564 Index aquatic subterranean habitats 7:49–50, 7:50F aquatic vascular plants 3:359–360 aquatic vegetation 1:292–297 aquatic warbler 7:182 aquifers 1:224T Aquifoliaceae 1:270–271 Aquila 1:709 Aquila adalberti 7:185, 7:262–263 Aquila chrysaetos 1:709 Aquila chrysaetus 5:474 Aquila clanga 5:474 Aquila verreauxi 5:474 Aquilegia formosa 6:47–48 Aquilegia pubescens 6:47–48 Aquilegia sibirica 1:269 Arabian desert 1:262–263T, 2:469–470 Arabian oryx 2:243–244, 2:245, 3:196 Arabian peninsula 1:259T Arabidopsis lyrata 2:636F Arabidopsis thaliana molecular level diversity 2:636F mutation rates 2:628T parasite–host coevolution 2:145 phenotypic plasticity 2:721–722 recombination characteristics 6:361T RNA editing 5:575–576 arabinose 6:113T Arabis alpina 4:519 Arabis hirsuta 6:458 arable land 6:592F arac- a´ 4:286–287 Araceae 3:129T, 3:522T, 6:313–318, 6:316T Arachis hypogaea 2:389–390, 2:663–664, 4:287–290, 6:553 Arachis hypogeae 4:289T Arachnida/arachnids 1:202–217 Acari characteristics 1:213–215, 1:214F, 4:394F ecological characteristics 1:214–215 genera and species 1:202T major lineages Acariformes 1:216–217 Astigmata 1:217, 6:587–588 characteristics 1:216 Holothyrida 1:216 Ixodida 1:216 Mesostigmata 1:216, 6:587–588 Opilioacariformes 1:216 Oribatida 1:217, 6:587–588 Parasitiformes 1:216 Prostigmata 1:216–217, 6:587–588 phylogenetic relationships 1:205F phylogeny and taxonomy 1:215–216 reproduction and dispersal 1:215 Antarctica 1:184T Araneae characteristics 1:205–206, 1:205F ecological characteristics 1:205–206 genera and species 1:202T major lineages araneomorphs 1:206–207 Entelegynae 1:207 Haplogynae 1:207 Liphistiidae 1:206 mygalomorphs 1:206 phylogenetic relationships 1:205F phylogeny and taxonomy 1:206 reproduction and growth 1:206 characteristics 1:202–204 diversity 1:202–204, 1:202T endangered species 3:225–226 feeding behaviors 1:204 habitats 1:204 insecticide resistance 4:298–299 known and estimated species 4:384T Near East ecosystems 5:460T number of species 4:371T, 5:669–670T Opiliones characteristics 1:209–210, 1:209F ecological characteristics 1:210 genera and species 1:202T major lineages Cyphophthalmi 1:210 Dyspnoi 1:210 Eupnoi 1:210 Laniatores 1:210–211 phylogeny and taxonomy 1:205F, 1:210 reproduction and growth 1:210 overharvesting/overcollecting 3:223 paleontology 1:204–205 phylogenetic relationships 1:203F, 1:205F phylogeny and taxonomy 1:204 reproduction and growth 1:203–204 riparian zones 6:462–463 Scorpiones characteristics 1:207–208, 1:207F ecological characteristics 1:208 genera and species 1:202T major lineages 1:209 phylogenetic relationships 1:205F phylogeny and taxonomy 1:208–209 reproduction and growth 1:208 smaller orders Amblypygi 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:211, 1:211F characteristics 1:211 Palpigradi 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:212 Pseudoscorpiones 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:212–213, 1:213F Ricinulei 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:212, 1:212F Schizomida 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:212, 1:212F Solifugae 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:213, 1:213F Uropygi 1:202T, 1:205F, 1:211–212, 1:211F subterranean ecosystems 7:53 Arachnoidea 4:392, 4:394F Aradomorpha 7:294 Aradus cinnamomeus 7:294 Araliaceae 3:522T Aral Sea 1:262–263T, 3:171–173T, 4:377, 4:461T Araneae Amazon ecosystems 1:246T characteristics 1:205–206, 1:205F ecological characteristics 1:205–206 genera and species 1:202T major lineages araneomorphs 1:206–207 Entelegynae 1:207 Haplogynae 1:207 Liphistiidae 1:206 mygalomorphs 1:206 phylogenetic relationships 1:205F phylogeny and taxonomy 1:206 reproduction and growth 1:206 Araneidae 1:184T, 1:207 araneomorphs 1:206–207, 1:206 Araripesuchus rattoides 6:401 Aratus pisonii 5:15F, 5:16 Araucaria 7:118–119 Araucaria araucana 3:117, 4:105–107 Araucaria cunninghamii 6:458–459 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) 3:627–628 Arbutus 5:218, 7:118 Arbutus andrachne 5:481–482 Arcella 6:290–291 Arceuthobium 4:71 Arceuthobium douglasii 4:77 Arceuthobium tsugense 4:77 Archaea 1:218–226 biodiversity 5:254–255 common ancestry theory 3:397F domain Archaea 5:286–288, 5:287F, 5:288F evolutionary development 2:640–641, 5:703–705 historical research 1:218 known and estimated species 4:384T marine ecosystems 5:47–49, 5:49F microbial biodiversity 3:682 nitrogen fixation 2:611F, 2:613–614 number of species 5:254T origin and evolution early respiratory processes 1:224–225 evolutionary development 1:225–226 high-temperature adaptations 1:225 phylogenetic relationships 1:223–225, 1:224F, 5:285F, 5:287F, 5:288F phylogenetic relationships 1:218–219, 1:220F, 1:310F, 5:253F, 6:584F, 7:162F physiology characteristics 1:219–220 halophilic Archaea 1:222–223, 1:223T methanogenic Archaea 1:220–222, 1:222T nonextremeophilic Archaea 1:223, 1:224T thermophilic Archaea 1:219–220, 1:221F, 1:221T taxonomy 1:218–219 Archaefructus 5:618–619 Archaeoglobus 1:219–220, 1:221T Archaeognatha 1:247, 4:308–312, 4:309T Archaeopteris 5:555, 5:618F Archeolepis mane 5:389 archerfish 3:467–471 Archey’s frog 4:194T Archezoa 3:329–330 Archosauria 7:340 Archostemata 1:326 Archotermopsis 4:409T