Index livestock genetic resources ex situ strategies 1:645–646 in situ strategies 1:642–645 mammals 4:708–720 captive breeding programs 3:196–197, 4:710–711 Caribbean hutias and solenodons background and characteristics 4:713–714, 4:713F, 4:714F, 4:715F conservation practices 4:715 general discussion 4:713–714 major threats 4:714–715 case studies Caribbean hutias and solenodons 4:713–714 cheetahs and African wild dogs 4:715–716, 4:717F general discussion 4:711 important themes 4:717–719 saiga antelope 4:711 charismatic species 3:197–198 cheetahs and African wild dogs background and characteristics 4:715–716, 4:717F conservation practices 4:716–717 major threats 4:716 range areas 4:718F conservation types captive breeding programs 3:196–197, 4:710–711 government regulation 4:710 habitat/population management 4:710 protected area systems 3:196, 4:710–711 reintroduction programs 3:196–197 species protection 4:710 sustainability 4:710 economic incentives 3:197 general discussion 4:708 government legislation and regulations 3:195 human impact 4:709–710 needs assessments 4:708–709 protected area systems 3:196, 4:710–711 reintroduction programs 3:196–197 research summary 4:719–720 saiga antelope background and characteristics 4:711, 4:711F conservation practices 4:712–713 general discussion 4:711 major threats 4:711–712, 4:712F population decline 4:712F range area 4:712F Species Survival Commissions (SSC) 3:195–196 threat assessment 3:191–192, 4:709–710 umbrella species 3:197–198 marine ecosystems 5:32–44 climate change effects abundance impacts 5:34–35 adaptation rates 5:36 assisted colonization 5:41 climate tolerance 5:36–37 community impacts 5:37–38 conservation strategies 5:38–39 distribution impacts 5:35–36 ecosystem-based management 5:40 evolutionary impacts 5:36 fisheries management 5:40–41 genetic diversity 5:36–37 global impacts 3:449, 5:32 local adaptations 5:36 marine protected areas 5:39–40 ocean acidification 5:33–34 physiological impacts 5:32 predictive models 5:39 research needs 5:41 restoration 5:41 rising seawater temperatures 5:33 future research areas 5:41 metapopulation theory 5:250 nature-based recreation conservation strategies ecosystem services 7:253 health benefits 7:253 conservation support backpacking/hiking groups 7:251–252 declining support 7:251 demographics 7:252–253 diversification strategies 7:252 future outlook 7:252–253 popular activities 7:251 public land visits 7:251–252 two-Americas concept 7:251–252 neotropical mammals 2:591–592 people–conservation relationship 2:221–229, 2:230–237 benefits cost–benefits 2:226 fishing industry 2:232 forestry sector 2:232 grasslands 2:232 nature-based tourism 2:232–233 payment for ecosystem services (PES) 2:226–227 poverty reduction 2:227–228 protected area systems 2:226 conservation threats human impact measures and maps 2:221–222 reduction strategies 2:222–223 disadvantages 2:233 general discussion 2:221 goals and priorities general discussion 2:223–224 preferential treatment large-bodied vertebrates 2:224 shifting baselines 2:223–224 wilderness ideal 2:224 historical perspective 2:230–231 key organizational players 2:231–232 poverty indicators 2:233 poverty trends 2:233–235, 2:234F, 2:234T research summary 2:228, 2:235 victimization factors conservation refugees 2:224–225 general discussion 2:224–225 615 negative impacts 2:225–226 protected area systems 2:224–225 unemployment considerations 2:225–226 plant communities 6:76–89 anthropogenic impacts 6:79–84 Ascension Island 6:78 biodiversity distribution and loss 6:79 biodiversity loss responses 6:63, 6:85–87 botanical gardens ex situ conservation programs 6:513, 6:513–514, 6:514 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) 6:514–515, 6:515 International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation 6:514 Caribbean region 6:83 crop wild relatives (CWRs) 6:77 historical perspective 6:76–79 hotspots 6:79, 6:82T importance 6:76 international agreements 6:76–79, 6:80–81T, 6:509 living dead 6:81 mosses 6:83 restoration dominance–diversity curve 6:440F limitations 6:440–442, 6:441F single-species introductions 6:442–443 species richness improvements 6:442 succession 6:443 vegetation management 6:439–442, 6:440F salt water plants 6:77 threatened species 6:84–85 vascular plant diversity 6:82T religious traditions 6:563–566 restoration 6:370–379, 6:438–452 active versus passive restoration 6:439, 6:439F animal restoration basic concepts 6:443–444 habitat restoration 6:445–446 population sources 6:446 site assessments 6:445–446 species reductions or absences 6:444–445 definition 6:438 designer ecosystems 6:451 goals and limitations 6:438–439 microorganisms diversity evaluations 6:446–447 establishment criteria 6:450–451, 6:450F free-living saprobes 6:448 functional groups 6:448 soil food webs 6:448–449, 6:449F spatiotemporal relationships 6:447–448, 6:447F symbionts 6:449–450, 6:450F plant communities dominance–diversity curve 6:440F limitations 6:440–442, 6:441F