THAI D O CUA NGUOI DAN VE TINH BINH DANG TRONG QUAN DIEM PHAT TRIEN CON NGUOI GS.TS Pham Thanh Nghj Vien Tdm IY hoc TOM TAT Thdi d(~) ciia ngifdi ddn phu hap hay khdng so vdi chudn ddnh gid cd y nghTa thue ddy hay cdn Ird vice thifc thi chinh sdch phdt trien ngifdi (PTCN) Bdi viet dd phdn lieh thifc trgng thdi eiia ngifdi ddn ve tinh binh ddng vd cho thdy thdi ciia ngudi ddn iing hg binh ddng chifa cao, chifa dong deu tren cdc mat vd chUa rd rdng mgi tinh hudng Ngifdi tre tudi, ngifdi cd hgc vdn cao cd thdi iing hg binh ddng nhieu han NgUdi mien Nam cd xu hudng iing hd binh dang cao hem ngudi mien Bdc Dd cd sif chuyen hda thdi ve tinh binh ddng theo hifdng phii hgp hem, nhitng nhin chung cdn cd sit cdi thien thdi eho phii hgp han vdi yeu cdu PTCN Dat van de Chfnh sach eua qudc gia cd dupe dua vao thue tidn hay khdng phu thudc rdt nhieu vao thai dp cua ngudi dan va su tham gia cua hp vao thuc hidn cac chfnh sach Nhiing bid'n ddi thd' gidi quan cua cdng chung cd thd' tac ddng lam thay doi thuc tidn, thay ddi ddi sdng kinh td', chfnh tri va xa hdi thdng qua chfnh hoat ddng cua hp Cac nghidn cfiu gia tri cho thdy nhiing thay doi he thdng niem tin ciia cdng chung dang ddn tdi nhfing kd't qua kinh te, chfnh tri va xa hdi quan trpng Trong cud'n sach cua mlnh, Inglehart (2008) da ehfing minh rdng, cd mdi lidn ket manh me gifia cac hd thdng ni^m tin va cac bid'n sd chfnh tri va kinh td' xa hdi nhu n^n dan chu hoac nhip dd tang trudng kinh te Cae bid'n ddi the gidi quan phan anh su bid'n ddi mdi trudng kinh te va chfnh tri nhung chiing didn cham han v^ thdi gian va ddc lap dang ke theo nhfing ddng thai ridng Nhfing gi lidn quan dd'n PTCN, quan nidm cua ngudi dan vd tfnh binh ding ed y nghTa quan trpng, ngudi dan tham gia thue thi chfnh sach, tac ddng hang dd'n vide dat duac cac muc tidu binh dang chfnh sach PTCN Y kid'n cua hp phu hap hay khdng phu hap so vdi chuan muc danh gia PTCN cd y nghia thuc ddy hay can trd vide thuc thi chfnh 14 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 sach dd, tac ddng day nhanh hay lam cham lai tid'n tnnh dat dupe cac muc tidu PTCN Bai vid't phan tfch thuc trang thai dp eua ngudi dan Viet Nam vd tfnh binh dang quan diem PTCN, chi nhfing khoang each, nhfing bat cap ve thai dp va xu hudng thay ddi thai dd qua trinh phat trien tien tdi muc tidu PTCN Binh dang quan diem phat trien ngudi Mahbub ul Haq (1995), ngudi khdi thao Bao cao phat trien ngudi ddu tidn vao nam 1990 da dua chieu canh ca ban de danh gia sir PTCN an pham ''Bdn ve phdt trien ngitcd" (Reflections on Human Development) Do la tfnh cdng bdng, tfnh ben vfing, tfnh hidu qua va su trao quyen, dd, tfnh binh ding dupe hi^u la sir tid'p can nhu tdi cac ca hdi phat trien cua tdt ca mpi ngudi Phat trien ma thid'u binh dang cd nghTa la han che su lua chpn cua rdt nhilu ngudi xa hdi Tiiy thudc vao mfic dp bdt binh dang dd'n mfic nao, qua trinh phat trien cd the se tude di quyen eiia mdt sd nhdm ngudi nao dd xa hdi Binh dang cdn dupe hieu la binh dang ve ca hdi, khdng nhdt thid't phai binh ddng vi kd't qua, binh dang ve ca hdi khdng phai lue nao cung ddn dd'n sir lua chpn gidng hay kd't qua gidng Thuc ra, su da dang hda ddu cudc sd'ng cho thdy, cac ca hdi binh dang thudng ddn dd'n kd't qua khdng bdng Binh dang ve co hdi tid'p can chfnh tri va kinh td' phai dupe xem nhu nhiing quyen co ban ciia ngudi quan diem phat trien Su binh ddng cd the xem xet theo gidi, viing mien, tpc ngudi Thai dp cua ngudi dan ve binh ddng d day dupe xem la nhfing danh gia cua hp, ung hd hay khdng ung hp nhiing ca hdi ciia cac nhdm ngudi khac tdi cac hoat ddng, dich vu cung nhu su phat trien Nhumg ke't qua phan tich thai ngudi dan ve tinh binh ddng PTCN Nhiing phan tfch bai vid't su dung sd lieu thu dupe cudc dieu tra gia tri thd' gidi (WVS) 2007 tai Viet Nam de lam ro thai dp cua ngudi dan ve binh dang gidi, ve su edng bdng, binh dang thu nhap, binh dang quan hd, giao tid'p, fing xfi gifia nhfing ngudi cd xudt thdn tfi eae nhdm xa hdi khac Nhirng ngudi tra ldi dupe lua chpn theo quy trinh chpn mdu xac sudt ngdu nhidn nhieu bude va dupe kiem dinh ve mat thdng kd de hp ed the dai didn cho ngudi dan Vidt Nam dua y kid'n ve cae vdn de lidn quan Nhiing phan tfch dudi day tap trung vao lam rd (1) Thai dp ve binh ddng gidi vide lam va thu nhap, (2) Thai dp ve binh dang gifia nhfing nhdm ngudi khac thu nhap va vide lam 2.1 Thdi ve binh ddng gidi viec ldm vd thu nhgp Trong he gia tri truyen thdng, nam gidi dupe coi trpng hon nfi gidi, vl vay CO hdi phat trien, ea hdi vide lam dd'i vdi nam gidi ludn cao han nfi gidi TAPCHfTAMLtHpC,Sdl(154), 2012 15 Thai dp trpng nam khinh nfi vdn dang tdn tai khd phd bid'n ngudi dan Vidt Nam hien Thai dd ndy dang ed ddu hidu thay ddi theo chidu hudng tfch cue, cang cd nhieu ngudi iing hd binh ddng gidi ca hdi vide lam, thu nhap, nang cao hpc vdn Phan fing vdi tuyen bd "Khi cdng vide khan hidm, dan dng cd quyen ed vide lam han", 40,3% ngudi trd Idi chpn phuang an ddng y, 37,2% ngudi tra ldi chpn phuang an khdng ddng y va 21,2% khdng ed y kid'n gl Khi phdn tfch theo dp tudi, nhdm ngudi tren 50 ludi cd xu hudng iing hd quan di^m phan bidt gidi cao han nhfing nhdm ngudi tni ldi ire tudi han, dac bidt, nhdm ngudi dudi 30 tudi Diem trung binh eiia nhdm tuong fing la 1,85 va 2,05; di^m - ung hd quan diem phan biet gidi, dilm phdn dd'i quan diem Nhfing ngudi cd hpc vdn cao hPn cd quan diem tid'n bd han, ft iing hd quan did'm phan bidt gidi, cu the la nhdm ngudi cd trinh dd dai hpc trd ldn phan ddi quan diem nhilu han nhfing ngudi cd trinh dd tilu hpc (dilm trung binh tuang fing la 2,05 va 1,78) Mdt dilu thii vi dupe phat hidn d ddy la ngudi miln Bdc ung hd quan diem phan biet gidi cao han ngudi sdng d miln Nam, vdi dilm trung binh tuang fing la 1,85 va 1,99 9081,9 77.9 80' 70' 60 50 40 -45:r 40,3 2U 40,1 ^ I 30 20 30,2 11 10 Viet Nam Trung Qud'c a D6ng y I 19,8 Nhat Ban D Dao d^ng 9.8 8.2 ^ My Canada Khdng d6ng ^ Bieu dd 1: Khi cdng viec khan hiem, ddn dng co quyin co viec ldm han 16 TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 So sanh qudc te dung sd lieu thu dupe tfi cae cudc dieu tra tuang tu didn d cae nude cho thdy, thai dp cua ngudi dan Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban kha gidng vdi thai dp eua ngudi dan Viet Nam ve vide uu tidn nam gidi cd vide lam edng vide khan hiem vdi diem trung binh tuong fing la 1,84; 1,80 va 1,92; dd ngudi dan My va Canada phan ddi tuydn bd kha manh me vdi dilm trung binh tuang fing la 2,71 va 2,62 (bilu 1) Didu cd thi ly giai rdng, mac du Nhat Ban la nude cd trinh dd cao ve phat triln vd kinh te, xa hdi va eon ngudi, nhung ngudi dan Nhat vdn cdn tri van hoa gia dinh truyen thdng kha manh me Nhieu phu nfi Nhat Ban vdn d nha lam ndi trp va chfnh sach eiia chfnh phu efing nhu cae td chfic dan su vdn cdn khuyd'n khfch td chfic gia dinh kilu Trung Qudc va Viet Nam lai kha gidng vl mat van hoa va day la ea sd dl ngudi dan cd quan dilm gdn vl van dl binh ddng gidi Trong dd, ngudi dan My va Canada cd thai dp binh dang gidi rat cao, cd tdi 81,9% ngudi tra ldi d My va 77,9% ngudi tra ldi d Canada phan dd'i vide uu tien vide lam cho nam gidi cdng vide khan hiem Quan nidm nfi gidi phdi lam ndi trp, nam gidi dupe lam cdng vide xa hdi vdn cdn tdn tai kha phd bid'n ngudi dan Vidt Nam Theo quan nidm nay, ngudi phu nfi phai coi vide lam ndi trp cung hfing thu nhu di lam co quan Tra ldi cau hdi "Lam ndi trp, phu nfi cung thay hai long nhu di lam hudng luong", 73,4% sd ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam ddng y, 22,4% ngudi tra ldi khdng ddng y (bilu dd 2) Cac loai y kiS'n S D6ng y B Kh6ng co y kie'n ES Kh6ng ddng y Bieu 2: Ldm ndi tra cung hdi Idng nhudi Idm cdng dn Iitang TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 17 Khi phan tfch theo hpc vdn, cd thi phdt hidn thdy nhfing ngudi cd hpc vdn tha'p cd xu hudng ddng y vdi y kid'n ndy nhilu han Dilm trung binh cua nhdm ehua ed hpc vdn tilu hpc Id 1,30; nhdm cd hpc vdn tilu hpc la 1,95; nhdm cd hpc vdn trung hpc la 1,94 vd nhdm cd hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn la 2,17 Cd su khac bidt ed y nghTa vd y kid'n eua nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam gidi va nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi Nam gidi ddng y vdi quan dilm cao han nfi gidi, dilm trung binh tuang fing la 1,82 vd 2,05 Trong lich sfi Viet Nam, ddt nude theo trid't ly dao khdng, thi ca hdi lam chfnh tri va quan ly dupe danh cho nam gidi Chfnh thuc tidn dd da anh hudng dd'n thai dd eiia ngudi dan vl vdn dl Lua chpn phuang an tra ldi cho tuydn bd "Ndi chung, nam gidi lanh dao chfnh tri tdt han nfi gidi", 12% ngudi tra ldi "ung hd manh me", 43,5% "iing hd", 33% "khdng ung hd" va 9,3%) sd ngudi tra ldi khdng ung hd manh me; sd edn lai (2,2%) khdng tra ldi (bilu dd 3) Ro rang cd mdt ty Id cao ngudi trd ldi khdng eho rdng phu nfi cd kha nang lanh dao chfnh tri, nhidn da cd mdt ty Id khdng nhd ngudi tra ldi khdng ddng y vdi quan dilm Quan dilm phdn dd'i ndy chdc chdn se dupe cung cd cang ed nhilu phu nfi tham gia hoat ddng chfnh tri vd rd't nhilu ngudi sd hp da thdnh cdng ^ S Ling hd manh me a iing hd S Khdng iing hd • Khdng ling hd manh me in Khdng tra Icri 25 C6c phuang 6n tra Idi Bieu dd 3: Nam gidi ldnh dgo chinh tri tdt han nit gidi 18 TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 So sanh thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi thai dp ciia ngudi dan cac nude Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada ve kha nang lanh dao vuai trdi ciia nam gidi so vdi nfi gidi cho thay, thai dp ngudi dan Vict Nam kha gan vdi thai dp ngudi dan Trung Qudc ve van de vdi diem trung binh luxnig fing la 2,33 va 2,46 (1 la hoan toan img hd va la hoan loan phan ddi), dd, ngudi dan My va Canada cd thai dp khac nhieu vdi ngudi Viet Nam vdi diem trung binh tuang fing la 2,92 va 2,98 Phan fing vdi tuydn bd "Nam gidi lam kinh doanh tdt han nfi gidi", han mpt nua sd ngudi tra ldi (57,1%) khdng ddng y, 41% sd ngudi tra ldi ddng y va 2,9% sd ngudi khdng the hien thai dp dul khoat lira chpn phuang an tra ldi Da cd sir khac biet nhin nhan kha nang kinh doanh ciia phu nfi; da sd ngudi tra ldi da cdng nhan kha nang cua chi em Nhfing ngudi lie tudi va nhfing ngudi cd hpc van cao cd xu hudng khdng ddng y vdi tuyen bd vdi ty lc cao hon Tuong tir nhu \'ay ndi rdng hpc van dai hpc quan trpng vdi nam gidi hon nfi gidi, chi cd 22.4% sd ngudi tra Idi ddng y vdi y kien nay, dd cd tdi 78.r;f sd ngudi tra ldi phan ddi Rd rang, nhung ngudi tham gia tra Idi da nhan thfic dupe tam quan trpng ciia giao due dai hpc ddi vdi phat trien ngudi ndi chung va vdi phu nfi ndi rieng Nhung ngudi cd hpc van cang cao cang cd xu hudng khdng ddng y vdi tuydn bd nhilu han So sanh thai dp cua ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi ngudi dan Trung Qudc, Nh(it Ban My va Canada vl vai trd cua giao due dai hpc ddi vdi phu nu cho tha'y ed sir tuong ddng cao vl quan dilm ciia ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac Ngudi dan Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada deu phan ddi quan diem cho rdng, giao due dai hpc quan trpng han ddi vdi nam gidi so vdi nfi gidi vdi dilm trung binh tuong ung la 2.95; 3,07; 2,88; 3,30 va 3,36 Thai dp phan ddi quan dilm ciia ngudi dan My va Canada manh hon ba nude cdn lai thi hidn mfic dp binh ddng gidi cao d hai qudc gia Tdm lai, sir phan bidt gidi thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdn cdn kha nang nl, nhidn mpt sd npi dung, ngudi dan cd thai dp tid'n bd Sir khac bidt vl thai dp cd thi thay d nhdm ngudi cd hpc van cao, d nhfing ngudi nhdm tudi tre hon va d nhfing ngudi tra ldi sdng d nhung dia ban cd thdi gian tid'p can thi trudng nhilu hon va cd van hoa cdi md hon Khi so sanh thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi thai dp eiia ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac vl chilu canh binh ddng gidi, chiing ta nhan thay ed sir khac bidt thai dp phu thupc vao trinh dp phat triln Thai dp ngudi dan cae nude kem phat triln cd xu hudng ung hp phan bidt gidi nhieu hon, thai dp ngudi dan cac nude phat triln ed xu hudng ung hd binh ddng gidi cao hon Mat khac, sir gdn gui vl van hod ed quan he true tid'p dd'n sir gid'ng vl thai dp ciia ngudi dan vl quan dilm binh ddng gidi TAPCHfTAMLyHpC,Sdl(154), 2012 19 2.2 Thdi ve binh ddng giUa nhitng nhdm ngudi khde thu nhgp vd viec lain Phan fing vdi quan dilm cho rdng, ngudi lam vide tdt han cd thu nhdp tdt han, tuyet dai da sd (87,1%) ngudi tra ldi iing hd vide trd luong cao han cho ngudi lam vice td't han va chi cd 7,4% sd ngudi trd ldi phdn dd'i vide nay, sd cdn lai dao ddng lUa chpn phUPng an tra ldi Nhu vay, ngudi Vidt Nam nhin chung ling hd vice tra luong theo ket qua cdng vide, theo ddng gdp cua ngudi lao ddng Theo nhdm tudi nhfing ngudi ed dd tudi dudi 30 tudi va tfi 30 49 tudi iing hd vice tra luong theo kct qua cdng vide cao hon nhdm ngudi ed dd tuoi trdn 50 vdi diem trung binh tuang fing la 0,96; 0,95 va 0,84 (1 dilm la ung hd, diem la phan ddi) Phan lich theo trinh dd hpc vdn, nhfing ngudi ed hpc vdn cao han cd xu hudng ung ho manh me vide tra luong cao han cho ngudi lam vide tdt han so vdi nhdm ngudi tra ldi cd hpc vdn thdp hon Mfic dd ung hd thi hidn d dilm trung binh ciia cac nhdm chua cd hpc vdn tilu hpc, cd hoc vdn tilu hpc, cd hpc vdn trung hpc, cd hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn tuong fing la 0,53; 0,82; 0,98 vd 0,94 Tuy nhidn, ducic ydu cdu the hidn quan diem vl viec lua chpn xay dung xa hdi, nPi mpi ngudi cd thu nhap ngang hay tao xa hpi cd su khac bidt thu nhap dl tao ddng lue, ngudi trd ldi Viet Nam iing hd su phan hod thu nhap ehua that r5 rang, vdi dilm trung binh la 5,79, trdn thang 10 dilm, dilm ung hd su phan bd diu va 10 dilm ung hd su phan hoa thu nhap Nhiing ngudi ed hpc vdn cao hon cd chilu hudng ung hd phan hoa thu nhap cao hon Dilm trung binh eua cac nhdm cd hpc van khdng chfnh quy, tilu hpc, trung hpc va dai hpc tuang fing la 3,68; 4,88; 6,09 va 6,88 Ngudi trd ldi miln Bdc ung hd phan hod thu nhap cao han ngudi miln Nam, dilm trung binh cua hai nhdm ngudi trd ldi tuang fing la 6,23 va 5,34 So sanh qudc te cho thdy, khdng cd su khac bidt ldn vl thai dd cua ngudi dan eae nude vl quan dilm xay dung mdt xa hdi cd thu nhap deu han hay mpt xa hdi cd thu nhap khac bidt ldn han Dilm trung binh vl thai dd eua ngudi ddn Trung Qudc - 6,26; Nhat Ban - 5,71; My - 5,72; Canada 5,44 Ngudi dan cac nude cd chung mong mudn tao mdt xa hdi cd thu nhdp khac khdng ldn di dam bdo tfnh cdng bdng va ca hpi phat triln cho mpi ngudi cau hdi: "Ong (Ba) cd ddng y rdng, phai danh thud' ngudi cd thu nhap cao dl trp giup ngudi ngheo hay khdng?" dupe dua dl phat hidn thai dd eiia ngudi dan vl tfnh cdng bdng thdng qua phan bd lai thu nhap Trdn thang 10 dilm, la khdng ndn va 10 la ndn danh thud' ngudi cd thu nhap cao, ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam ed thai dd rdt ro rang vl vide cdn danh thud' thu nhap ngudi giau dl giup da ngudi ngheo vdi diem trung binh la 7,46 Nhdm ngudi tra ldi ed dd 20 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (154), 2012 tudi dudi 30 cd xu hudng ung hd danh thue thu nhap nhilu hon so vdi nhdm ngudi ed dp tudi 29 - 49 va trdn 50 vdi dilm trung binh tuong fing la 7,83; 7,35 va 7,28 Dilu dac bidt la cd su khac bidt y kid'n gifia nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam gidi va nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi vdi dilm trung binh tuong fing la 7,68 va 7,22 Nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi cd xu hudng ung hd phan hoa thu nhap nhung ft quyd't lidt hon so vdi nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam gidi Khdng ed su khac bidt cd y nghTa nao giua cac nhdm hpc van d cau tra ldi Tuong tu nhu cau hdi d tren, ngudi tra ldi dupe hdi lieu rdng nhfing ngudi that nghiep cd can dupe trp cap that nghidp tfi Chfnh phii hay khdng? Trdn thang 10 dilm, dilm la khdng va 10 la cd, dilm trung binh ciia nhdm ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam la 7,88 thi hidn sir iing hd rd rang ve trp cap that nghidp cho ngudi mat vide lam Nhfing ngudi cd hpc van cao ed xu hudng img hp manh me hon Trd ldi tuyen bd: "Khi cdng vide khan hiem, ngudi tuyIn dung can uu tidn ngudi Viet Nam hon ngudi nhap eu?", cd ldi 73% sd ngudi dupe hdi ddng y vdi quan diem nay, 10,6% khdng ddng y va 16,4% dao dpng lua chpn mdt hai phuang an tra ldi (bilu dd 2) Dilm trung binh chung la 1,32 thi hidn su iing hd rdt cao (1 la iing hd, la phan ddi) Theo trinh dp hpc van, nhdm cd hpc van cao cd xu hudng khdng ddng y cao hon Dilm trung binh ciia nhdm chua ed hpc van tieu hpc, cd hpc van tilu hpc, cd hpc van trung hpc va ed hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn tuong fing la 1,06; 1,29; 1,31 va 1,52 Ngudi tra ldi sdng d miln Bdc cd xu hudng ddng y vdi tuydn bd cao hon ngudi tra ldi miln Nam 80 70 60 H D6ng y D Khong CO y kien EaKh6ngd6ngy 50 ^ 40 30 20 10 Cac loai y kien Bieu dd 4: Nhiing ngudi tuyen dung cdn itu tien cdng viec cho ngudi Viet Nam han ngudi nhdp cu TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 21 So sanh qudc te vl thai dd eiia ngudi dan Vidt Nam vdi thai dd ngudi dan Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada eho thdy, dilm trung binh cua ngudi Vidt Nam thdp nhdt (1,32), tiep den la Trung Qud'e (1,51), Nhat Ban (1,57), My (1,91) va cao nhdt la Canada (2,03) Ro rdng ngudi dan cac nude phat triln, ed van hod cdi md (My, Canada) cd chilu hudng dl chdp nhan lao ddng nhap cu hon ngudi dan Vidt Nam vd Trung Qud'c, hp thi hidn thdi dd cdi md, binh dang hon vl CO hdi ciia nhfing ngudi cd qudc tich khde vl cdng an vide ldm Thai dd cua ngudi trd ldi Nhat Ban khdng khac bidt la mdy so vdi thai dd cua ngudi dan Trung Qudc Tdm lai, ngudi dan Vidt Nam cd xu hudng ung hd mdt xa hdi cdng bdng hon, ft phan hod gidu ngheo, ung hd danh thud' ngudi gidu, giup dd ngudi ngheo, iing hd cung cdp trp cdp thdt nghidp cho ngudi mdt vide Su khac bidt thai dd gifia cac nhdm theo dd tudi va nhdm hpc vdn la kha ro rang Su khac bidt cdn tim thdy thai dd cua ngudi dan miln Bdc va ngudi dan miln Nam Ngudi dan cac nude phdt triln cd xu hudng cdi md han dd'i vdi ngudi lao ddng nhap cu, hp iing hd ngudi nhap cu cd ca hdi nhu ngudi ban xvi, dd ngudi dan Vidt Nam khd nhay cdm vdi vdn dl Dai da sd ngudi tra ldi Vidt Nam iing hd uu tidn cdng vide cho ngudi dan sd tai cdng vide khan hidm Ket lu$n Cd thi ndi, nhfing phan tfch thai dd cua ngudi ddn vl tfnh binh ddng quan dilm phat triln ngudi cho tha'y thai dd ung hd binh ddng chua cao, ehua ddng deu trdn cac mat va chua rd rang mpi tinh hudng O dau dd da cd su chuyin hda thai dd phu hop vdi ydu cdu vl tfnh binh ddng theo tidu chf danh gia PTCN, nhung nhin chung cdn cd su cdi thidn thai dd vl tfnh binh dang eho phu hop hon vdi ydu cdu PTCN Cd xu hudng ngudi tre tudi, ngudi cd hpc van cao cd thai dp ung hd binh dang nhilu han PTCN Ngudi miln Nam cd xu hudng ung hd binh dang cao han PTCN so vdi cu ddn mien Bdc Thai dp cua ngudi dan cae nude phat triln cdi md han chdp nhan su binh dang PTCN Cd thi di dd'n mdt kd't luan chung la xu hudng thay doi thai dp cua ngudi dan dd'n muc tidu binh ddng dang didn mdt each tfi tfi qua chuyin doi thd' he, qua tang cudng hpc vdn, qua thay ddi van hoa Su chuydn doi theo quy luat tfi nhiing gia tri truyin thdng sang nhfing gia tri ly, tfi nhiing gia tri sinh tdn sang nhung gia tri tu bilu dat Phat triln ngudi ddi hdi khdng chi thay ddi cac chi sd danh gia khach quan nhu tang thu nhdp, cai thidn cac dilu kidn cung cdp dich vu y td', giao due ma cdn hudng vao thay dli nhan thfic, thai dd cua ngudi ddn vl su binh dang Su thay ddi thai dd cua ngUdi ddn vl binh ddng tu nd da la mdt ddu hidu cua su phat triln, nhung su thay dli thai dp cdn cd tac ddng thuc ddy qua trinh PTCN didn nhanh han, hidu 22 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 qud hon, bin vfing hon thdng qua vide cae cdp qudn ly trao quyIn cho ngudi dan va chap nhan vai trd ehu thi eua ngudi dan qua tnnh phat triln Tai lieu t h a m khao Haq M.U., Reflections on Human Development, How the focus of development economics shifted from national income accounting to people-centered policies, told by one of the chief architects of the new paradigm New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 ' ^ Inglehart R., Hien dgi hod vd hgu hien dgi, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, 2008 United Nation Development Programme, Human Development Report 1990 UNDP, New York, 1990 TAP CHf TAM Lt HOC, Sd (154), - 2012 23 ... dilm phdn dd'i quan diem Nhfing ngudi cd hpc vdn cao hPn cd quan diem tid'n bd han, ft iing hd quan did'm phan bidt gidi, cu the la nhdm ngudi cd trinh dd dai hpc trd ldn phan ddi quan diem nhilu... gidi ddng y vdi quan dilm cao han nfi gidi, dilm trung binh tuang fing la 1,82 vd 2,05 Trong lich sfi Viet Nam, ddt nude theo trid't ly dao khdng, thi ca hdi lam chfnh tri va quan ly dupe danh... sir tuong ddng cao vl quan dilm ciia ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac Ngudi dan Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada deu phan ddi quan diem cho rdng, giao due dai hpc quan trpng han ddi vdi