Xây dựng khái niệm làm việc trong công trình luận án tiến sĩ tâm lý học

khdi niem ldm viec Id ket linh cua tdt cd cdc khdi niem vdn de chinh xdc la cua tdt cd hai loai klidi niem vdn de va khdi niem bo trg tron^ de tdi ludn dn Cac npi dung ca ban quan trpng nhat ciia cac khai niem van dc \ a cac khai nicin bo tra deu dupc chat Ipc dc lao npi dung cua khai ni?m lam viec Chinh dicu da lam cho khai niem lam \icc chira dung day du cac npi dung can nghien ciru va do c6 the thao tac hoa no npi dung nghien ciru nhu ta thuang noi TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6 (214) - 2017 Din day, thiv rit rd viee trinh bav cae khai niem cdng cu ciia dc tai nghien ciru luan an phai dam bao tinh he thdng Mdt diim nfl-a cung cin linh den v icc cau tnic cac khai niem cdng cu he thdng la viec lam ndi bat van de nghien ciru cua de tai (la kv nang hay nhu ciu hay thich irng, hay cam xiic v.v ) Nhu \av each tdt nhdl la nen cau Inic he thdng khai niem cdng cu ciia luan an nhu sau: 1) Dat cac muc ldn cho cae khai niem vin di theo thir tu khai niem van de thir nhai, ihii hai, thu ba 2) Khai niem bd trp dat cac muc ldn lien quan lire khdng dSt muc ldn ngang bing vdi muc Idn khai niem van de 3) Khai niem lam viec dat eudi ciing Xav dung he thing khai niem cdng cy cua de tai luan an la ea mdt edng viec phuc tap, ddi hdi mdt qua trinh lao ddng tri dc vat va, cdng phu, hoan toan ching dl dang gi Dudi day chi xin trinh bay each lam cu the v e xay dyng khai niem lam vigc Irong luan an nhu mdt each lam khoa hpc cu the Cach xay dung khai niem lam viee luan an Xav dung khai niem la til nhiJng quan niem, djnh nghla hay khai nigm lien quan da cd cdng tiinh khoa hgc eua cac tae gia di trudc, qua phan tich, danh gia va chi nhiJng ndi dung, khia canh khoa hpc cd the ke thira va can bd sung them nhiJng khia canh khoa hpe mdi khac de cd the dua khai niem chinh thirc ciia luan an va trinh bay mpt vai npi dung ly luan can thiet lien quan khac Cd npi dung tam Iv can phai dua vao npi ham khai niem, dd la ban chat, dae diem va eau true tam ly cua ddi tupng nghien ciru Dicu quan trpng trpng xay dyng mpt khai niem la ehi khai nigm dd can phai cd ndi dung tam ly eu the nao ndi dung tam ly dupe neu Xay dyng khai niem lam vige cung tuong ty nhu vav nhung ndi len la sy kc thira ndi dung lam ly tu: cae loai khai nigm dupe xav dyng trudc dd Nhu da neu d tren khai nigm lam v ice la ket linh tryc tiep eac ndi dung cua loai khai nigm van dc, ma eac khai niem van de (thir hai, thur ba) lai dupc cac khai niem bd trp vin dc (thu- nhai, thir hai) va khai niem bd tra khach thi gdp vao, khai nigm lam v icc la ket tinh ndi dung ciia tat ca cac khai niem khac cua luan an Nhu vay khai niem lam vice cd lien quan den ndi dung eiia tit ca cac khai nigm khac cua luan an va phai cd ndi ham chira day du tit ca cac npi dung, ban chat, dac diem va cau Iriic tam ly eua ddi tupng nghien ciru Diiu quan trpng xav dimg khai nigm lam viec la phai chi dupc nhu:ng ndi dung tam ly nao eiia nd dupc kc thu:a tir khai nigm nap trude dd hay ndi khac di timg khai niem trudc dd phai xav dyng ndi dung tam 1> nao de chuin bj cho TAP CHl TAM l y HOC Sd' (214) 1-2017 ndi duna cua khai niem lam vice Trong khoa hpe cung nhu cupc sdnj bii phi! lam gi vdi cdng vice cu the la rat quan trpng, tranh phai mo mam, tiet kicm dupc cdng siic each xav dmiu khai niem la v in di cila phuang phap ( h ^ h ddng) nhmig bit tay thyc hign phai chii v hai dicu lien quan den nhan thuc: /) Xac dtnh vd hiiu ro vdn di nghien ciru cua di tdi (la kv nang cy the gi hay Ihich img eu ihi gi v.v ) Day la dieu phai thau suo loan bp qua tnnh f m lu n an dac biet iipng xay dyng khai nigm cdng cu kha, mem lam vigc Cin lua chon quan diim khoa hpc sal gan nhat vdi de ta luan an de xay dyng n ' d u n g khai'niem lire khdng chi chu y tdi tinh khoa hpc ^ phai quan tam ca tinh kha thi Cd tinh khpa hpc rat cap nhung lai khong co tmh kha thi V Vdn dung plitrong phdp ludn nghien cm da xdc dinh a ma ddu vdo xdy dimg ngav lit khdi niem vdn dhdu tien md dau da xac dinh dung phuang phap tilp can nao thi ti xav dyng khai nigm dau ticn cua luan an phai irict di van dung phuang phap ticp can dd Dudi day la each cy thi \iv dyng cac khai nigm tiong de tai de cd ndi ham khai nigm lam vigc thyc sy khoa hpc du di thao tac hda ndi dung nghii:n ciru cua luan an Thir nhdl: Xdy dimg cac npi dung bdn chdt vd dgc diem tdm ly ciia ddi tupng nghien ciru Hai npi dung dupc xav dyng ddng thdi va dupe bit dau d khai nigm vin di thir nhat cua de tai luan an Di tai nao cung cd khai niem vin di thir nhit Bit luan cac loai khai niem khac cd day dii hav khdng, song d mpi di tai deu phai xay dyng khai nigm uudc ticn bang each lam rd ndi dung ban chat va dac diem tam ly eiia doi tupng nghien cira Thi du d di lai dupc dan tren (ky nang tu vin phap luat ciia luat su) da xav dung khai niem vin di diu lien "ky nan^" la sy van dyng tri thirc kinh nghiem da cd vao cac thao tac phii hpp vdi dieu kien thyc lien ciia hoat ddng di thyc hign hieu qua hoai ddng dd [10] Rd rang khai nigm "ky nang" n.iv cd ban chit tam ly la lam (boat ddng) va cd dae diem tam ly quan Irpng 14 tinh hicu qua Sau xay dung xong khai niem van de dau lien, npi dung ban chat V a dac diim tam ly cua ddi tupng nghien ciiu sc dupc mang sang tat ca cac khai niem van de tiep sau cho den lan khai nigm lam vigc Nhu vay, npi h^m til ca cac khai nigm van de ke ca khai nigm lam vigc deu cd npi dung ban 10 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd I (214), I -2017 chit va dac diem lam ly ciia ddi lupng nghien ciru, ma khdi dau xiiv dyng cac npi dung tir khai niem van de thii nhat Thir hai: Xay dtmg npi dung cdu Irdc tdm ly cia doi tircmg nghien ciru Cd loai npi dung eiu tnic tam Iv ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu: Loai cau tnic tam 1> ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu the hign qua mat nhan thiic thai dp hanh vi va loai cau tnic tam Iv ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu the hign theo phan tap (ching ban nhu de tiii ky nSng thi gdm nhdm ky nang I, nhdm ky nang 2, nhdm ky nang v.v ) Nhin chung de tai nao cung cd the nghien ciiu theo loai cau tnic tam IV nhung de tai nhu kv nang thi khdng nen chpn loai eau tnic the hign qua mSt Viec xav dyng cau tnic lam ly dupe bat dau d khai nigm nao de tai viia phu thudc vao sd lupng va loai khai nigm Vila phu thudc vao loai cau triic tam ly ciia ddi tupng nghien cuu dupe chpn dc xay dimg Cd tnicmg hop cu the ndi bat sau: Tnrang hap 1: De lai chi co khdi niem vdn de thir nhdt, khong co khdi niem bd trg vdn de Tiudng hop thi dii chpn xay dyng cau triic tam ly cua ddi tupng theo loai nao thi bit budc vln phai thyc hien a khai nigm van dc thu' nhat TTii du de lai "Tiam cam eua sinh vien dai hpc" day, chi cd khai nigm van de thir nhat (tiam cam), khai nigm bd Up khaeh the (sinh vien dai hpc) va khai nigm lam viec (tiam cam ciia sinh v ien dai hpc) khdng cd khai nigm bd tip van de nao Vige xav' dimg ndi dung cau tnic tam ly ciia ddi tupng nghien cuu can duoc thuc hien tir khai niem van de thir nhat (tram cam), ciing vdi xay dyng cac npi dung ban chat \a dac diem tam ly cua ddi lupng nghien cim (^ dc tai dang dan da xay dyng kh^i niem tiam cam la "trang thai suy giam tam ly keo dai de lai higu qua lieu cyc cho boat ddng va dupc bieu hien qua nhan thiic thai dp va hanh vi" [11] Nhu vay, d khai nigm da lam rd ca ndi dung tam ly cua ddi tupng nghien ciru: ban chat tam Iv cua tram cam (ddi tupng nghien ciru) la Uang thii suy giam lam ly; djc diem ciia trim cam la tinh suy giam, tinh keo dai va tinh kem hicu qua; edn cau tnic tam ly la tram cam bieu hien qua nhan thirc, iram cam bieu hien qua thai dp va trim cam bieu hign qua hanh v i Ciu tnic biiu hign qua mat ve sau se dupc khai niem lam v icc (tram cam ciia sinh vien dai hpc) ke thiia Hay chang ban nhu de lai "Dac diem giao tiep eiia can bd nghi huu" ciing cd sd lupng va loai khai nigm nhu d de tai neu tien O di tai nay, khai niem "dac diem" chi la khai nigm bd trp, xac djnh tinh chat ciia vin di (giao ticp); chinh "giao tiep" mdi la khai nigm van de ihii nhil Khai nigm "giao liep" da xay dyng la dupe nhu cau kich thich cac chu thi thyc hicn vdi npi dung va phuong lien cy the xae djnh [12] tiic cd ciu true lain ly theo TAP CHl TAM ly HOC Sd (214), - 2017 phin tao (nhu ciu giao tiep chu the giao tiep, ndi dung giao Hep va phuang lien giao tiip) Ndi dung ciu true tam Iv cting vdi ndi dung khai nigm bd trp "dac diim" se dupe ki thira khai nigm lam v icc ("dac diem giao liep cua can bd nghi huu") Nhu vay di tai chi cd khai nigm van di thii nhat khdng ed khai nigm bd up vin di thi dii xav dyng ihco ciu true tam l\' nao (bieu hien qua nhan thiie thai dp hanh vi hay biiu hien theo phan tao I ) cung diu dupe thyc hign d khai nigm vin dc Ihii nhat, ciing vdi x;iv dyng ban chit va dac diim tam ly ciia doi tupng nghien ciru di sau dd chuven sang cho khai nigm lam vigc Tnrang hap \'iiv dirng cdu tnic tdm ly cua doi tumig nghien ciru the hien qua mat nhdn thirc thdi dp, lidnh vi Vice xav dyng cau Inic tam ly eua ddi tupng nghien cira the hien qua mat nhan thue thai dp hanh vi thi dii de tai cd du cac loai khai nigm di nifa van phai xay dyng cau tnic nav d khai nigm van de dau lien Thi dy, de tai "Thich img vdi boat ddng hpc tap ciia sinh vien dai hpc" De tai nav cd kha nhicu loai khai nigm nhu "thich img" la khai nigm van de thir nhat, "hpc tap" la khai niem bd tro van de thir nhat, dd cd khai nigm van de thu- hai (thich img vdi ho?t dpng hpc tap) va v.v thi viec xiiv dung cau Inic tam ly cila ddi tugng nghien cira bieu hign qua nhan thiic thai dp va hanh vi van thuc hign d khai nigm van de thir nhat cy the khai niem "Ihich img" dupe xay dyng la "sy thay doi lam ly ciia chil the de thyc hien cd higu qua boat ddng dieu kign xac djnh" Nhu vav phan lich cai gpi la "tam ly" d day sc din den thay dpi nhan thirc, thay doi thai dp va thay ddi hanh vi Ciing cd the ndi id nhu'ng thay doi vao cho til "tam ly" Uong khai nigm "thich u-ng" Nhu vav rieng loai cau liiic tam ly cua ddi lupng nghien ciru biiu hign qua nhan thiic thai dp hanh v i thi dil loai di tai ed du cac loai khai nigm vin de va bd trp van de vin cin thyc hien lii khai nigm vin di diu lien ciia di tai nghien ciiu v a sau dp dupc chuyen sang cho cac khai nigm vin di tiip theo va cho khai nigm lam viec cuoi ciing ciia di tai luan an Tnrdng Itap 3: Xdy dtrng cdu true Idm ly cua ddi ttrgng nghien ciru Iheo thdnh plidn lao Ihdnh Tiudng hpp nay, chpn xa> dyng theo ciu true phin lao thi V ICC xay dyng eau tnic tam ly ciia ddi lupng nghien cira cho khai niem lam vice bat bupc phai thyc hien d khai nigm bo trp vin di thii nhit Thi du d di lai "K^ nang tu van phap lual cila luat su" dugc din, khai niem bd trp vin de thil nhat la "tu van" Chinh d khai nigm cin xay dung ciu triic lam ly ciia dpi tupng nghien cira di chuin bi cho nhfl-ng khai nigm vin di tiip theo (kv TAPCHlTAMLyHOCSd (214), -2017 nang lu vin kv nang tu vin phap luat) \ a cho khai niem lam viee (kv nang tu vin phap luat eiia lual su) day da ehung minh id timg phan tao cua khai niem bd tip van de thi nhat "tu van" nhu sau: - Tu vin la hinh thirc Up giiip lam Iv la mdi quan he tu nguyen, binh dang - Tu vin la qua trinh tiao ddi thdng tin gifl-a nguiri tu van v di khach hang - Tu vin la qua trinh dua giai phap giup khach hang giai quyit van de Sau chimg minh rd nhu vav tac gia luan an da xav dung khai nigm bd trp vin di thir nhit "lu vin" (la su tro giiip Uong dd ngucri tu van thdng qua mdi quan he tin cav tu nguygn trao ddi thdng tin de cung cap giai phap nham giiip khach hang tim phucmg an tdt nhat de giai quyet van de ciia hp) (10] Chinh ciu true tam ly cua khai nigm hd trp van de thii nhat "tu van" da chuan bi chp cau tnic tam Iv cua khai nigm van de thii hai "kv nang tu van" (la sy van dung kien thiic, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep cua ngucri tu van vap vigc xiiy dung moi quan he tin cav binh dang vdi khach hang, trao ddi thdng tin de cung cip giai phap, giup hp dua dupc quyet djnh tdt nhat eho van de) v a cho ciu tnic tam ly cua khai nigm lam vice "kv nang tu van phap luat cua luat su" (la su van dyng kinh nghigm, kien thiic ciia dich vu tu van phap lual chuyen nghiep vao vigc xiiv dyng mdi quan he tin cay, ehuan muc \ a tiao ddi thdng tin dc dua la giai phap, giup khach hang quvci dinh dupe phuang an hanh ddng tdt nhat irudc van de phap Iv ciia hp) [10] lai nhien de ed ndi ham khai nigm lam vige eu the nhu the trudc dd edn phai \av dyng ndi ham cac khai nigm bd trp "phap luat" V a "lual su" Til ndi ham khai nigm lam viec nhu neu uen cd the cd du co sd de di dang Ihao tac hda cac ndi dung nghien eira cho de tai luan an nhu dudi dav: - Nhdm ky nang xay dyng mdi quan he vdi khach hang - Nhdm ky nang thu thap thdng tin tu van phap luat ciia luat su - Nhdm kv nang cung cap giai phap ciia luat su tu van phap lual Nhu vay vice tim kiem v a xav dimg cau tnic tam ly cila ddi lupng nghien cira theo phan tao cho khai niem lam viec dupc bit dau d khai nigm bd trp van de thir nhat cua de tai nghien cira Cach xav dung khai nigm lam v iec Irinh bav d tren dupc the hign rat rd nhiJng luan an chimg ldi hudng dan va d cae luan an chitng tdi lu van T"al nhien d nhung luan an nav vice xav dyng khai nigm lam vice cdn cd chd chua dupc nhu mong mudn nhung nhin chung da thyc hicn theo each xay dyng khai nigm lam vice dupc trinh bay d tren TAP CHl TAM Ly HOC, Sd (214), -2017 D i n dav xin d u a c kit luan, xav dung khai nigm lam viec ciia lujn an tiin si Tam I v h o c la mdt v i n d i khoa hpc khdng d a n gian, ddi hdi can dupe xem xet nghiem tile, cdng phu Nhung d i i u chiing tdi trinh bay chl la mpt each lam hoan loan chua t h i hoan chinh va cang khdng phai la each lam nhat song da dupe img dung Irong qua trinh dao tao lien si Tam Iv hpe T a i lieu t h a m k h a o Nguven Nhu V (Chii bien) Tir diin tiing Viet NXB Van hda Thdng tin Ha \ d i 1999 \'u Dung (Chil bien), Tir diin Tdm ly hoc NXB Tir diin Bach khoa Ha Noi 2008 Tran Hiru Luvin .yhung hinh dien Tdm ly Xgim ngir hiic NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Nin 2010 Ho Nuoc Dai Bdt hpc Idgi?, NXB Giao due Ha Ngi 1985 Piaget J Tdm ly hpc Iri khim NXB Oiao due Ha Npi 1997 l.eonchiev \ N lioat dpng Ythirc Midn cdch, NXB Giao due lla Npi 1989 Davvdov V.V Cac dgng khdi iiiidl hda day hpc, NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi 2000 NgLiNcn Quang Uan (Chu bien) Tran Hiru Luyen, Tran Qudc Thanh, Tdm ly hpc dat cuong NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 1998 Nguyen Viin Hda Xhu cdu giao tiep cua ngtrdi ddn d viing tdi dinh cu tinh Hd Ttnh I uan an Ticn sT Tam l\ hpc loc vicn Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2016 10 Chu Lien Anh Ky ndng lu van phdp ludt ciia lugt sir Luan an Tien sT Tam ly hgc loe vicn Khoa hoc xa hpi 2011 11 Le Mmh Thuan Trdm cam cua sinh vien dgi hpc, Luan an Tien sT Tam ly hgc Hoc vicn Khoa hgc \ hpi 2015 12 Biii Thj Van Anh Ddc diem giao tiep ciig cdn bd nghi hint, Luan an Tiin si Tam ly hgc Hpc vien Khoa hpc \a hoi '•* TAPCHlTAMiynOCSd (214), -2017 ... bd qua Trong luan an tiin sT Tam ly hpc ndi dung ly luan dupc dat sau ndi dung tdng quan tinh hinh nghien ciru an de cua de tai trudc cac npi dung c pbuong phap va ket qua nghien cim Trong. .. TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,Sa'l (214) I -2017 Vai tro ciia khai niem lam viec luan an tien si T a m l hoc Trong cac edng trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc ndi chung luan an lien si Tam ly hpc ndi rieng npi dung... i muc dich khac Khdng xay dyng khai niem cdng cu khdng cd each nao de tim ndi dung nghien cira Trong luan an, Xii) dyng he thdng khai niem cdng cu dupe chdt lai d khai niem lam viec Can cir 'ao