 characteristics and classifications 3:216 conservation status 3:216, 3:216T major threats climate change effects 3:218, 6:410 commercial exploitation 3:217 direct impacts 3:216–217 habitat destruction 3:216–217 introduced species 3:217–218 pollution 3:218 endemism 3:232T endothermy evolution 6:404–405 extant evolutionary lineages crocodilians 6:401 Lepidosauria 6:401 rhynchocephalians 6:401 species diversity 6:400–401 Squamata 6:401–402 turtles 6:400–401 forest canopies 3:513–514 fossil record 3:685F freshwater ecosystems 3:571–572, 3:578–579, 3:579T fruit and seed dispersal 6:50 genetic diversity 3:665F geographical variation 1:614 global wildlife trade 3:409T grassland ecosystems 4:3 group characteristics crocodilians 6:405–406 general discussion 6:405 Lepidosauria Squamata 6:406–408 tuatara 6:406 lizards 6:406–408, 6:407T snakes 6:408–409 turtles gigantism 6:405 hatchling characteristics 6:405 nest environment 6:405 introduced parasites–species decline relationships 2:528T introduced species Australia 1:80 United States 1:78 late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) 4:721 major threats 7:203F mangrove ecosystems 5:13, 5:20T Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems Australia 5:213T, 5:221 California 5:213T Cape Region (South Africa) 5:213T, 5:220 Chile 5:213T, 5:217 Mediterranean Basin 5:213T, 5:218–219 migratory patterns 5:315–316 modern extinctions 5:368T Near East ecosystems 5:460T, 5:464T North America 5:565 Permian–Triassic mass extinction 5:4 phylogenetic relationships 5:1F, 6:400 river ecosystems 6:479–480 seagrass ecosystems 6:547–548 Southeast Asia 1:515–516 species richness 6:708F species richness gradients 4:613F species richness maps 6:708F, 6:709F Succulent Karoo 1:487–488, 1:487T threatened species 1:515–516, 7:201T tourism industry 7:223 United States 1:78 urbanization threats 4:564 wetland ecosystems 7:389–391 wildfire effects 3:156–158 rescinnamine 5:712T res communes 6:274 reserpine 2:432, 5:712T resistance surface analysis 4:511–512, 4:513F res nullius 6:274 resource competition 4:360 resource concentration hypothesis 6:641 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 1:444 resource management ecosystem-like concepts and applications 6:386–387, 6:387T indigenous peoples 4:272, 6:384–385, 6:384, 6:566–568 traditional belief systems 6:386, 6:567–568 resource partitioning 6:429–437 Clements–Gleason debate 6:429 community dominance–diversity relationships 6:431–432, 6:432F diversity assessment framework 6:429–430, 6:430F diversity mechanisms chance 6:435 frequency-dependent effects 6:435 general discussion 6:435 spatial structure 6:435–436, 6:436F niche differentiation empirical evidence relevance 6:434–435 spatial heterogeneity 6:432–433, 6:433F temporal heterogeneity 6:433–434, 6:434F theoretical perspectives 6:430–432, 6:431F, 6:432F research background 6:429 research summary 6:436–437 respiration, microbial 5:301T, 5:302F res privatae 6:274–275 res publicae 6:274 restingas 1:161, 6:600–604T Restionaceae 5:219 restoration 6:438–452 active versus passive restoration 6:439, 6:439F animal restoration basic concepts 6:443–444 habitat restoration 6:445–446 population sources 6:446 site assessments 6:445–446 species reductions or absences 6:444–445 biodiversity restoration 6:453–460 biologically diverse landscapes landscape objectives 6:458 novel/experimental opportunities 6:458–459 regional efforts 6:458 community restoration abiotic constraints 6:456–457 basic concepts 6:456–457 biotic constraints 6:457 management solutions 6:457–458 genetic considerations captive breeding programs 6:454 challenges 6:454 gene pool manipulation 6:454 greenhouse propagation 6:454 guidance 6:454 research background 6:453–454 goals and priorities 6:453 single species reintroduction abiotic constraints 6:455 biotic constraints 6:455 management solutions 6:455–456 purposes 6:454–455 definition 6:438 designer ecosystems 6:451 ecological restoration 4:199–208 advantages/disadvantages 4:199–200 basic concepts 4:199–200 ecosystem restoration potential 4:203–204 explicit restoration targets 4:205 future outlook biodiversity crisis 4:205 key challenges 4:205–206 socioeconomic justifications 4:206 plant conservation 6:63, 6:85–87 restoration by-products 4:204 restoration justification 4:204–205 restoration targets characteristics 4:200–201 ecosystem drivers 4:201 ecosystem service restoration 4:201–202 entire ecosystems 4:200–201, 4:202T explicit restoration targets 4:205 global climate change 4:203 novel ecosystems 4:202–203 whole-ecosystem restoration 4:201 goals and limitations 6:438–439 microorganisms diversity evaluations 6:446–447 establishment criteria 6:450–451, 6:450F