TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH$, Tm&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tip 5, So (2016) B(n S N G CONG NHAN © THJ MIEN NAM GIAI fiO.^ 1954-1960 Nguyin Thj Thu Hi, Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyin*, D|ng Nu Hodng Quyen Khoa Ly lugn Chinh yi, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dai hgc Hui *Email: ntthuyenhue(^yafioo.com.vn T6M TAT Sdng du&i che dg Mp vd chinh quyin Ngd Dinh Difm d&i sSng cong nhdn dd thi miin Nam ludn chim ddm Irong tinh Irgng iSt tdm Thdt nghigp, luang thdp, ih&t gian lam viec khdc nghiet, tai ngn lao dgng, bfnh nghi nghiip, ly nghiip dodn han chi, Id nhung vSndi ihu&ng xuyen de dga ddi sdng cong nhdn Td khda: Cdng nhdn, d&i sSng, ihj, mien Nam Sau Iln ndm chirtii quyln, dupc sy hgu thudn cfla My, chinh quyln Ngd Dinh Difm da thye hifn ehu nghTa thue ddn kiiu mdi len toan miln Nam Viet Nam, Dan ap, khflng hi, bdc lft di ddi vdi mua ehupe, lua bjp, chia re dd la hai mgt cfla chinh sach thuc dan kilu mdi cfla My Hf qua cfla ehinh sach dS din din ddi song cdng nhan lao ddng railn Nam roi vao tinh cdnh khdn ddn Tuy nhiln, han che ve tu lifu, ddi sdng edng nhdn thj miin Nam ehua duac phan anh day dfl ttong cdc edng ttinli nghien eflu ljch su, hoae cac cdng ttinh liln quan Vile nghiln cflu mdt each diy dfl va ed hf thing ve ddi song cdng nhan thi miin Nam dudi chinh saeh cfla chinh quyln Ngd Dinh Difra vi vgy la hit sue can thilt, cd y nghTa vl nhieu mat Bai vilt ndy gidi han ttong vifc tira hieu ve ddi song cdng nhan thj mien Nam giai doan 1954 - 1960, nham gdp thim tu lilu giup hilu day dfl ban ve lich sfl ddn tdc ndi ehung, lieh sfl cdng nhan mien Nam ndi rieng ttong khang chien chdng My, cflu nude (1954 - 1975) Thdi gian va dieu kien lao d6ng VI thdi gian lao dpng, Luat lao dpng efla ehinh quyen Ngo Dinh Difm quy dinh edng nhdn lam gid, tudn ldm 48 gid, mdi nam dupe nghi cd luong hoan toan va 12 hudng nfla luong tmng binh Nhirag ttin thye tk:, nhimg quy djnh khdng dupc thuc hifn De bde lot edng nhan lao dpng, gidi ehu thudng keo dai thdi gian Idm vifc den mflc phai bdo ddng Chinh Bao Cach mang qudc gia (Sai Gdn), 25-5-1959 phai thfl nhgn: "Cdng nhdn bj bdt ldm viec trung binh 11 gio mgt ngdy, Chd Nhdt khdng dugc nghi vd quanh ndm eSng khdng cd ngdy nghi li, ldm vi^c v&i then gian hit sdc khdc nghiet" [1; tt.IO], Dieu dupc khing dinh ttong ban kien nghj 27-7-1956 eua edng nhan hang Societe Generale de Surveillance: "Bgn ehii nhan dng (ede hdng ehuyen van tdi vimg Khdnh Hgi, Sdi Gdn) tham cdng eu&p viec ke ldm cdng Ldm nhiiu gi& md khdng trd liin gia tri Theo lugl lao ddng ldm D&i sSng cdng nhin dd thj miin Nam giai dogn 1954-1960 viec hdng ng^: ban mai, td 7g.30 din llg.30, chiiu lir 14g.30 din 17g.30 nhung bgn chU nhon ong hdng vgn tdi thi: Ban mai: Igdin Ilghogc I3g, chieu I4g din I8g hogc I8g.30" [2;tr.2] Tgi cang Da Ndng, cdng nhdn khuan vac phai lam vife iquin quat suit 13-14 tiing ding hi mft ngdy Cdng nhdn nhd may difn ^ quin qu^t lii din 12 tieng mpt Khdng chi bj bde Ipt bdi thdi gian lao dfng ma edng nhan dd thj miln Nam edn lam vifc vdi dieu kifn hit sue toi tl Ban yeu sach cua edng nhdn nganh thfly difn gdi ehinh quyin Ngd Dmh Difm 19-2-1959 thay rd dieu nay: "Dieu kiin ldm viie ciui ehung loi rdt khS cyc Thg ngdnh Id, ngdnh mdy, thu&ng phdi ldm vigc cd nhung edn nhd ndng din 40 dg, dg anh em mdc binh nhiiu Nhiing mdc binh anh em khdng ddm nghi, vi nghi khdng CO luang de song" [3; fr.2] Khdng nhihig edng nhdn ngudi Idn bj lara vife ttong nhiing dilu kiln khac nghift, ma tre em lara ttong eae xi nghifp eung ehju hoan cdnh nhu vgy: "Em Nguyin Vdn Cho, 13 tuSi, & Bien Hda, da bi chinh quyin kit dn Ihdng lii Nguyin nhdn vi: Em Cho bi bdt bude ldm qud sue mgt mdi khdng dugc nghi Khi mdn gi& ldm, dgi cho mdy trdm thg di vi hit, em bo ldy rua ehdt ddi sgi gidy trdn ehuyen mdy v&i y djnh ldm cho may ngdng ldm viic thi em mdi duge nghi Qud thgt vi bf diit gidy trdn nin nhd mdy nghi hai ngdy vd em Cho cSng nghi du hai ngdy Tru&c tda, em Cho dd nhgn ldi vd gidi thich nguyin nhdn nhu ki trin Tda phgt Nguyin Vdn Cho thdng lit vdgia dinh phdi bdi thu&ng IS.OOOd" [4; tt.22], Mpt dieu dang luu y din ddi sing cdng nhdn dd thj railn Nam la tinh eanh bi dat efla chj em nft edng nhan: "Ngu&i ta khdng cdn lg gi thay mgi nd cdng nhdn mdi luan ludn phiin ldm logi nghe khde nhau: ngdy ldm & hdng ihuSc Id, ngdy ldm nghi dil va ban dim phdi gdnh che, ehdo di bdn rong Chiing la ehii y ngudi cdng nhdn ndy ldm vi4c ngdy liin mgt tudn li v&i sd gi& thi khdng the ki duge " [5] Hdu qua efla vifc khdng ngiing tang thdi gian lao ddng, cdng vdi cdc dilu kiln an todn lao dpng khdng dupc bdo dam nin tai ngn lao ddng thudng xuyin xay Tu ndm 1955 den nam 1959 tai nan lao dpng ttong cdng nhdn dd tiij miln Nam liln tyc tang qua eae nam Nam 1955 cd 1.321 vu, nam 1956 ed 1.401 vu, din nam 1959 cd 2.082 vy [6], Mac diu tai nan lao dfng xdy kha phi biin nhung nhiing bifn phap cip cuu hdu nhu khdng ed Theo tdi lieu "Ihdnh lieh nam" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dirtii Difm, thi ttong sd hang ngdn xi nghiep va don diln ldn nhd d miln Nam nam 1955 cd 20 tu thude cap cira, ndm 1956 eo 27 cdi, nam 1958 cd 29 edi Dd la chua ki din tinh ttgng cd tu thudc nhung khdng cd thuoc de dilu trj cap cuu, ehinh bao ehi Sai Gdn thfta nhan: "Phdn ddng ede hdng, s& eung xihig danh Id xi nghiip vdn cdn ldng cdng vi4c bdo ddm siic khde cho edng nhdn Mgt sd hang, so cUng CO ddt ta thudc, nhung hdu nhu vd dung vi khdng bao gia cd du cdc thir thuoc cdn thiit" [7] Etoi vdi cdc trudng hpp lai ngn lao ddng xay ttong cac xi ngliilp, ehinh quyen Ngd Dinh Difm hoan toan khong ehu y den vifc bii thudng eho ngudi bi nan, (Juy bao hilm lao ddng ciing TAP CHl KHQA HOC VA C6NG NGHB, Tm&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tgp 5, SS (201 khdng cd Vi the, rit it cdng nhan bj tai ngn dupc trp cip Tu nam 1955 din nam 1959, ttong so 8.194 vy tai ngn lao dpng co khai bao xdy frong cae xi nghifp, ehi ed 393 vy dupe xera xet, nghTa la dupe ehinh quyln Ngd Dinh Dilm nhgn dan ddi bii thudng Tat nhiln, tft chd nhgn don dl xera xet den vifc edng nhan tai ngn dupe ttp cap, khdng phai la chuyfn dl ddng Tinh tr^ng that nghiep Dilu dl nhan thiy d eae thj miln Nara sau dinh chiln la nan thit nghiep diln kha phd biln ttong cde xi nghifp, nha may Ve nguyen nhan d5n din tinh ttgng that nghifp cua cdng nhan miln Nam, chinh Td tiinh cfla Bf Xa hpi va Y ti (Sai Gdn) I6-7-I955 gui Tdng thing Vift Nam Cdng hda da chird: "- Ihu nhdt Id viee gidi ngQ mgt phdn qudn dgi Qude gia Viet Nam vd cdc lyc lugng bd tuc nhu Bdo Chinh Dodn, Bia phuang qudn, trir nhiing ngu&i edng chiic bi dgng viin tr& lgi s& cU eua hg, dgi da sd anh em binh si gidi ngU diu thiiu viie ldm - ITui hai, cong nMn miin Bde di eu vdo Nam Cde ngu&i ngy khdng thi di vi ede nai dinh cudi ldm mgng hay khai thdc ldm son Hg ddnh a lgi Sai Gon - Chg L&n di kiim cdng viie ldm - Thd ba, viic hdi hirong mgtphdn l&n qudn dgi vien chinh Phdp ciing da dnh hu&ng nhieu din thi tru&ng lao edng a ddy Khdng ki din nhirng dnh hu&ng gidn liip gdy nin b&i sy di eiia mgt sd ngu&i lieu ihu, viie binh gia Phdp sa thai cdng nhdn ngu&i Viet Nam edc CO s& ciia hg edng dd gdy nhiiu sy xdo trgn & ddy vd ldng cu&ng dgo binh thdt nghiip qud nhiiu - Thd tu, VI sy bien ehuyen eua linh hinh chinh tri mgi so quan trgng cdc xi nghigp ky nghe hay thuang mgi cda ngu&i Phdp & ddy da vd se ddng cua Ngodi chdc chan rdng edc xu&ng xua vdn ldm viic cho qudn dgi Phdp se Ihdi ddn mdi sd l&n cua hg Them vdo cdc nguyin nhdn ddc biit vd ro r4l dy edn phdi ki nhinig nguyen nhdn thu&ng tryc ciia ngn thdi nghiep nhu: thiiu mgt chinh sdeh tgn dyng nhdn cdng, thieu td chdc hu&ng nghiip, thiiu sy kiim Ira chinh xdc vd lu&ng lgn ve eung edu cua thj tru&ng lao cong, nhiing sy biin ddi eua kinh le, kythngl, Ih&ilhugng" [8;tr.l] Mpt su that ma ehinh quyin Ngd Dinh Difm khdng cong bo nhung la nguyin nhan ttyc tiip ddn din tinh trang thdt nghifp la chinh sach "viin dg K^" Vdi chmh sach nay, nhiiu ngdnh san xuit hdng hda d railn Nam bj dinh din ddn din cdng nhdn thit nghilp cang tdng, chiim rapt ti If hiim cd Rieng nam 1958, vi vai "vign trg" tran vao qud nhilu, fl dpng din 5,6 ttieu thude ttong kho, nen nganh det miln Nam lara vdo tinh trang be tac Vi the, hon 80% cdng nhan toan nganh det da bj sa thai Cdn cac nganh san xuat khdc nhu gdm, ggeh, ngdi, xi mang, ehinh sdch chen ep, ddc quyln kinh tl cfla ehinh quyln Ngd Dinh Diem, nen cung bj pha sdn Trong eac nganh nay, cd tft 50% den 70% cdng nhan bj mit vifc lam Doi sSng cdng nhan dd thi inlSn Nam giai dOgn 1954-1960 Trong phiin hpp 28-3-1955 eua tiy ban Liln bf (Sai Gdn), dgi difn Bp Lao dpng dd thing kl ting si edng nhan thit nghifp dupc bdo cao tft eae Ting Liln doan Sdi Gdn: "Tdng Lien dodn Lao dgng: 17.362; Tdng Liin dadn Lao edng: 20.000; Tdng Liin dodn lyc lugng thg thuyin: 10.000" [8; fr 4] Riing si edng nhan md nba bmh Phap sa tiidi cd thi Iln tdi 23.000 Nhu v^y si thit nghifp udc chflng khodng 70.000 ngucri va dy kiln cd the tdng Iln nfta Riing Sai (Jon - Chp Ldn, tinh den tiiang 8-1955 ed den 56.000 ngudi tiiat nghifp d Hui, frong phien hpp 10-11-1955, Khu tmdng hda xa Trang Vift da tuyen bo sa thdi mft phin ba nhan viln Vl ngn thit nghifp efla cdng nhan tiij miin Nam, Chi tiij efla Xft fly Nam Bd ngdy 25-8-1955 cbi ro: "Td chiin tranh chuyin sang hda binh, cong nhdn vd viin chiic ldm cde binh cdng xu&ng hogc cdc cas&phuc vu eho ehiin tranh bj sa thai nhiiu" [9; tt.374] Sang ndm 1956, thihtirgngthit nghifp vin edn tiip diln Tai Sai Gdn da cd 25.000 cdng nhdn cac xi nghifp nha binh Phdp va ban 80% cdng nhan ngdnh dft bj sa thai, cd tdi 40% - 70% edng nhdn ede nganh khdc mit vife lam Trong kien nghj gdi ehinh quyen Ngf Dinh Difm, Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng Vift Nam neu ro tinh ttgng bi ddt nay: "Ngn thdt nghiip ngdy edng ddng, chU nhdn lgi dung ca hgi khan hiim nguyen lieu edn thiet va viic it ngu&i dong, sa thai cong nhdn, eon sd edng nhdn thdt nghiip dd tdng thim" [10; fr.3] Tgi Da Ndng, diu nam 1956, Nha edng tae quan su Da Ndng cflng mft luc sa thai 500 cong nhan ma khdng cd khoan tiln boi thudng nao [11; tt.28] Ngoai ra, d nhieu nai, vile sa thai cdng nhdn vdi bdt efl Iy gi cung thudng xuyen xdy ra, de dpa tryc tiip den ddi song cfla cdng nhan miln Nam Thdng 11-1958, Nha Tong Giam doc ke hogch cfla ehinh quyen Ngd Dinh Difm dd phai thfla nhdn: "O miin Nam cd l&i 58% so ddn den ludi lao dgng khdng ed viee ldm Hon 60% ngdnh dit bi sa Ihdi 50% cdc ngdnh nhu ggeh ngoi, xi mdng mat viic ldm Cd trung binh ngu&i ddn cd mgt ngu&i thdt nghiip" [12; fr 159], Nam 1959, eae vy sa thai edng nhan lgi tiip tyc xay Chitt'nhrieng 21 vy satiidilan, sd edng nhdn hi duoi khdi xudng ed tdi 7.350 ngudi Td "Tudn san Phdng thuang mgi" Sai Gdn, so 168, 9-9-1960 eho bilt: "Trong thdng ddu ndm I960, & mien Nam cd them 784 xi nghiip dong cira, tren 5.000 cdng nhdn bf viit du&ng" [4; tr.8] Mdc dau, tinh trgng that nghifp cang phi biln, nhung Bp Xa hfi va Y tl (Sdi Gon) Igi cho rang hien tupng dd khong dang lo ngai, si lupng nguoi that nghilp ehua ldn Iam, va cho rang, nlu dua mdt giai phdp eho vdn dl that nghifp thi giai phap mang tinh chat chinh fri ban la kinh tl: "Neu vdn di thdt nghiip tgi Viil Nam chua den ndi trdm trgng vi phuong di^n kinh ti Ihi trdi lgi, vi phuang diin chinh Irj vdn di dy da Id mgt de dga ndng ni Chung la dang & mgt tinh trgng chinh trf dge bi^l, tinh trgng hai che dg song song tranh gidnh dnh hu&ng Irong ddn ehiing Tuyin truyen ddi phuang se khdng bo 19 ca hdi khai Ihdc tinh trgng khdn qudn cua cdc cdng nhdn mdt viie vd lgi dyng so ngu&i bat mdn ay di Id ehuc dgo binh gdy rdi & ddy " va TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C6NG NGH$, Tm&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tip 5, S6 (2016 "cd sy cap bdch ehinh tri phdi dua mgt vdi biin phdp di gidi quyit nan thdt nghigp " [8; tt.3] Sau bj mit vife lam, hang vgn edng nhdn phai tim kiim edng vile d eae xi nghifp khae Lpi dyng tinh trgng dd, cdc chfl xi nghifp da tun each sa thai so edng rtiidn dang lam vifc liy ngudi thit nghifp vao tiiay till dl tra luong han, hay tang cudng dp lao dpng Do do, cae cdng ty bin hpp eua My hay ehmh quyen Ngd Dmh Difm vd chfl cae xi nghiep da thu dupe mdn Ipi nhugn kieh xfl Tdm lgi, nan that nghifp phi bien nghilm ttpng va keo dai da gdy cho cudc sdng cfla cdng nhan dd thj miln Nam ngdy cdng tflng quin Luang cdng nhan Theo Nghj djnh so 76 BLD/LD/ND nam 1956 cfla Bp Lao ddng (Sdi Gdn) quy djnh: lucmg tdi tiiiiu ed bdo dam tgi Sai Gdn vd eac vung phy cdn thi dan dng 4I$,00, dan ba 36$I0, fre em dudi 18 tuii 31$60 [13; fr.6] Tuy nhien, tten tiiyc ti, khdng phai lflc nao cdng nhan dd tiij mien Nam cung dupe hudng diy dft mfte luemg theo quy dinh Ngoai vile dm dau bj mit luong, hp edn ed the bj cdt nfta luang, nghi vife khdng luang, bj thdi khdng bdi thudng vi bat cu ly gi tfly vdo gidi ehu, Tgi cdng ty cdng qudn td buyt, cdng nhdn dau ora nghi mot la bj cflp luang, nghi qua mft la bj duii [14; tt.I6] Dudi ehi dp MJ va chinh quyln Ngd DiiUi Difm, ndi din vin dk tiin luong thi cin phdi phan bift giua tiln luang danh nghTa vd tiln luong thyc te Mue dp cfla tiln luong danh nghia hoan todn khdng thi phdn anh dupe mfte thu nhgp vl tiln luong thye ti cfla cdng nhdn dupe nhan Thu nhdp tft tiln luong khdng theo kjp gia ed thyc phim va hang tieu dflng hang De thay rd ttin luong thye ti eiia edng nhan mien Nam bj giam sflt den muc dp ndo, trude hit, can nhin qua tinh hinh gia sinh hoat d miln Nam Tu thang 7-1954, gia sinh boat trin thj tradng miln Nam khdng ngung tdng vpt Nam 1955, gia sinh hogt d thj tang tu: 150% din 200% so vdi tmdc dinh chiln Tgi Hue, dau nam 1955, gia gao la 300 ddng/ta, thi cudi 1955 la 2.000 dong/ta tang gap hon lin Tai Da Ndng, gia ggo tft 3,8 ding/kg ndm 1955 Iln 10 ddng/kg nam 1956, hie Id tdng gin lin [11; tt.l4] Sang nam 1956, neu so vdi gia ca nam 1955 thi gao tdng 26,3%, ca tang 15%, vai tang 13% Mac diu gid ca sinh hogt tiep tye leo thang nhirag ehi sd gia tang luong bdng cua cdng nhan lgi khdng tang: "Luang trung binh eua edng nhdn xi nghiip lit ndm 1956, lgi Sdi Gdn - Chg L&n, theo tdi ligu cua Vi^n thdng ke Id 47S80, so v&i luang ndm 1939 Id 0S75; gid sinh hogt edn bdn nam 1939 tgi Sdi Gdn - Chg L&n Id 101 vd ndm 1956 Id 10.883 Nhuvdy, ehi sd gia ldng vi luang bdng ehua theo kip dugc chi sd gia Idng vi gid sinh hogt (chi sd gia ldng luong bdng chi m&i long 64 ldn md chi sd gia tdng gid liiu thy ldng 107 ldn " [ 15; tt.3] va ki tu tang luong thang 8-1955 din thdng 7-1956, theo vifn thing kl thi chi si smh hogt tang len rit nhiiu: "Chi so sinh hogt eda Ddi sSng cong nhan 66 dii miSn Nam giai dogn 1954-1960 c4? tnmg dd tdng din 19%, vd Ihg thuyin dd lin din 21% Nhung iheo sy nhgn xet cua cdc gi&i thi ehi so sinh hogt that sy da Img len edeh biit v&i so phdn trdm eua viin thong ke rdt nhiiu" [16; tt.4] Cdn theo Nhdt bdo Cdng nhdn ngdy 9-8-1956: "Chi gid tdng sinh hogi da len l&i cap tnmg 19%, cdp Ihg thuyen tren 21%, thyc phdm cd thd dd lin trin 100% Do long luang 15% thi cdng nhm vm khong the chiu dyng ndi" [17; fr.4] Nam 1958, eac thfl hang thilt yiu khdng cd xu hudng gidm md edn tang cao hon DJc bilt la gia ggo tang tft 380 dong/ta nam 1956 len 540 ddng/tg nam 1958 Da Ndng, gia ggo cung tang 54 ddng/kg Dd the, gao lai khan hiim, khu vue edng nhan va lao dpng d xdm Cui (Sai Gdn), mdi tmng bmh cin tilu thu 4.000 bao gao nhung ngudn eung chi dupe vdi trdm bao [4;tt.15] Do dd, nan tich trft, diu ea da diln ldm cho gia ggo Igi tiip tyc tang Iln Sang nam 1960, gid ca vin tang mgnh: "Tu dau ndm din eudi nam, linh chung edc thu hang hda tdng 23% Ddc biet edc nhu yiu phdm long nhanh, thde ggo tdng 56% " Sd dT vgt gia frong nam I960 tdng mdt edeh nhay vpt nhu vgy nhilu nguyin nhan, dge bift la ngn Igm phat keo dai Din giiia nam I960, ngn Igm phdt da dua tin tinh trgng ddng bgc miln Nam mdt gia rapt each nghilm trpng Khoi lupng giay bge luu hdnh ttong thang 9-1960 tang Iln 21% so vdi thang 9-1959 Tdng tiln tf miln Nam thang 9-1960 eung tang Iln 10% so vdi thang 9-1959 Do dd, tiln luong thyc tl efla cdng nhdn lai cdng each bift rat xa so vdi gia ed hang tilu dung Theo bao Ngdn Lugn (Sdi Gon) (5-I0-I960), ehinh Tran Quoe Biiu thfl nhan: "Trong mdy thdng gdn ddy, gid sinh hogt lgi dot ng&t tdng vgt mgt edch qud sue chju dyng cua gidi lao dgng Kit qud la mdi lyc cua ddng luang bf vol gid bo edeh qud xa Chiing loi da cd gdng gioi hgn sy doi hdi cua cdng nhdn, nhung chiing Idi khdng ehde eon ed thi keu ggi sir hi sinh cOa gi&i lao dgng duge bag nhiiu nda" [18] Nghj qi^lt cfla Hdi nghj dai bilu ede nghifp dodn Sai Gdn va edc tinh miln Nam 8-111960 cimg khang djnh: "Tir ngdy ban hdnh Nghj djnh sd ngdy 1- 7-1956, dn dinh ^d tiin luang ld thiiu cha cong nhdn den nay, mdc luang bdng eua gi&i cdng nhdn khdng dugc diiu chinh di kfp the gjd sinh hogt thi tru&ng liiu thy cua g/di lm> dgng" [19], Hpi nghj cdn eho bilt, gid smh hogt thj tradng so vdi mue lucmg tdi thilu cua gidi cdng nhan each bilt Ian nghTa la luong thyc tl giam 50% Nguyin nhdn quan ttpng thu hai lam eho tiln luong thye ti efla cdng nhan miin Nam giam sut mpt each nghilm trpng la thul ma va phgt vg rat n^ng nl Thul phan dnh mpt each kha dung ban chat cfla mpt che dp Nha nude Trong nam cam quyln (1954-1960), chmh quyln Ngd Dinh Difm dd bdt nhdn dan mien Nam phdi ddng gdp rat ndng nl: "Mgt gia dinh cdng nhdn mdi ndm phdi ddng nhiiu thu thui: thui ddt, thue noe nha, thui phy thu Dd Thdnh, thue gid thui nhd hdng ihdng 200 dong, thui cdng, thue rdc moi ndm 100 ddng mge ddu khdng bao gi& dugc rdc " [20] Bin cgnh tiiui fryc thu (time dit, tiiui ndc nlia, thui phy tiiu D6 Thanh, tiiui gia tiiu nha hangtiiang,thul cing, thui rae) la thul gidn thu (danh vao eac thfl hang hda ban hoae gdp thim TAP CHl KHOA HQC vA C6NG NGH$ Tm&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tgp 5, So (201 vao eae thfl nhu ve xe, tau dien) Hai logi thue ^ giam bdt rit nhilu tiln luong va thu nhgp thye tl eiia edng nhan V|t gia dat dd, luong khdng tdng cfng vdi thul md cdc logi nhu da dl cap d ti^n la nguyin nhdn tryc dep khiln ddi sdng edng nhdn dd thj miln Nam roi vao tinh trang tflng qudn Don cfla anh chj em cdng nhan hdng Societe Gineralede de Surveillance gfli Qudc hfi Sai Gdn 27-7-1956 vach rd tmh trang nay,- "Cdc mh em chf em lao dgng rdt kham khd ddi sSng Ldm viic vdt vd, tdi lu&i vl bgn chU nhan chdng cd nhcm tinh D&i song, sy sinh hogt thu&ng xuyen dn dot dd Luang edng nhyl khdng kjp theo dd muc sSng Con buon hay theo doi ddng luang eua nhan cdng Sy sdng Do Ihdnh tdi ndo sdng ndi" [2; fr.l] Ddi song van hda xa hfi Nham cudn hflt nhan dan mien Nam, nhdn dan eac dd thj, ttong dd cd edng nhan, vi mgt van hda, dudi ehi dp My va Chuih quyin Sdi Gdn, phim nude ngodi nhgp vao miln Nam cang nhiiu, dac bift la phim My Rieng nam 1958, frong si 500 bd phim chiiu d miln Nam thi da cd tdi 211 bp phim Id cua My, 192 bf phira efla Dai Loan Cac phun nhgp hi nude ngoai, dge bift la phun My mang tinh gpi dye, rtiiung qudng cdo gigt gan khdng phfl hpp vdi van hoa Vift Nam, gdy dnh hudng khdng nhd den tam ly eua edng nhdn dge bift la gidi cdng nhdn tti, Idm ndy sinh d hp tam Iy hudng thy va vpng ngoai, ed phdn xao lang y thue diu ttanh ching dp bfle bit cdng Chinh quyln Ngd Dinh Difra cho rang, hp rat quan tam cae ehinh sach xa hdi nhdm nang cao ddi sdng cho cdng nhan nhu thue hifn qu)^ bu trii, chinh saeh ddi vdi nft cdng nhan sinh nd, phu cap thdi vile cho cdng nhan, che dp luemg htm ddi vdi cdng nhan hit tuoi lao dpng, tim vifc lam cho cdng nhan that nghifp, Tuy nhien, sy quan tam dd nhilu ehi la ttin giay td, cdn ttong thye tl thi khac xa, vl tinh hinh nay, bai "Ldm thi ndo bii trir dung muc " dang tren hao Ddn Nguyen (Sai Gdn) 11-5-1957 phan anh: "V&i danh nghia la qi^ bii trd, nhdl djnh quy khdng cd liin du Tien dy Id eua ehd nhdn ddng gdp di phy cdp cho cdng nhdn Ihi phdi dung ldm nhirng viic cd lgi eho edng nhdn m&i ldm thda mdn dugc ehu nhdn ddng gdp", the nhung, quy Bfl tru da khdng thye hifn dung chiic nang, nhifm vu cfla minh, ngupc Igi quy cdn su dyng tien efla quy dl "cho vay dn l&i vd nguai ed trdch nhiim xem la mgt cdng trgng doi v&i quy" [21], Theo bao VTX (Viet Nam Thdng tin xa) (Sdi Gon) 15-2-1957, dk ndng cao ddi sing gidi cdng nhdn, Chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Difm da eho xay dyng cac edng ttuih vf sinh va an nmh cdng nhan nhu nha d, quan com re tiln, rUia tte, nha gidi tti Cd xi nghifp xay dyng qudn cam re tiln cho cdng nhan, 12xin^ifpcdbfnh vien vai27bdcsT, 143 y td vd 17 nft hf sinh [22; tr.4] Riing d Dd Thanh Sdi Gdn, nha d eho cdng nhan ed khoang 600 nha ggeh va cu xa (gdm 28 phdng eho edng nhan dpc than va 93 cdn nha cho cdng nhdn ed gia dinh) ( D&i sdng cdng nhin dd thj miin Nam giai do^n 1954-1960 NIU ehi nhin vdo nhiing edng trinh dupc xay dung tten, ngudi ta nghT ring, ngudi cdng nhdn mien Nam dudi Chinh quyln Ngd Dmh Difm lam vifc khdng cdn phai lo au vl cufc sdng thiiu thon efla minh nua, la "uu diim" efla chi dp Cpng hda nhan vj Tuy nhiln, day ehi la sy hao nhoang trang tri bin ngoai, fren thyc ti thi khae xa, tmh ttgng edng nhan thudng xuyen bj thit nghifp, khdng cd vife Iam, hoge luong khdng du sdng, lam vife vdi dilu kifn lao dpng khd eye, dm dau khdng dupe kham benh, song ttong nhiing ngdi nhd chgt chdi, ban thiu kha phd biln d cae dd thj miln nam Nhu vgy, dudi che dp My va ehinh quyln Ngd Dmh Difm, ddi song edng nhdn miln Nam ludn chrni dim ttong tmh trgng tdm tdi Thit nghifp, luang tiiip, thdi gian ldm vifc khdc nghift, tai ngn lao dpng, bfnh nghi nghifp, ty nghifp doan hgn che, la nhftng vin de thudng xuyen de dpa ddi sing cdng nhan Dieu gdp phdn chi ro thue chat cfla chi df "cgng hoa nhdn vi" ciia My va chinh quyln Ngd Dinh Diem, gdp phan giae ngp y thfte dau ttanh efla cdng rtiidn miln Nara ttong giai doan ndy Sy bung ni cdc cufc diu franh cfla edng nhdn tiij miln Nam vi muc tilu dan sinh, dan ehu vd chong lgi cae ehinh saeh eua My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Dilm nhu la mft tit yiu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Tudn san phong Thuang mgi phdng kp nghg Sdi Gon - 08/05/1970,fr.10 [2], Cong nhan hing Sociltl Gln^rale de Surveillance S^i G6n (1956) Bdn kiin nghj gdi Ong Ddn bieu Qudc hgi qugn Nhut Sdi Gdn 27-7-1956, Trang tdm Luu Irtt Quic gia II, Thanh phi H Chi Minh, KJi hilu hi scr: Phfl TingtilingDf nhdt Cfng hda, 16235,fr.2 [3] Cdng nhdn ngdnh thuy diln (1959) Bdnyiu sdch ciia cong nhdn nganh thdy dien gdi chinh quy Ngd Dinh Di^m ngdy 19-2-1959, Tnmg tdm Luu trft Quic gia II, Thanh phi Hi Chi Minh, K>? hifu hi so: Phfl Ting thing Df nhdt Cpng hda, 17126,fr.2 [4], VeNguyen(1961).iV)wsfrA)ca'^«/iflttm^.M3OT,Nhdxu&bdnSyT^ [5] Tudn san Phdng Thuong mgi Sdi Gdn - 20/10/1959 [6] Vi€t'tiaaithdng tin \i (\959) Chi dd an ninh xd hgi cua F/er Mjm, Trung tdm Luu trit Quic gia Ii, Thdnh phi HI Chi Muih, Ky hifu hi so: Phu Ting tiling Df nhdl Cfng hPa, 1959 [7] Bdo Tiing Chudng- 06/02/1960 [8], Bp xa hpi vd Y ti (1955) T& trinh ngdy 16-7-1955 vi viic that nghiip tgi Viel Nam, Tnmg td Luu hft Quic gia II, Thdnh phi Hi Chi Minh, K^ hieu ho so: Phfl Ting tiling Df nhdt Cfng hoa, 16231, tt I [9] Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (2002) Vdn kien Ddng loan tap, Tfp 16 (1955), Nlia xudt bdn Chmli trj qu gia, Hd Nfi, tt.374 TAP CHl KHQA HQC VA C6NG NGHE, Tnrdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tjp 5, S6 (2016) [10] Tong Liln dodn Lao dfng Viet Nam (1956) Bdn kiin nghi ngdy 1-7-1956 g&i Tdng thong Viit Nam Cdng hda vi nguyin vgng cia cdng nhdn, Tnmg tdm Lira trft Quic gia II, Thanh p h i H6 Chi Minh, K)f hifu h i so: Phfl Tong thong Df nhdt Cfng h6a, 16231, tt [11] L'fch sd phong trao ddu tranh cdch mgng cua cong nhdn lao dgng vd hogt ddng cdng dodn Qudng Nam Dd NSng (1954-1975) (1996) Nhd xuit ban Dd NSng, Dd Nang, tt 28 [121- ^C!azti%YiiiB.%