Thái độ của người dân hà nội đối với việc giúp đỡ hàng xóm

NGUdl DAN HA NOI DOI VOI VIEC GIUP DO H A N G X O M THAI D O C U A Bai viet la mdt phan ket qua nghien ciru cua Be tai cap co sd 2016: Hanh vi giup 6d g/tte n/7t?ng ngudi hang x6m tai Ha Noi; Vien T§m ly hpc chd tri; ThS T6 Thiiy Hanh l&m chu nhi^m ThS Td Thuy Hanh Phd Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc Ong dung, Vien Tdm ly hgc ' TOM TAT Khdo sdt bdng bdng hdi vdo thdng 5/2016 tren 155 khach the cho thdy, ngudi ddn thi cd thdi tich cue ddi vdi viec giup da hdng xdm, the hien qua nhdn thitc, cdm xuc vd hdnh vi giup da Thdi the hien qua nhdn thirc, cdm xuc vd hdnh vi giiip da cua ngudi ddn Id khdc nhau, tiiy thudc vdo nhung tinh hudng nhdt dinh Ngodi ra, ba thdnh phdn ndy cdn cd moi tuang quan thuan, tuang ddi chat vdi So sdnh mgt sd bien sd nhu gidi tinh nhdm tudi, muc sdng, thai gian sinh sdng, dH lieu cung cho thdy cd nhimg khdc biet ve thdi ddi vdi viec giiip da hdng xdm a cdc bien sd doc lap ndy Tir khoa: Thdi do: Hdng xdm: Giiip da: Nhdn thuc: Cdm xdc: Hdnh vi Ngdy nhdn bdi 24/1/2017; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/4/2017 ABSTRACT A questionnaire survey conducted on 155 urban residents on May 2016 showed that, attitude towards helping neighbors is evaluated as positive expres.sed in their perceptions, emotions and helping behaviors in some certain siluatiom In addition, those components correlate each other, quite strongly and closely Comparing with independent variables, there are differences in age groups, incomes, family's background about attitude towards helping neighbours Keywords: Attitude: Neighbour: Helping, Perception, Emotion Behavior M d d S u Thai dp duoc hieu la phan ung mang linh chat danh gia tich cue hay tieu cue doi vdi ddi tuang nao do, duoc the hien qua suy nghT, cam xiic hay hanh vi Dd la nhirng danh gia cd linh tuang doi on dinh dupe luu giir ki ire, chir khdng phai la nhirng trang thai tam ly tam thdi (Adzin 2000; Larsen va Le Van Hao, 2010) Thai dp luon duoc hinh vdi mpt doi tupng nhat dinh, TAPCHflAMLVHOC, S6 5(21K), -2017 67 nhihig tinh hudng nhat dinh, cho thay each nhin nhan, trang thai cam xiic cung nhu xu hudng hanh dpng cua chii th^ Nhu vay, ndi den thai dp la ndi den su danh gia cua chii the ve mot doi tupng cu thi, khdng cd thai dp chung chung Dd la mpt bidu hien ben (nhan thirc, cam xiic), song cd the duac ludng, danh gia qua hanh dpng ben ngoai hay qua nhirng du dinh ve hanh vi Trong nghien cuu nay, thai dp ciia ngudi dan tai Ha Npi ddi vdi viec giiip dd hang xdm dupe danh gia qua nhan thuc ciia ngudi dan ve viec giiip da ngudi khac, qua nhirng cam xiic tich cue hoac tieu cue va nhihig hanh vi giiip dd cu thi (cSng cd the la nhiing hanh vi du djnh) ciia ca nhan Mau va phuong phap nghien cihi Chon mau Mau duac ehpn la mau thuan tien, gdm 155 ngudi dan thupc quan Ba Dinh va Tay Hd, phd Ha Npi Dp tuoi trung binh ciia mau la 42; t> le nam la 55,5%, nir la 44,5% Ty le nhirng ngudi dang sdng thupc kieu nha tai dinh cu/lap the cu la 50,3%, nha rieng ddc lap la 49,7%; Nhdm ngudi thupc dan thd cu, dan goc chiem 31,8%, dan song lau nam (tir 10 den 15 nam) chiem 52,3%, so cdn lai la tir noi khac chuyen den chua lau (tir I den nam) Khach the tham gia phdng van sau (8 ngudi) khong thupc irong nhdm tra Idi bang hdi Phuffng phdp nghien cuu Phucmg phap chinh dupe su dung nghien ciiu la dieu tra bang bang hdi ket hop vdi phong van sau Trong nghien cii'u nhdm tac gia sir dung thang thai dp \'e viec giup dd Nickcll G xay dung nam 1998 Thang gdm cd 20 menh de cd menh de ngupc nghTa vdi cac menh de cdn lai nham kiem tra cheo dp tin cay cua cac thong tin dupe tim hieu bang hoi Dp tin cay Alpha ctia Cronbaeh dupe su dung de loai bd nhung \'eu to khong lien quan vdi npi dung Ket qua phan tich dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh cua thang cho thay, chi sd cua toan thang la 0,86 la cao so vdi tieu chuan ve tin ca\' Tuy nhien, tdng so 20 menh de co menh de cd he so tuong quan y^u vdi diem tdng (Corrected Item-Total Correlation (< 0.3)) Sau loai bo menh de thang cd dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh la 0.87 Tat ca cac menh de cdn lai deu cd tuong quan vdi toan thang \d\ he sd > 0.3 Nhu \'ay thang thai doi \'di hanh vi giup dd cdn lai 14 menh de bieu hien nhan thtic (6 menh de) cam xiic (4 menh de) va hanh \ i lien quan den vice giup dd (4 menh de) Phan tich sd lieu: Nghien ciru sir dung cac phiip phan tich sau: 68 TAPCHI'TAMLVHOC, Sd (2ISi - 2017 - Phdn tich dinh lugng: Cdc s6 lieu dinh luong thu thap tir khao sat duac xu ly bang phjn m t o th6ng ke SPSS 22.0 Cac phep phSn tich duoc dCing nghien cuu bao g6m phan tich thong ke mo ta (tan so, diem trung binh, lech chuto, trung vi, mode, min, max) va phan tich so sanh (so sanh gia trj truftg binh nhu phep phan tich phuong sai mot yeu to (Anova)) cho nhom, phep kiem djnh t vk doc lap gitta hai miu cho nhom Trong nghifin ciiu nay, chiing toi quy uoc, diSm trung binh cua timg menh de cang cao thi thai doi voi viec giup cang tich cue va nguoc lai, diSm trung binh cang thap thi thai dp d6i voi viec giup cang tieu cue - Phdn tich tuang quan: Phan tich tuong quan dugfc tien hanh dua tren he s6 tuong quan Pearson giira cac biin so (R) Nghien ciJru quan tam den tuong quan gitta cac yiu to phan ciia thang thai doi voi vice giup (nhan thirc, cam xuc va hanh vi lien quan den viec giup d&) Ket qua nghien ciru Thdi dp cua ngudi dan doi vdi viec giup dd ngtr&i khdc Bdng I: Thdi dd eda ngudi ddn ddi vdi viec giiip da ngudi khdc Cac bieu hien ciia thai dd doi voi viec giup See nguoi khac DTB (1 - 5) DLC Nhan thuc 4,05 0,75 Cam xuc 3,98 0,85 Hanh vi 3,35 0,94 3,80 0,72 BTB chung toan thang Ghi chii: Cdc phucmg dn Ird Idi nhu sau: Hoan loan khong dong y; Hau nhu khong dong y: Nira dong y nica khong dong y: Hau nhu dong y; Hoan toan dong y Ghi chii dugc diing cho tdt cd cdc bdng phia duai DTB cdng cao, ngirai ddn cdng co thai tich cue ve viec giup da nguoi khdc Da sd ngudi dan deu cd thai dp tich cue ddi vdi viec giup dd ngudi khac (DTB chung ciia toan thang la 3,80/5; DLC = 0,72) Nhieu ngudi dan lira ehpn phucmg an "hau nhu ddng y" vdi nhirng nhan dinh duac dua So sanh ba td thai dp, du: lieu cho thay, ngudi dan cd nhan thiic tich cue nhat ve viec giiip dd (DTB - 4,05) Cam xiic va hanh vi Hen quan den viec giiip dd cd DTB thap han, do, hanh vi thuc hien viec giiip dd cd DTB thap nhat Co le, dii nhan thirc va cam xiic ve viec giiip la tich cue nhung de thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd thi cdn phu thupc vao nhieu yeu td khac TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (218), - 2017 69 Duai day la mot so bieu hien cu thi vk timg t6 bieu hien cua thai dp doi voi viec giiip Nhdn thirc vi viec giup dd ngirai khac Bang 2: Mdi sd bieu hien nhdn thuc ve viec giiip da ngudi khdc cua ngudi ddn Nhan thuc ve viec giup d& Hoan toan khong dSngy Hau nhu khong dongy Nira dongy nira khong H^u nhu dong y Hoan to^n dong DTB (1-S) DLC 1, Tu nguyen giiip da la dieu rat hiru ich 4,0 12,8 18,1 24,8 40,3 3,85 1.21 Giup nguai gia khong phai la trach nhiem cua toi, trir ttuong hop, ho la vien gia dinh toi* 36,0 28,6 22,0 2,7 10,7 2,23 1,26 Tre em can duoc day ve viec tai can giirp nguoi khac 2,0 3,3 6,7 29,3 58,7 4,39 0,90 Giiip nguoi ngheo la dieu hop le, dang lam 2,0 9,5 5,4 20,9 62,2 4,32 1,06 Giiip ban be va gia dinh la mot nhung niem vui Ion 3,3 5.3 12,7 18,7 60,0 4,27 1.08 Khong nhat thiet phai giiip nguoi minh khong quen cho du la hirong hop khan cap* 32,7 27,3 25.3 8,7 6,0 2.28 1.12 4,05 0,75 Nhirn thiic chunK vc hanh vi giiip Ghi chu Nhimg mC'nh de cu ddu * dd duac ddi diem linh dd Im cdy vd linh DTB c ihang Phan Ion nguoi dan deu cho rang, viec giup la dieu can thiet, dang lam Day la hanh dong co gia Irj nhan van cao dep, dac biet vice giup ngucri khac mang tinh tir nguyen Viec giup khong chi dem lai loi ich cho nguoi dugc giup da ma dem niem vui tiSi nguoi Ihuc hien hanh vi giup Co hem 2/3 so nhung nguoi tra loi cho rang, giiip nguai khac la mgt nhung niem vui Ion Hon the nua, gia tri cao dep, y nghTa ciia viec giiip dugc nguiVi dan nhin nhan thong qua viec giao due hanh vi giup da o ca 70 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So (2IX), 5^2017 tre em Tre em khdng chi cin tiip thu nhiing kien thirc lien quan den cac nganh khoa hoc truy6n thdng ma cdn ckn ITnh hdi duac nhihig gia tri sdng, lien quan din vi?c hinh mot nhan each tdt sau Hieu y nghia ciia viec giiip dd va tim each giiip ngudi khac la mpt nhihig gia tri cot toi d ddi Bdi le, hanh vi se khai gpi long trac 4n, vi tha, sir ddng cam can cd d mpt ngudi Vi thd, y kidn cho rang: Tre em can dupe day vh viec tai can giiip da ngudi khac duac nhieu ngudi dan ddng tinh, hudng iing Dudi day la mpt sd y kien ciia ngudi dan ve van de nay: Giiip dd cdn duoc thuc hien tit gia dinh, cdc thdnh vien ong bd, bo me, chdu co biet giiip do, thucmg yeu mdi mong sau ndy chdu, tre no duang giiip ngudi khdc Day tre biet giup dd ngudi khdc gap khd khdn, hoan nan la viec md nhd trudng, gia dinh can ldm Toi vdn thudng day chdu nhd toi, neu thdy kho khdn md giup duoc thi nen giup vi se cd ngdy cdn giup, se duo'c giiip nguac trd lai (ong Q., 65 tudi, ve huu, td 4, phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi) Giup duoc coi nhu minh da ldm duoc dieu tot, tich luy duoc viec tot Ndi chung, toi giiip dd md minh cd the, khong phdn biet quen biet hay khong, ngudi ngheo kho lai cdng cdn giiip Giiip ngudi khdc Id hop Idng ngirdi, phdi vdi le ddi vi biet ddu co ngdy minh ciing cdn giiip thi (ba M., 46 tudi, ve huu, td 5, phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi) Ben canh dd, van tdn tai mpl so y kien cho rang, chi giiip dd ngudi than quen, ngudi rudt thjt gia dinh, cdn ngudi la thi khdng nhat thiet giiip dd dii tinh hudng khan cap Cdm xuc lien quan den viec giiip Thanh td thii hai cua thai dp, la cam xiic lien quan den viec giiip dd dien cupc sdng hang Khi giup dirac ngudi khdc tin thdy vui chic, vi dem lai niem vui cho ngudi khdc, thdy ngtrdi la vui, minh ciing vui theo (chi H., 38 tudi, d nha npi trp, td 4, phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Not) Giup ngifdi khdc dem Igi cdm gidc thoai mdi vi thir nhdt minh da ldm diroc dieu tot cho ngudi khdc, thir hai Id tich luy duoc nhieu dieu tot minh ldm sau ndy biet ddu minh duoc giiip lai nen thdy vui ldm (ba C , 61 tudi, d nha trdng tre, phudng VTnh Phiic, Ba Dinh, Ha Ndi) Di giiip da chdng khd chiu cdu buc cd vi minh lam dieu lot, se cd cdm gidc vui ve, de chiu vi duac cdm on, biet ddu sau cdi hay chinh minh cimg rai vdo trudng hop nhu vay cdn giiip Giup dd ngudi khdc Id giiip chinh minh (ong B 66 mdi, v^ huu td phudng Budi, Tay I Id, la Ndi) TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, S6 (218), - 2017 71 Bang 3: Mgt sd bieu hien cdm xdc lien qugn din viec giiip da nguai khdc Cam xuc lien quan den viec giup Hoan toan khong dongy Hau nhir khong dong^ Niira dong y nira khong Hau nhu dong y Hoan toan dong y DTB (!-5) DLC Khi CO CO hoi, toi thich giup da nguoi khac ho can giup 4,0 11,3 16,7 29,3 38,7 3,87 1,16 Ban than toi thSy de chju mong muon dirge giup dis 4,0 5,3 6,0 33,3 51,4 4,23 1,05 Toi thay hanh phiic lam viec gi mang tinh tu nguyen 1,3 19,3 19,3 21.3 38,7 3,77 1,19 Toi cam thay de chiu voi ban dian giup dis khac mpt cachtungu\en 4,7 7,3 13,3 27,3 47,3 4,05 1,15 3,98 0,85 Cam xuc lien quan den viec giiip diy nguiri khac Ghi ciiu DTB cdng cao y kien ngudi ddn cdng dongy vdi nhimg nhdn dinh dira C6 the thay, nguai dan c6 nhiing trai nghiem ve cam xiic tich cue lien quan den hanh vi giup da nhu la thich dugc giup da, thiy hanh phuc, co cam giac de chju giup dugc Hdnh vi giiip dd ngudi khdc Hanh \ i giup da la to cuoi ciing cua thai d6i voi viec giup So voi hai to nhan thiirc \ a cam xuc, hanh \ i giup co DTB thSp nhat Trong nhieu nghien cim ly Ihuylt va thuc ti6n nguoi ta da dua kha nhi6u yeu to dan den vice mot ca nhan quyet djnh giiip da hay khong giup nguoi khac yeu to tinh huong (khin c^p hay khong khjn cSp giup nhirng viec nho nhat khong quan hay quan trgng ) dugc xem la yiu t6 quan trgng di ca nhan dua quyiit dinh Dac diem tinh each cua ngucri thiic hien hanh vi giup \'a ngucri dugc giiip kha nang nang lire cua ngucri di giup viec giup CO nguy hai den sire khoe tinh mang tai chinh hay khong ciing la nhOng yiu to dugc linh den dua quy6t dinh giiip ngucri khac Nhung y6u t6 nhu va\' dugc ngucri dan chia sc cu tha qua mgt s6 phong vin sau: Giiip da ngudi khdc la viec rdt ddng ldm nhirng ciiiig xem long lot cua minh dat dimg did hay khdng Cd nhiiu trudng liap gid nhd tu hdnh di dn xin, xong vai ngdy sau llidy phdng xe mdy pile phe ngodi dudng (chi V, 40 tu6i, cong nhan moi trucmg, tii phucmg Bucii Tay H6 Ha Noi) TAPCHiTAMLVHOC, S o ( l ) , - Du biet rdng giup da ngudi khac Id vifc ldm Idt nhung khdng phdi liic ndo minh ciing ldm duac Cd hdm tdi nhin thay cd ngudi xe lap bi ngd rg duang chdc vuang phdi vien ggch hay gi do, tdi nhin ciing mudn giiip ldm nhung thdy minh gid rdi, site khde cdng khdng tdt, chac gi minh da dir dugc ngudi ta day, cho vdo xe ngdi Vi vdy, tdi di ggi ngudi khdc den giiip, sgu dd cd hai bg ngudi din, thi Id da dugc ong y ngdi lai vdo xe Idn (ba H., 52 tuoi, ve huu, phucmg Vinh Phiic, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi) Bdng 4: Hdnh vi giup dd ngudi khdc Cam xiic lien quan den viec giiip dii' Hoan toan khong dongy Hau nhir khong dongy Nua dong y nira khong Hau nhu dong y Hoan toan dong y BTB (1-5) DLC Toi djnh se danh thoi gian hoac tien bac cho hoat dong tir Ihien 9,3 24,0 34,7 18,0 14,0 3,03 1,16 Neu ngiroi tnroc mat toi dang tra tien tai mot ciia hang ma thieu vai dong le, toi se tra giup ho 8,1 12.8 21,6 27,0 30,4 3,59 1,26 Toi huong sir giup ciia biin than toi moi hoal dong tir thien 6,7 18.0 20,7 32,7 22,0 3,45 1,20 Toi rat it dong lien cho nhirng sir vice dii viec nen lam* 30,7 20,0 20.0 13,3 16,0 2,64 1,44 3,35 0,94 Hanh vi giiip diy nguoi khac noi chung Ghi chu- Ninmg menh de co ddu * dd dmrc dtii diem linh d M ; p = 0,00 M2 > M3; p = 0,02 M I > M ; p = 0,0l Xu hudng thirc hi^n 3,65 3,33 3,14 M I > M ; p = 0,03 0TB chung v^ thai doi vcri vi^c giup d& ngutri khac 4,05 3,80 3,51 M l > M3i p - 0,00 Ghi chii: BTB cdng cao ngudi ddn cdng co thdi tich cue doi vdi viec giiip da ngu&i khdc Nhin chung, nhiing ngudi dSn cd miic sdng dudi trung binh cd thai dp tich cue ddi vdi viec giiip dd ngudi khac hom so vdi nhimg ngudi d ^ cd mirc sdng kha gia (p < 0,01) CJ timg td cua thai dd, bieu hien vh nhan thuc, cam xiic va hanh vi lien quan din giiip dd d nhdm dan cu cd miic sdng dudi trung binh cOng tich cue hem so vdi nhdm dan cd mirc sdng kha gia (p < 0,05) Thdi gian sinh sdng tai dia ban khdo sdt Bdng 6: Thdi doi vdi viec giup giita cdc nhom cd thdi gian sinh song khde tai dia bdn khdo sdt Thai doi voi viec giup d& ngvoi khac DTB theo thoi gian sinh song 1-5 5-15 Dan goc nam nam (M3) (M2) (Ml) Mirc y nghTa p < 0,05 Nh^n thurc 3,82 4,04 4,20 Ml