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3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 3 Brice Ch’i Pai-Shih Staff Senior Editor: Paula K. Byers Project Editor: Suzanne M. Bourgoin Managing Editor: Neil E. Walker Editorial Staff: Luann Brennan, Frank V. Castronova, Laura S. Hightower, Karen E. Lemerand, Stacy A. McConnell, Jennifer Mossman, Maria L. Munoz, Katherine H. Nemeh, Terrie M. Rooney, Geri Speace Permissions Manager: Susan M. Tosky Production Director: Mary Beth Trimper Permissions Specialist: Maria L. Franklin Production Manager: Evi Seoud Permissions Associate: Michele M. Lonoconus Production Associate: Shanna Heilveil Image Cataloger: Mary K. Grimes Product Design Manager: Cynthia Baldwin Senior Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Research Manager: Victoria B. Cariappa Research Specialists: Michele P. LaMeau, Andrew Guy Malonis, Barbara McNeil, Gary J. Oudersluys Research Associates: Julia C. Daniel, Tamara C. Nott, Norma Sawaya, Cheryl L. Warnock Research Assistant: Talitha A. 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World Biography FM 03 9/10/02 6:20 PM Page iv 3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY World Biography FM 03 9/10/02 6:20 PM Page v Fanny Brice Fanny Brice (1891-1951) was a vaudeville, Broad- way, film, and radio singer and comedienne. F anny Brice was born on October 29, 1891, on New York’s Lower East Side. She was the daughter of Charles Borach, a saloonkeeper, and Rose Stern, a real estate agent. As a child she sang and danced in her father’s saloon, and at the age of 13, after winning an amateur contest, she sang and played piano in a movie theater. Brice’s acute sense of humor made its way into her act early on. She began to work parody into her songs and toured in burlesque. In 1910 she was asked by Max Spiegel to be in The College Girls at a major New York theater and also to do a benefit he was producing. Since this was an important job for her she asked Irving Berlin to write her some songs, one of which—‘‘Sadie Salome, Go Home’’— became a Brice trademark. The song told the story of a Jewish dancer who shocked her family by going on the stage. It required a Jewish accent for its comic effect. The audiences loved this character, and from then on Brice’s most successful characters would be drawn from her own Jewish background. Aside from discovering her forte, Brice was rewarded for this performance with a job on Broadway in Florenz Ziegfeld’s Follies of 1910. This was the beginning of an association between the famous impresario and the talented comedienne that would last for 14 years. In 1911 she left New York and toured the vaudeville circuit, during which time she created two more characters which became her hallmarks: the ‘‘vamp’’ and the pretentious ‘‘dancer.’’ Following the tour she appeared as the major attraction at two important theaters: the Victoria in Times Square and the Victoria Palace in London. She also played a Yiddish soubrette, a part specifically written for her, in Shubert’s The Whirl of Society, which also starred Al Jolson. She played the same part in another Shubert hit, Honeymoon Express, and she played the female lead in Jerome Kern’s Nobody Home . In 1916 Brice returned to the Ziegfeld Follies with her popular skit ‘‘The Blushing Bride.’’ She remained with Ziegfeld until 1924, in all appearing in seven editions of the Follies and four revues. Brice was considered to be one of the greatest comedi- ennes on Broadway. Although she was an attractive, grace- ful woman offstage, she elicited the audience’s sympathy and laughter by bringing out the imperfections of her char- acters. She could be ugly, lack grace, and be mischievous— all for a laugh. She could bring out pathos and at the same time mock sentimentality. In her vaudeville number ‘‘You Made Me Love You’’ the first half was a heart rending song, followed by Brice laughing at her own sentiment by kicking her heels, winking her eyes, swinging on the curtain, and then lifting her skirt to show off her knock knees Not only did she make fun of herself but she parodied standard theat- rical styles and actors of the period, such as the Barrymores. Brice also appeared several times with W. C. Fields in a popular family sketch. In 1921 Brice introduced ‘‘My Man’’ to American audi- ences. She stood on an empty stage against a lamppost and sang the painful song about a woman whose total devotion to her ‘‘man’’ had brought nothing but unhappiness. Per- haps the pathos she brought to that character was from her personal experience—her husband, Nickie Arnstein, had just been jailed for embezzlement and she had to stand by B 1 him. This was one of her few totally straight performances, and it is one for which she will be remembered. In 1924 Brice, displeased with the material Ziegfeld was giving her, returned to vaudeville for a time. She played the lead role in the film ‘‘My Man’’ and then appeared in Billy Rose’s (her third husband) Sweet and Low (1930) in which she introduced ‘‘Babykins,’’ a three year old in a high chair. This character was the starting point for another Brice trademark, ‘‘Baby Snooks.’’ In the Shubert’s 1936 Follies she did a spoof of ‘‘My Man’’ in which she said that she had been singing about ‘‘that bum’’ for more than 15 years. This satire on the sentiment in the song was much more her style than the straight emotionality of the earlier delivery. In the same show she did a parody of Shirley Temple in an act with Bob Hope in which she played a child star who couldn’t remem- ber her lines. Due to ill health Brice left Broadway for Los Angeles, where she made a few film appearance, including MGM’s Ziegfeld Follies (1946) (she was the only Ziegfeld star who appeared in this film). She also immortalized ‘‘Baby Snooks’’ during her ten year radio series. Despite her work in film Brice was a daughter of the stage. She knew exactly how to reach an audience and she gave her whole self with no reserves. During each perform- ance she would get bigger and bigger until she seemed to envelop the audience with her whole being. In 1938 Rose of Washington Square, a film suggesting the life of Brice, was made and Brice sued the producer. Yet it was through another film and Broadway show, Funny Girl, in which Brice was played by Barbra Streisand, that Brice’s unique contributions to the theater became known to later generations. A fantasized version of her life focus- sing on her Ziegfeld days and her marriage to Nickie Arnstein, the play brings back to life her favorite characters and songs. Through this play her life has become inextri- cably linked with that of her characters, Sadie and ‘‘Second Hand Rose’’—the poor but spunky Jewish city girls. Aside from her theater career, Brice was a dress de- signer, painter, and interior decorator. She had two chil- dren, William and Frances. She died May 19, 1951, of cerebral hemorrhage, at the age of 59. Further Reading A concise biography and analysis of Fanny Brice’s work is in- cluded in The Great Clowns of Broadway (1984) by Stanley Green. Reviews, an interview, and a short biography can be found in Famous Actors and Actresses on the American Stage, Vol. 1 (1975) by William C. Young. Daniel Blum’s Great Stars of the American Stage (1952) includes a short biography and photographs. For background information on the Ziegfeld Follies and Brice’s role in their creation, see Randolph Car- ter’s The World of Flo Ziegfeld (1974). Additional Sources Goldman, Herbert G., Fanny Brice: the original funny girl, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Grossman, Barbara Wallace, Funny woman: the life and times of Fanny Brice, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. Ⅺ James Bridger American trapper, fur trader, and wilderness guide, James Bridger (1804-1881), was one of the most famous frontiersmen. He is credited with discover- ing the Great Salt Lake, Utah. J ames Bridger was born on March 17, 1804, at Rich- mond, Va. In 1812 the family moved west to Missouri, where all but Jim soon died. At 13 he became a black- smith’s apprentice and apparently learned how to handle machinery, horses, and guns. In March 1822 Bridger started his frontier life by joining the party of trappers being orga- nized at St. Louis by William H. Ashley. That year the men traveled up the Missouri to trap along its tributaries in the Rocky Mountains. For the next 20 years Bridger and other mountain men roamed throughout the western third of the United States. While trapping in late 1824, Bridger reached the Great Salt Lake, which he thought was part of the Pacific Ocean. Historians are unsure if Bridger was alone when he found the lake but credit him with first reporting it. During his years in the West, Bridger trapped for sev- eral leading fur companies and in 1830 became one of five partners in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. By the early 1840s, however, he realized that the supply of furs was BRIDGER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 2 nearly exhausted, and with Louis Vasquez he established Ft. Bridger. Built on the Green River in south-western Wyo- ming, this post became a major way station on the Oregon and California trails, a military fort, and a Pony Express station. In 1853 the Mormons drove Bridger and his partner away and confiscated their property because they pur- portedly had provided guns and anti-Mormon information to the Native Americans. Bridger’s career as a guide spanned from 1849 to 1868. During this time he led Capt. Howard Stansbury to Utah, Col. Albert S. Johnston during the so-called Mormon War, and Capt. William Raynolds to the Yellowstone. In 1861 he led Capt. E.L. Berthoud and his survey party west from Denver through the mountains to Salt Lake City, and for the next several years he guided army units sent west to guard overland mail. Between 1865 and 1868 he guided several expeditions and survey parties over the Bozeman, or Pow- der River, Trail. In 1868 he retired to his farm in Missouri, where he died on July 17, 1881. During his years on the frontier Bridger had been mar- ried three times to Native American women. In 1835 he married the daughter of a Flathead chief. When she died, he acquired a Ute wife, and after her death he wed the daugh- ter of a Shoshone chief. Described as tall and muscular by his contemporaries, Bridger was considered shrewd, hon- est, and brave. His life exemplifies the achievements of a leading frontiersman of the mid-19th century. Further Reading The best study of Bridger’s career is J. Cecil Alter, James Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout, and Guide (1925; rev. ed. 1962). This includes a thorough discussion of his actions and an evaluation of the many folktales surrounding his life. An earlier account is Grenville M. Dodge, Biographical Sketch of James Bridger (1905), supposedly based on stories Bridger told to the author. Dale L. Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (1953), examines many of the same people and events from a different perspective and provides additional insight into Bridger’s life and contributions. Ⅺ Harry A.R. Bridges The American labor leader Harry A.R. Bridges (1901-1990) became one of the best known radical trade unionists during the 1930s and was thereafter a subject of political controversy. He devoted most of his life and career to the cause of maritime indus- try workers on the Pacific Coast. F or more than 40 years (1934 to 1979) Harry Bridges earned a reputation as one of the most radical, astute, and successful leaders in the American labor move- ment. He first came to national attention during the com- bined waterfront and general strikes which paralyzed San Francisco in 1934. Bridges emerged from this labor conflict as the dominant leader and spokesperson for Pacific Coast waterfront workers. Then, and for many years afterward, his enemies accused him of serving Communist purposes and the federal government several times tried unsuccessfully to deport Bridges. Bridges built his union, the International Longshoremen and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU), into one of the most militant and successful in the nation. Before he retired from active union service in 1979, Bridges also won plaudits from employers for his role as a labor states- man, which meant accepting technological innovations and less total employment on the waterfront in return for union and job security. Harry Bridges was born in Melbourne, Australia, on July 28, 1901, the oldest of six children in a solidly middle- class family. His father, Alfred Earnest, was a successful suburban realtor, and his mother, Julia Dorgan, was a devout Catholic. Harry received a firm Catholic upbringing, serving four years as an altar boy and attending parochial schools from one of which he earned a secondary diploma in 1917. After leaving school he tried his hand at clerking but was bored by white-collar work. The sea, however, enthralled Bridges. In late 1917, he found employment as a merchant seaman and remained at sea for the next five years. As a sailor Bridges saw the world, experienced exploitation, became friendly with his more radical workmates, and, for a time, even joined the Indus- trial Workers of the World (IWW), a left-wing, syndicalist American labor organization. When one of his ships made port in the United States in 1920, Bridges decided to be- Volume 3 BRIDGES 3 come an immigrant. He even took out his first papers as part of the process of establishing U.S. citizenship. But Bridges’ carelessness in meeting the statutory timetable for filing final citizenship papers (as well as his alleged links to commu- nism) became the basis for the government’s later attempts to deport him. Having settled in the United States, Bridges left the sea in 1922 and took up work as a longshoreman in San Fran- cisco. He labored for more than ten years in one of the nation’s most exploitative job markets and in a city whose waterfront employers had established a closed-shop com- pany union. During that decade (1922 to 1933) Bridges lived in relative obscurity as an ordinary longshoreman, marrying for the first time in 1923 (he was to be divorced twice and married a third time) and leading a conventional working-class life. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal changed all that. The labor upheaval of the 1930s lifted Bridges from obscurity to prominence. When discontent erupted among West Coast waterfront workers in 1933 and 1934, Bridges seized the moment and became a militant union agitator. In 1934 when labor conflict spread up and down the Pacific Coast and culminated in the San Francisco general strike, Bridges acted as the waterfront strikers’ most effective leader. He led his followers to a great victory in 1934. The longshoremen in San Francisco won not only union recog- nition but also a union hiring hall to replace the traditional shape-up in which workers obtained jobs in a demeaning and discriminatory manner. Building on this success, Bridges next tried to unite all the maritime workers of the Pacific Coast in the Maritime Federation of the Pacific (1935). His plans for waterfront labor solidarity were disrupted by the outbreak of a union civil war between the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Bridges chose the CIO side, took his union members out of the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA)-AFL, and reorganized them as the ILWU. John L. Lewis, president of the CIO, appointed Bridges to the new union federation’s executive board and also as regional director for the entire Pacific Coast. By 1939 Bridges had won a deserved reputa- tion as one of the CIO’s new labor men of power. He had also won many more enemies. Employers found the ILWU to be an especially militant and demanding negotiating partner. Foes in the AFL, among public officials, and even within the CIO used Bridges’ links to communism to undercut his influence as a labor leader. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins tried to deport him in 1939. Through votes and investigations, Congress sought to accomplish the same goal. Not until 1953 when the Supreme Court ruled in Bridges’ favor did the government cease its deportation efforts. The charges against Bridges were dropped, and the Supreme Court said, ‘‘Seldom, if ever, in the history of this nation has there been such a concentrated and relentless crusade to deport an individual because he dared to exer- cise the freedom that belongs to him as a human being, and is guaranteed to him under the Consistution.’’ While differ- ent branches of the federal government hounded Bridges, Lewis, in 1939, limited Bridges’ sphere as a CIO leader to the state of California. Despite his enemies inside and outside the CIO, Bridges led his union from victory to victory. The labor shortages associated with World War II, the Korean War, and the war in Vietnam, combined with the strategic impor- tance of Pacific Coast ports in the shipping of war-related goods, provided the ILWU with enormous bargaining power which Bridges used to the fullest. He used the power his union amassed on the West Coast as a base from which to organize waterfront and plantation workers in Hawaii. The ILWU brought stable mass unionism to the islands for the first time in their history and thus transformed Hawaii’s economic and political balance of power. Bridges meantime initiated a long strike among Pacific Coast waterfront workers in 1948 that would win them the best labor contract such workers had ever had. But that was to be the last strike Bridges led as a militant labor leader. Shortly after that success for the ILWU, the CIO in 1949- 1950 expelled Bridges’ union as one of eleven charged with being under communist control and serving the interests of the Soviet Union. By 1960, however, Bridges won a new reputation for himself as a labor statesman. In that year he negotiated a contract with the Pacific Maritime Association which eliminated many union work rules, accepted labor- saving machinery, and tolerated a reduced labor force in return for either guaranteed jobs or annual earnings for more senior union members. A decade later, in 1971-1972, Bridges led his last long strike of 135 days, but it aimed mostly to ratify and strengthen the agreement of 1960, BRIDGES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 4 rather than to dilute it. Bridges had made his peace with employers and relished his role as a labor statesman. In 1968, Bridges was appointed to a city Charter Com- mission, and then in 1970 he was appointed to the San Francisco Port Commission. In 1977 he retired as ILWU president. During his last eight years as a union leader, Bridges had left far behind the radicalism and controversy that marked his earlier career. But both Bridges and his union remained distinctive. In an era of highly-paid union officials, many of whom lived ostentatious private lives, Bridges remained as abstemious as ever, living frugally on an atypically modest union salary; he had earned only 27,000 dollars a year. In an age of more conservative trade unionism, the ILWU still behaved as a union with a social conscience, promoting racial solidarity, opposing the war in Vietnam, and supporting disarmament and world peace. The ILWU built by Bridges was a legacy in which any trade unionist could take pride, but he always downplayed his role. In 1985 he said, ‘‘I just got the credit . . . I just hap- pened to be around at the right time.’’ Bridges died on March 30, 1990, in San Francisco. Further Reading The standard biography is Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges, The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States (1972). The same author’s Shape-Up and Hiring Hall (1955) is the best scholarly treatment of labor on the West Coast waterfront. Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (1969) includes a fine brief sketch of Bridges. Gary M. Fink, editor, Biographical Dictionary of American Labor Leaders (1984) provides essential facts. Ⅺ Percy Williams Bridgman The American experimental physicist Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961) was a pioneer in investiga- ting the effects of enormous pressures on the behav- ior of matter—solid, liquid, and gas. P ercy Bridgman was born in Cambridge, Mass., on April 21, 1882, the son of Raymond Landon and Mary Ann Maria Williams Bridgman. At high school in Newton, Mass., he was led into the field of science by the influence of one of his teachers. Bridgman received his doctorate from Harvard Univer- sity in 1908 and remained there as a research fellow in physics. He married Olive Ware in 1912, with whom he had a daughter and a son. By 1919 he rose to a full profes- sorship, and 7 years later the university appointed him Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. In 1946 Bridgman received the Nobel Prize in physics. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and at one time served as president of the Ameri- can Physical Society. He continued to work at Harvard several years after his official retirement, until he died on Aug. 20, 1961. Bridgman’s major work dealt with the building of appa- ratus for the investigation of the effects of high pressures, apparatus that would not burst under pressures never reached before. Quite by accident he discovered that a packed plug automatically became tighter as more pressure was applied. This proved a key to his further experimenta- tion. Using the steel alloy Carboloy and new methods of construction and immersing the vessel itself in a fluid main- tained at a pressure of approximately 450,000 pounds per square inch (psi), which Bridgman later increased to more than 1,500,000 psi, he reached, inside the vessel, 6,000,000 psi by 1950. To measure such hitherto unattain- able pressures, Bridgman invented new measuring meth- ods. The most striking effect of these enormous pressures was the change in the melting point of many substances. Bridgman also found different crystalline forms of matter which are stable under very high pressure but unstable under low pressure. Ordinary ice, for example, becomes unstable at pressures above about 29,000 psi and is re- placed by stable forms. One of these forms is stable under a pressure of 290,000 psi at a temperature as high as 180ЊF. This ‘‘hot ice’’ is more dense than ordinary ice and sinks completely in water. In 1955 the General Electric Company announced the production of synthetic diamonds, which their scientists, working on methods and information derived from Bridg- man’s work, had produced from ordinary carbon subjected to extremely high pressures and temperatures. Volume 3 BRIDGMAN 5 Further Reading Reflections of a Physicist (1950; 2d ed. 1955) is a collection of Bridgman’s nontechnical writings on science. A detailed bi- ography of Bridgman is in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 41 (1970). Niels H. de V. Heathcote, Nobel Prize Winners in Physics: 1901-1950 (1954), contains a chapter on Bridgman. He is included in Royal Society, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol. 8 (1962), and in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 12 (1970). Additional Sources Walter, Maila L., Science and cultural crisis: an intellectual biog- raphy of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961), Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990. Ⅺ John Bright The English politician John Bright (1811-1889) was one of the leading figures in 19th-century British radicalism. An outstanding orator, he was the most prominent British supporter of the North during the American Civil War. B orn at Rochdale, Lancashire, on Nov. 16, 1811, John Bright was strongly influenced first by the Quaker religion of his family and second by the industrial environment in which he was brought up. His father was a textile manufacturer, and he himself went into the business when he was 16 years old. He revealed a growing interest in the politics of reform throughout the early 1830s, but it required an exceptional sense of commit- ment to break away from Quaker quietism into platform agitations. The turning point of Bright’s life was his meeting with the reformer Richard Cobden and his involvement in the Anti-Corn Law League, founded in 1839. He was returned to Parliament in 1843, and although his share in the affairs of the League was far smaller than that of Cobden, with whom his name was later bracketed both by contempo- raries and historians, his share in following up the work of the league after the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was greater. He pressed not only for further measures of free trade but for further extension of the franchise. He was also bitterly critical of aristocratic influences in British political life and of active British foreign policies which cost money and lives. Although Bright’s political career was lengthy, it was also fitful and interrupted. He was unpopular with most sections of political opinion for his opposition to the Cri- mean War, and in 1857, for local as well as national rea- sons, he lost his parliamentary seat at Manchester, the symbolic center of free trade. Instead, he secured a seat at Birmingham, which he represented until his death. Between 1858 and 1867 he was at the head of a reform agitation which he did much to inspire and to guide. He extended his appeal from religious dissenters to workingmen and in the course of devoted campaigns won disciples and made ene- mies. There was no subtlety in his approach, but he ap- pealed with supreme confidence to underlying moral principles. More interested in political activism than in administra- tion, Bright nonetheless served under Gladstone as presi- dent of the Board of Trade (1868-1870) and in a later government as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1880- 1882). He admired Gladstone and contributed to the mobi- lization of working-class support for Gladstone in the indus- trial districts. Yet he resigned in 1882, when Gladstone intervened in Egypt, and opposed him in 1886 in the crucial debates on Irish home rule. During the last phases of his career Bright was dogged by illness, and an element of conservatism, which had never been entirely missing from his temperament, came to the forefront. Animosity toward him disappeared in his last years, when he had the reputation of a patriarch. Yet he was a lonely man after the death of his second wife in 1878—his first had died in 1841 after less than 2 years of marriage— and he was out of touch with new forces in national politics. He died on March 27, 1889, and was buried simply in the Friends’ Meeting House in Rochdale. Further Reading Bright’s speeches, which must be carefully studied to understand the kind of appeal he made, were edited by James E. Thorold Rogers in 1879, his letters by H. J. Leech in 1885, and his diaries by R. A. J. Walling in 1930. The standard biography of Bright is George Macaulay Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright BRIGHT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 6 [...]... waterworks; in 1825 he was one of the incorporators of the Maryland Institute of Art In 1 834 , the 31 32 BROWN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY year of his death, his credit helped save Baltimore’s Bank of Maryland Brown was one of America’s very few millionaires in the antebellum period, leaving a personal fortune estimated at more than $2 million After his death the mercantile aspects of his business were gradually... the film version of this production.) In 1961 Peter Brook directed one of his seven films, the chilling Peter Shaffer adaptation of Lord of the Flies 19 20 BROOK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY Dream (1970) Using trapezes, juggling, and circus effects, Brook and his actors created a sense of magic, joy, and celebration in this interpretation of Shakespeare’s play It was a masterpiece of the theater After... entry of Eleanor of Toledo into Florence in 1 539 resulted in his appointment that year as official court painter to the grand duchy of Tuscany The autocratic, sophisticated atmosphere of Cosimo I’s court, precisely reflected in Bronzino’s formal and frigid portraits of the 1540s, was already hinted at in the detached impersonality of the still-Pontormesque Ugolino Martelli (ca 1 535 -1 538 ) In Eleanor of. .. stenographic record of the event Brodsky’s poems and translations were also circulated out- 13 14 BRODSKY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY breathless, rhetorical manner, in the tradition of the poets of the Revolutionary generation There was a touch of Surrealism to this work—a new, Soviet kind of Surrealism— in the intrusion of everyday detail into the poem.’’ Stephen Spender, the prominent English poet and... on February 25, 19 53 He was named Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy in 1925 and also served as chairman of the board of the graduate school for 18 years Some 80 students received their doctorates under him His most famous student was Nobel Prize winner Martin Luther King, Jr., who later wrote how much he ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY owed to the personalistic philosophy of Brightman and Bowne... Hall of Fame in 1988 In 1985 she reached the pinnacle of her career when she became the poetry consultant at the Library of Congress, the second African American and the first African American woman to hold that position Further Reading The best source of biographical information is Brooks’ own autobiography, Report from Part One (1972) Critical information 25 26 BROOKS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY. .. Introduction (1967), provides a good general survey of Britten’s period R Murray Schafer, British Composers in Interview (19 63) , is a revealing exposition of the tastes and ideas of Britten and his contemporaries Ⅺ 11 12 BROAD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY Charlie Dunbar Broad The English philosopher Charlie Dunbar Broad (1887-1971) published in all the major fields of philosophy but is known chiefly for his... the character of the wave, and the moving particle is characterized by its momentum, that is, its mass multiplied by its velocity (my) He was able to deduce a very important ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY equation for the wavelength of the De Broglie wave associated with a particle having a known momentum De Broglie’s first two papers were published in 1922 The beginning of his theory of wave mechanics,... the survival of his theoretical work De Broglie’s Development of Wave Mechanics Up to this time the De Broglie wave could be determined only in the immediate vicinity of the trajectory De Broglie now investigated the mechanics of a swarm of particles and was thus able to define the characteristics of the matter waves in space He was also able to predict accurately the splitting of a beam of electrons... Francaise He ´ ¸ was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 19 53 and was a member of many other foreign academies, including the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences He received honorary degrees from six universities A far-seeing man, De Broglie saw by the middle of World War II that stronger links between industry and science . 3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SECOND EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 3 Brice Ch’i Pai-Shih Staff Senior. of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. World Biography FM 03 9/10/02 6:20 PM Page iv 3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY World