792 Index Quercus rubra 4:363 Quercus semicarpifolia 1:272–273 Quercus serrata 1:271 Quercus skinnerii 2:28–29 Quercus spp Central America 2:25–26 phenological studies 6:106–107 Quercus suber 1:47, 1:709 Quercus variabilis 1:271–272 Questidae 7:417F quilworts 6:59 quinclorac 4:90T quinidine 5:712T quinine 2:426T, 2:427, 5:711–713, 5:712T Quinn, David 4:653 quinoa 2:475–476, 2:484F, 2:663–664, 3:36, 3:40, 3:41F quinones 5:695 Quinqueserialis 7:450–451F quokka 6:455 R rabbitfish 3:460, 3:467–471 rabbits adaptation rates 2:140 biotic relationships 1:710 characteristics 4:697 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evolution 2:56F diversity loss 1:621 Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) 2:584F Holocene postglacial spread 2:551–552T introduced species Australia 1:80 diversity loss 3:193 South Africa 1:81 United Kingdom 1:79 number of species 4:690T risk status classification 1:644F species diversity 4:697 wetland ecosystems 7:390 Rabdophaga rigidae 4:173–174 Rabdophaga salicisbrassicoides 4:173–174 Rabdophaga strobiloides 4:173–174 rabies outbreaks 2:527–529 rabies virus 2:551–552T raccoons 1:686, 2:584F, 7:390 rachypithecus vetulus nestor 6:256–258T racoons 4:690T RADAMBRASIL project 1:160 radiations 1:430 radiolarians 6:25, 6:289T, 6:290F, 6:292 radionucleotides 3:118–119 radio waves 7:297F radishes 2:383 Radopholus similis 6:557 Radula flaccid 4:517 Rafflesia 1:267 Rafflesia arnoldii 4:71–72 Rafflesiaceae 4:71, 4:72F, 6:315T rafflesia flower 7:223 Raffles’ silvered langur 6:256–258T ragfish 3:467–471 ragged tooth shark 3:459F Raillardiopsis 1:30F rails 1:605–606, 1:621, 7:181–182, 7:390 rainbowfish 3:467 rainbow trout 2:264, 2:528T, 3:123T, 4:362, 4:465, 6:153F rainfall climate change effects 3:165 desert climates rainfall pulses 2:463–464 winter and summer rainfall patterns 2:464–466, 2:465F dryland syndrome 2:481–482, 2:483F, 2:484F ecosystem function measurements 3:79, 3:81F megaherbivores 5:230 Near East ecosystems 5:465–467, 5:465F, 5:466T, 5:479, 5:480F rain forests Amazon ecosystems 1:158–160, 1:159F, 1:159T characteristics 6:305–306 habitat destruction 3:403–404, 3:403F see also tropical rain forests rainshadow deserts 2:460 raised bed farming 1:123–124, 4:141 Raja binoculata 3:460F rakkuyu 2:663 Rallidae 1:605–606, 6:308T Rallus longirostrus levipes 6:454–455, 6:456–457 Rallus owstoni 1:621, 1:664T, 1:666–667, 2:245 Rallus wakensis 1:621 rambutan 2:663 Ramosmania rodriguesiana 6:81 Ramphastidae 6:308T Ramsar Convention endangered species protection 4:325, 7:187 government legislation and regulations 3:195, 3:713T international agreements 3:713T protected area systems 6:487, 6:489, 6:496F, 6:497F, 6:498 twentieth century conservation 2:286 wetland ecosystems 7:367–368, 7:386 Ramsaya 4:727–728 Ramsayia curvirostris 5:364F Rana boylii 3:695–696 Rana cancrivora 5:13 Rana cascadae 2:76, 3:165 Rana catesbeiana 1:78, 3:167, 3:695–696, 7:389–390 Rana clamitans 2:719 Rana draytonii 3:695–696 Rana luteiventris 4:514, 4:516, 4:518, 4:564 Rana pipiens 4:156, 7:389–390 Rana temporaria environmental threats disease 3:166 weather pattern shift effects 3:697 habitat loss and fragmentation 4:516–517 landscape genetics 4:519 phenological shifts 5:723 phenotypic plasticity 2:721–722 ranaviruses 3:166, 3:696 Rancholabrean mammalian age stage 4:721–725 Randia 5:489 random polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments 3:663, 3:671F random reproduction 2:508–509, 2:509F range ecology domesticated ruminants 1:702–703 global livestock 6:330–344 anthropogenic impacts 6:343 biological impoverishment animal damage control 6:342 aquatic ecosystems 6:335–337, 6:336F, 6:341–342 biogeochemical cycling 6:342 cropland conversion 6:341 desertification 6:337–338 direct/primary influences 6:335–337, 6:336F, 6:337 exotic species invasions 6:341 fire regime alterations 6:342–343 global impact 6:334–337, 6:335T greenhouse effect 6:340–341 indirect/secondary and tertiary influences 6:336F, 6:337 pasture conversion 6:338–340, 6:340F, 6:341 pathogens 6:341 riparian zones 6:337 terrestrial ecosystems 6:335–337, 6:336F water diversions 6:341–342 biological soil crusts 6:339 livestock-caused degradation 6:343 historical conservation practices 2:283 rangelands dryland syndrome 2:483F general characteristics 6:331–333 grasslands 6:331–333, 6:332F, 6:333F healthy/unhealthy rangelands 3:311F historical conservation practices 2:283 hot deserts 6:334 introduced species mammals 1:76–77, 1:76T nonindigenous plants 1:76 savannas 6:331–332, 6:332F, 6:333F South America 6:608 temperate/cold-desert shrublands 6:333–334 tundra 6:330–331, 6:331F weed management biodiversity effects 4:91–92 chemical weed control 4:88–89 general discussion 4:88 integrated weed management (IWM) 4:88 tools and methodologies 4:88 wildland weed management 4:93–94 Rangifer 4:724–725T Rangifer tarandus 3:255, 4:359, 5:313, 5:723, 6:331 Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus 7:27 Ranomafana National Park 4:437–438 Ransomus rodentorum 7:432, 7:432T