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THICH NGHI HOA THANG DO GAY HAN BANG LOI TREN NHOM TUOI Vl T H A N H NIEN Nghien cCru dircfc thirc hien khuon kho Dir an: Tiudng hoc hanh phuc, Hpc vien HOC tap A Au (Eurasia Leaning Institute) hop tac vdi Sd Giao due va Oao tao ThC/a Thien - Hue thtrc hien thi diem tren 48 Idp d trudng tCr tieu hoc den trung hpc tren dja ban Thanh phd Hue tCr nam 2018 den 2020 nham nang cacnang lire quan tam va nang ILTC cam xuc - xa hoi cho hpc sinh cac cap PGS.TS Tran Thj Tu Anh ThS Nguyen Phudc Cat Tudng TS Dinh Thj Hong Van Trudng Dai hpc Supham, Dai hoc Hue' ' TOM TAT Viee thich nghi hda thang cd tin cay va tinh hieu luc cao, ddm bdo ddnh gid chinh xdc muc dp gay han bang lai ciia tre vi thdnh nien, ldm ca sd cho viee xdy dung vd ddnh gid hieu qud cdc chuang trinh can thiep giiip tre tri nhiing moi quan he tot dep vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh, ndng cao sue khde tinh thdn Id dieu hit sue cdn thiet Nghien cim ndy duac thuc hien tren nhdm tuoi vi thdnh nien cdc truang trung hpc phd thdng d thdnh phd Hue (N = 405) nhdm thieh nghi hoa thang Gay han bang lai eua Infante vd Wigley (1986) Phdn tich nhan to cho thdy, thang Gay hdn bang Idi phien ban tieng Viet phii hap vdi mo hinh nhan to Ben cgnh dd chi sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh, chi sd luang quan giira ede item, tuang quan item vai tdng the eiing cho thdy, thang Gdy hdn bdng Idi phien bdn tieng Viet thda man cdc tieu chudn ve dp tin cgy cua mot thang Nhin ehung, thang ndy ed the duae su dung de tdc dong cua cdc chuang trinh can thiep gdy hdn bdng lai nhd trudng hien Ttf khoa: Gdy hdn bdng Idi; Thich nghi hda; Thang do; Vi thdnh nien Ngdy nhan bdi: 22/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/12/2018 Dat van de Ca ly thuyet va thuc tien ddi sdng d^u khac hoa lua tudi vi nien la giai doan xay nhieu xung dot lien nhan each nhat (Laursen, 1994) Dang luu y TAPCHfTAMLtHQCSd (238), 1-2019 19 hmi mot s6 tre thuang dung gay hln bang lai (verbal aggressiveness) de giai quySt xung dot, khiSn cho cac mdi quan he cua tre vcri ban be va nguoi than cang tro nen t6i te han (Kashani va Shepperd, 1990) Gay han bang lot ducre djnh nghia la dac diim tinh each khien nguoi co khuynh hudng tan eong hinh anh cai toi (self-concept) cua ngucti khac, de gay nhung ton thuarig tam ly cho ho (Infante va Wigley, 1986) VS co ban, lap luan cua chung ta chong lai thuang khong dua tren y kien ciia chung ta hay y kien cila nguoi khac, tio tap ttimg thSp long tu ttong (self-esteem) eiia nguoi khac va cam giac "hieu chien, hieu thjng" ctia chiing ta (Infante va Wigley, 1986) Infante, Riddle, Horvath va Tumlin (1992) da cu thS hoa khai niem bang each liet ke 10 kieu thong diep duac dac biet mo ta la nhihig hanh vi gay han bang loi: 1) noi nhirng loi xiic pham tinh each ciia ngiiai khac; 2) dua nhung nhan xet tieu cue ve nang lire cila mot nguai; 3) chi gilu xuit than, lai hch ciia mgt nguoi; 4) the hien sir khong hai long vol ngoai hinh ciia nguoi khac; 5) noi ring chiing ta hy vong diau gi xiu se xay vol nguai do; 6) treu choc; 7) che nhao nhimg thiSu sot cua nguai khac; 8) de dpa trimg phat nguoi khac; 9) chOci the, sii dung ngon ngu tuc tlu va 10) sil dung cac biiu hien tren khuon mat, cu chi va anh mat dS tin eong hinh anh cai toi ciia ho Nhirng ca nhan hay sir dung hanh vi gay hin bang lai thuang la nhimg ngucri khong dang tin cay, it co m6i quan he tot dep va dl sit dung bao luc the chat voi nguai khac Ben canh do, hSu qua cua viee sir dung hanh vi gay hta bang loi thuang bao g6m: long tu thdp, thit vpng, lo Su, gian dO, oan han cho ca hai ben tham gia giao tiip (Madloek va Dilow, 2012) Dang luu y han, nhiing hanh vi gay hin bang loi khien xung dot giira cac ca nhSn tra nen manh me, keo dai, tham chi co the dSn din nhimg r6i loan siie khoe tam thin o tre vi nien Nhilu nghien ciiu cho thdy, co moi lien he chat che gitta moi quan he lien nhan each vai cac dau hieu trdm cam tre vi nien (Allen va cong sy, 2006; Branje, Van Doom, Van der Valk va Meeus, 2009; Nolan, Flynn va Garber, 2003) Vi thi, viee xay dung nhiing ehuong trinh can thiep giup tre vj nien hinh va phat trien nhiing ky nang giai quyet xung dot de tri nhiing moi quan he tot dep vai nhiing nguai xung quanh, nang cao sire khoe tinh thdn la dieu hit siie can thiet Ren luyen giao tiep phi bao lire (non-violent communication) duae xem la mot huang tiep can moi me va c6 tinh hieu qua bin vimg viee giup tre giam thilu cac hanh vi gay hdn bdng loi va quan ly tot xung dot lien nhan each (Nosek va Duran, 2017) Giao tiip phi bao luc dugc gpi la giao tiep tit tam hay la giao tiip hap tac, la mot qua trinh giao tiip dupe Marshall Rosenberg xay dung tir nhiing nam 60 ciia thi ky XX No tap trung vao ba khia canh eiia giao tiep: (I) tu thau cam (self-empathy, stf nhgn thirc sdu sac vd tic tdm ve nhirng trai nghiem cua bdn thdn); (2) sir dong cam (empathy, lang nghe ngudi khac bdng su tic tdm sdu sdc) va (3) sir the hien trung 20 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (238), I - 2019 thuc (the hien chinh minh mot each chan thuc de cd the khien nguai khde cUng tra nen tic tam) (Rosenberg, 2003) Viee hd trpf nham giam thilu hanh vi gay han bang Idi va nang cao ky nang giai quylt xung dot cho tre vi nien thdng qua md hinh Giao tiep phi bao lire cling la phuofng phap ma Du an Trudng hpc hanh phiie d Hue dang tiep can Trong boi canh nhu vay, viee thich nghi hoa va xay dung cac thang cd dp hieu lire va tin cay cao, lam ca sd cho viee xay dung va danh gia mot each ehinh xac, khoa hpc tinh hieu qua cua cae chuang trinh can thiep la dieu bet sue can thilt Thang Gay ban bang Idi (Verbal Aggressiveness Scale) eua Infante va Wigley (1986) dupfc lira chpn thieh nghi nham muc dich nhu vay Trong nhieu thap nien qua, thang Gay han bang Idi duoc chap nhan rdng rai cae nghien cuu lien quan den giao tiep, dugc hieu luc hda va sur dung kha nhieu cac nghien cuu eho tre vj nien tren the gidi (ChoryAssad, 2002; Levine, Betty, Limon, Hamilton, Buck va Chory- Assad, 2004; Roberto va Finucance, 1997) Thang sau dugc thieh nghi khdng chi dugc su dung khuon khd eiia Du an Trudng hpc hanh phuc ma cdn cd the hd trg viee nghidn curu va ling dung thuc tien cho cac eong trinh tuang tu cimg ITnh vuc nghien ciiu cua de tai tuang lai Phycng phap nghien curu 2.1 Khach the nghien cii-u 405 tre vj nien tir Trudng Trung hoc phd thdng (THPT) Thuan Hda va THPT Cao Thang, phd Hue dugc lira chpn ngau nhien d^ tham gia vao nghien eiiu Cac khach the hoan bang hdi vdng 10 phut gid sinh hoat Idp Cae dieu tra vien cd mat tai chd de hd trg cac em qua trinh hoan bang hdi 2.2 Thang Gdy han bdng IM Thang Gay han bang Idi (The Verbal Aggressiveness Scale - VAS) cua Infante va Wigley (1986) la thang Tu danh gia (self-report) ve dac diem tinh each lien quan den hanh vi gay han bang Idi Thang gdm 20 menh de (item), cd 10 item thuan (md ta cae hanh vi gay han bang Idi; vi du: Khi ban khong ldm theo dieu em mudn, em noi nhimg Idi xuc pham de khien ban ay thay ddi; Khi ban be khong thay doi y kien ve mot vdn de quan ndo dd, em noi ndng vd nang Idi vdi ho) va 10 item nghich (md ta cac hanh vi dn hda bang Idi; vi du: Em tu choi tham gia vdo cdc cuoc tranh luan no lien quan den viee cong kich mang tinh cd nhan; Em cue ky cdn than de trdnh khong thdp khd nang cua ban be em phdn bdc lai y kien cua ho) Dp tin cay ciia thang phien ban gdc la 0,81 Tinh hieu luc cau tnic ciia thang TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' (238), - 2019 21 phien ban gflc khong dupe bao cao mot each cu the, doi thieu thong nhat Mot mat Infante va Wigley (1986) cho rdng "phan tich nhan t6 va phan tich item din din thang don hudng (unidimensional scale) gom 20 item (tr 64); nhung mat khac lai kit luan rdng "kit qua tir bp dir lieu thir hai cho thdy dO lieu phu hpp vai giai phap Varimax hai nhan to, vai tat ca item thuan tao nhan tl va tdt ca item nghjch tao nhan t6 khac" (Infante va Wigley, 1986, tr 65) Vi thi, mot s6 tac gia khuyin nghi danh gia lai tinh hieu luc ciia thang (Chory-Assad, 2002; Levin va cong su, 2004) Thang tren duac hai nha nghien ciru dich sang tilng Viet mpt each doc lap Dua tren dl xudt cua Sousa va Rojjanasrirat (2010), nguai dich thii nhdt am hiiu sau sdc vl Tam ly hpc va dac biet la noi ham khai niem, cau true nhan t6 cia thang Nguoi djch thir hai khong eo kien thirc ve Tam ly hpc, khdng am hieu ve cau triic ctia thang nhung la nguoi c6 chuyen mon vl ngon ngil tieng Viet (ngir phap, tir vung, dac biet la eae cum tir thong dung, cum tir ngir, thuat ngir dien ta cam xuc duac sii dung bien) Sau do, hai phien ban dich dupe dem so sanh Moi su mo ho va khac biet dupe thao luan va giai quyet de di den ban djch cuoi cimg Ngoai ra, chiing toi da thong nhat mem hoa va cu the hoa noi dung mot so item cho phii hap, gan giii vdi van hda va nhan thirc ciia tre vj nien Viet Nam, nhung van dam bao phan anh ehinh xac noi dung cot loi ciia cac item nguyen ban (xem phu luc) 2.3 Tien trinh phdn tich 0e danh gia hieu luc''' cau true cua thang do, phan tich nhan td khdng dinh (confirmatory factor analysis - CFA) da dupe thirc hien, phdn mim thdng ke Mplus 8.0 dupe sir dung de danh gia su thich hpp ciia cdu true thang Gay han bang Idi phien ban Viet so vdi mo hinh cdu true ly thuylt ban ddu tac gia thang da xay dung Ma tran hiep phuang sai (a covariance matrix) ciia cac item se dugc phan tich vdi phuang phap udc lugng hgp ly cue dai (maximum - likelihood estimation) Nghien ciru cua Infante va Wigley (1986) va mot so nghien ciru tiip theo diu xem xet va cong nhan VAS nhu la md hinh mot nhan td Theo dd, 20 bien quan sat deu dugc hoi ty vao mdt nhan td gay hdn bdng Idi (Levine va cdng sir, 2004) Tuy nhien, kit qua mdt sd nghien ciru sau dd cua Suzuki va Rancer (1994), Beatty, Rudd va Valencic (1999), Levin va cdng sir (2004) lai cho thay md hinh hai nhan to (gay hdn bdng Idi bao gom 10 biin quan sat va on hda, bao dung bao gdm 10 bien quan sat) lai thich hpp han so vdi VAS Tren ca sd do, nghien cuu nay, ehung toi idn lugt tiin hanh phan tich md hinh mdt nhan to va md hinh hai nhan td Gia trj Chi binh phuong chudn (normed;(;, ty le chi binh phuang tren bac tu do, x^MQ, chi so phu hpp so sanh 22 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd (238), - 2019 (comparative fit index, CFI), sd du binh phuong trung binh gdc (standardized root-mean-square residual, SRMR) va sai so trung binh gdc xap xl (root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA) la cac chi so danh gia dp phu hpp ciia md hinh vdi dil lieu Md hinh dupe xem la phii hgp day dii vdi dO lieu Chi binh phuong chudn / < 2,0; CFI > 0,90; RMSEA < 0,06 va SRMR < 0,09 (Hu va Bentler, 1999) Do tin cay ciia thang dugc danh gia cho biet tinh dn dinh ben thdng qua chi sd Alpha ciia Cronbaeh (Cronbaeh, 1951) Hien nay, viee chi dua vao nhat chi sd Alpha ctia Cronbaeh de danh gia tin cay ciia thang chju kha nhieu su chi trich ciia gidi chuyen mdn (Tavakol va Denniek, 2011), vi the, chiing tdi ddng thai danh gia trung binh gia tri tuang quan gitia cac item (average inter-item correlations) de udc lupng tinh dn dinh ben nhu de xuat cua Clark va Watson (1995) Theo dd, trung binh gia tri tupng quan giOa cac item cSn d khoang tir 0,15 den 0,50 Gia tri trung binh nhd han 0,15 chung td cau triic ndi ham can qua rdng, dd, gia tri trung binh Idn hon 0,50 cho thay ndi dung ciia cac item trimg lap (Clark va Watson, 1995) Ben canh dd, trung binh tuang quan ciia item vdi tdng the cUng cdn dat tren 0,30 (Pedhazur va Schmelkin, 1991) Phdn mIm SPSS 22.0 dupe sir dung de thuc hien phuang phap phan tich tin cay ben Ket qua va ban luan 3.1 Dp hieu lice can triic cua thang Do cau triic ly thuyet cua thang Gay han bdng loi cdn chua dupe thdng nhat giila cac nghien ciru, la mdt hay hai nhan td, nen nghien cira nay, chung tdi kiem dinh ca hai md hinh de xem xet dir lieu tren mau vj nien Viet Nam phii hgp vdi md hinh nao Dau tien, md hinh mdt nhan td dupe kiem dinh tren toan mau de danh gia dp hieu lire cau tnic ciia thang dp Ket qua kiem dinh CFA ciia thang vdi md hinh mot nhan td cho thay, cac chi sd ciia md hinh nhu sau: chi binh phuong chudn (normed x^) = 3,78; CFI = 0,57; RMSEA = 0,07; SRMR = 0,08 Theo md hinh mdt nhan td, cd kha nhieu item can phai loai bd vi he sd tai nhan td qua thap, tham chi dudi 0,1 (chang han nhu item 3, 16, 17, 20) Viee loai bd cac item ciing nhu cho phep tuang quan giila sai sd md hinh cung khdng thi nang eao them dugc cac chi sd Cac chi sd cua md hinh hau nhu khdng thda man cae tieu chuan can thiet Nhu vay, vdi dQ lieu nghien ciru tren mau Viet Nam, md hinh mdt nhan td cua thang la hoan toan khdng phii hgp Ke tiep, md hinh hai nhan td dugc kiem dinh Ket qua kiem dinh CFA ciia thang cho thay md hinh hai nhan td cd khuynh hudng phu hpp han vdi da lieu nghien ciiu Cac chi sd bude dau dat dupe la chi binh phuang chuan TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd (238), 1-2019 23 (narmed x^) = 1,35; CFI = 0,83; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,06 Cd thi thdy, chi sd CFI khdng dat dupe ti6u chudn cdn cd Ben canh do, hai item 16 va 17 ed trpng sd kha thdp (lan lugt la 0,024 va 0,27) Sau idn luptloai bd hai item niy, cac chi sd dupe nang cao, dac biet la chi sd CFI, nhung vdn chua dat dupe tieu chudn phu hpp cua md hinh luong (chi binh phuang chuan (normed x^) = 1,57; CFI = 0,87; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,06) Dira tren chi sd diiu chinh md hinh (modification indices), tuong quan sai sd eiia item 18 va 19, 14 va 15 lan lupt dupe them vao md hinh Kilm djnh CFA lan da eho thdy day la mdt md hinh tdt, phu hgp vdi dir lieu nghien ciiu, vdi chi binh phuang chudn (normed x') = 1,49; CFI = 0,91; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,05 Du vay, xet mdt each chat che han, he sd tai eua item 20 vdn dudi 0,3 Trong trudng hpp nay, item 20 cung cd thi can nhdc dl loai bd Tuy nhien, do phii hpp ciia md hinh dugc dam bao va he sd tai nhan td ciing gan dat mite 0,3 nen ehung tdi quyet dinh giO lai item dl can bdng long sd item d hai tilu thang (hinh 1) Nhu vay, md hinh hai nhan td sau loai bd item ed he sd tai nhan td thdp va thuc hien tuong quan sai sd da phu hgp vdi dQ lieu nghien cuu Nhan td bao gdm tat ea item thuan, de hanh vi gay han bang Idi (dupe dat ten la Gay hdn); nhan td bao gdm tat ca item nghjch, de danh gia nhiJng hanh vi dn hda, bao dung (dugc dat ten la On hda) Hinh md ta ket qua phan tich nhan td khang djnh ve cau true Gdy hdn bdng lai tren mau vj nien Viet Nam Theo do, 18 menh de cdn lai ciia thang dugc tai vao hai nhan td, mdi nhan td cdn item (xem phu luc) Item sd 20 (v20) cd he sd tai nhan td = 0,29, hoi thap mdt chiit so vdi tieu chuan cac item khac deu cd he sd tai dat tieu chuan trd len Md hinh ddng thuan vdi kit qua nghien ciru ctia Beatty va eong su (1999), Suzuki va Rancer (1994), Levin va cdng sir (2004) Theo Levin va cdng su (2004) cho rdng, chi cd 10 item thuc sir hanh vi gay han bdng lai Do Levin va cdng s\f (2004) dl nghj rdng cae nghien ciru tuang lai hoac la tinh toan hai tilu thang mot each doe lap (cac item nghich khdng the chuyen tuang duang item thuan dl tinh tdng trung binh cac phan tich thdng ke lien quan) hoac la chi sir dung 10 item dl danh gia hanh vi gay hdn bdng Idi dl tranh viee tinh dp hieu luc cua thang bj anh hudng Noi mot each cu thi, mdt ca nhan dat diim cao tilu thang On hda cd thi se dat diem thdp tilu thang Gay hdn Tuy nhien, mdt ca nhan dat diem thdp_ tieu thang Gay hdn chua chdc se dat diim cao tilu thang On hda Chang han nhu mot tre vj nien ed thi khdng "«d'/ ndng vd ndng lot vai ban be ho khdng thay ddlyklin vk mot vdn di quan trpng ndo do" nhung khdng nhdt thilt em dy se "cd gdng that nhe nhdng, tic ton vdi bgn dy" 24 TAP CHITAM \.f HOC, Sd' (238), - 2019 Hinh 1: Md hinh hai nhdn td ciia thang Gdy hdn bang lai tren nhdm mdu tre vl thdnh nien 3.2 Dp tin cgy ciia thang Kit qua phan tich he sd Alpha eiia Cronbaeh cho thay tat ca bien quan sat diu dat yeu cau ve he sd tuong quan item - tdng Gia tri trung binh tugng quan item - tdng deu tren 0,3, gia trj trung binh he sd tuang quan giila cac item diu ndm khoang tir 0,15 den 0,5 va dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh cua hai tilu thang lan lugt ia 0,65 va 0,73 (bang 1) TAP CHI TAM \.f HOC, Sd (238), 1-2019 25 Bang I: Dp tin cgy ben cita hai tliu thang Gdy hdn bdng lai Trung binh gia tri tuwng quan bien tong DTB Item Alpha ciJa Cronbaeh Trung binh gia tri tirtfng quan giu'a cae bien Gay lian 0,65 0,17 0,32 3,55 0,61 On hoa 0,73 0,23 0,40 2,37 0,67 Till! thang DLC Dil he sd tuang quan phien ban tieng Viet khdng cao nhu phien ban hieu luc hda cua Levin va cdng su (2004), nhung he sd Alpha ciia Cronbaeh = 0,65 va 0,73 cho hai tilu thang la hoan toan cd the dupe chap nhan Nunnally (1978) xac djnh rang, vdi nhirng thang vita mdi phat triln hoac dugc thich nghi cd the chap nhan gia tri Alpha = 0,60 Ben canh dd, trung binh gia tri tuong quan item - tdng, trung binh gia tri tucmg quan giira cac item cae tieu thang deu dat tieu chuan Nhin chung, hai tieu thang cd dp tin cay chap nhan dugc Ket luan Trong giai doan lira tudi vi nien, nham giiip tre phat triln lanh manh, han che bao lire hpc dudng va nang cao sire khde tinh thdn, viee thuc hien mdt sd chuang trinh can thiep giam thilu hanh vi gay hdn, cd gay han bang Idi va nang cao ky nang giai quylt xung dot la hit site cdn thilt Dl cd CO sd xay dung va danh gia tinh hieu qua cua cac chuang trinh can thiep, viee thieh nghi hoac xay dung cac thang danh gia mile dp gay hdn bdng Idi la nhiem vu rat quan trpng Tren binh dien nhu vay, chiing tdi tiin hanh thich nghi hda thang Gay hdn bdng Idi ctia Infante va Wigley (1986) Kit qua nghien cira cho thdy, thang Gay hdn bdng Idi cd thi dugc sii dung cac nghien cihi tucmg la; ciing ITnh vuc vdi tdng sd 18 item (xem phu luc) cho hai tieu thang Hai tilu thang dat dupe tin cay va tao nen mdt md hinh hai nhan td phu hop vdi dO lieu nghien ciiu Nhan to bao gdm tdt ca item hanh vi gay han bang Idi; nhan td bao gdm tdt ea item danh gia nhiing hanh vi dn hda, bao dung Hai tieu thang cdn dugc tinh toan mdt each doe lap cac phep thdng ke lien quan Nhin chung, thang cd thi dupe sii dung dl sir tac ddng ciia cac chuang trinh can thiep gay hdn bdng Idi nha trudng Trong Wang lai, thang can dupe kiem chirng them mdt sd dang hieu luc khac nhu hieu 26 TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6' (238), - 2019 lire du bao, dp hieu luc phan biet, dd hieu luc ddng thdi, dp hieu lire f niem ciing nhu kiem dinh dp tin cSy tai kiem tra (test - retest) de cd dupe mdt thang du dp tin cay va dd hieu lire ludng hanh vi gay han bdng Idi d tre vi nien Viet Nam Chu thich (1) Ddi khi, tai lieu tieng Viet, "validity" co the dupe djch la dp hi^u luc, dd chinh xac, dp xac thuc, hgp le, dp hop ly Tuy cac thuat ngil la khac nhimg deu phan anh y nghTa chung: thang phan anh diing cai nd dugc xay dung de CJ day, chung tdi sir dung thuat ngu dp hieu luc vdi ham nghia ciia validity Tai lieu tham khao Allen J.P., Porter M.R,, Land D., lisabella G., Smith F.D & Phillips N (2006) A socialInteractional model of the development of depressive symptoms In adolescence Journal o Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 55 - 65 Doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.55 Beatty M.J., Rudd J.E & Valencic K.M (1999) A re-examination of the verbal aggressiveness scale- One factor or two? 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