(Luận văn đại học thương mại) difficulties in translating english commercial contracts into vietnamese at translating and interpreting department of HT international servi

ABSTRACT In the era of global economic integration, it is necessary for all countries to business with each other and commercial contracts are increasingly signed with foreign partners Therefore, HT International Services and Trading Company Limited is struggling to create the best language bridge in order to meet social demands As a result of this, the study is conducted with the view to identifying difficulties of all translators at Translating and Interpreting Department in translating English Commercial Contracts into Vietnamese From that, the researcher gives some recommendations and suggestions to overcome them The questionnaire is the major method in this study and participants are the entire translators at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Company Limited The study is expected to bring useful knowledge for all translators in the company as well as people interested in translation Key words: Translation, Specialization, English Commercial Contracts, Translating difficulties i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of this study, I have received great deal of assistances, guidance and encouragements from many people First of all, I would like to deliver my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Tra My, Lecturer of English Faculty at Thuongmai University, for her wholehearted guidance and support Without her valuable recommendations, advice and correction, this study cannot come to an end I also take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all my lecturers of English Faculty at Thuongmai University, who have thoughtfully trained me in the last four years I owe my debt of gratitude to Mrs Nguyen Thi Hang, the Director of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd who creates me favourable conditions to work at the company I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to Mr Phan Duc Hop, the clerical staff at HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd for providing me with necessary documents as well as Ms Nguyen Thi Huong, Ms Bui Thi Huong Giang and Ms Tran Thi Trang, the translators at the company for transferring me their specialized knowledge and experiences in translation Finally, my special thanks also go to my classmates and friends for their assistances and encouragements ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .vi CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Previous study 1.3 Aim of the study 1.4 Research subject 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Research methodology 1.7 Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .7 2.1 Translation 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Translation methods 2.1.2.1 Word- for- word translation 2.1.2.2 Literal translation .9 2.1.2.3 Faithful translation 2.1.2.4 Semantic translation 2.1.2.5 Idiomatic translation .10 2.1.2.6 Free translation .10 2.1.2.7 Communicative translation 10 2.1.2.8 Adaptation 11 2.1.3 Translation procedures 11 2.1.3.1 Transference 12 2.1.3.2 Naturalization 12 2.1.3.3 Through - translation .12 2.1.3.4 Shift or transposition .13 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2.1.3.5 Modulation 13 2.1.3.6 Cultural equivalent 13 2.1.3.7 Functional equivalent 14 2.1.3.8 Descriptive equivalent 14 2.1.4 English- Vietnamese translation 14 2.1.4.1 Some common mistakes in translating English into Vietnamese 14 2.1.4.2 How to avoid translation mistakes and some useful techniques for English- Vietnamese and Vietnamese- English translation 15 2.2 Contract 16 2.2.1 Definition .16 2.2.2 Classification 17 2.2.3 Commercial contract 18 2.2.3.1 Definition .18 2.2.3.2 Characteristics 18 2.2.3.3 Commercial contract form 18 2.3 Difficulties in translating .22 2.3.1 Language structure 22 2.3.2 Idioms and expressions 22 2.3.3 Compound words 23 2.3.4 Missing name 23 2.3.5 Two- word verbs .23 2.3.6 Multiple meanings 23 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH FINDINGS 24 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 34 4.1 Some solutions to overcome difficulties with the aim of improving the translating skill and bringing good CC translation at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd 34 4.1.1 Some solutions to translators .34 4.1.2 Some solutions to HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd 35 4.2 Some suggestions for the further research .36 CONCLUSION 38 REFERENCE 39 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX 40 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCs Commercial Contracts CC Commercial Contract Co., Ltd Company Limited HT International Services and HT Company Trading Company Limited SL Source Language TL Text Language ST Source Text v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Name Content Table 2.1 Types of contract (according to Laws of Business) Figure 3.1 Experience in translating of translators at HT Company Figure 3.2 Working time of translators in the company Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Frequency of translating English CCs at Translating and Interpreting Department Self- evaluation about translating skill of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department Figure 3.5 Some difficulties faced by translators in HT Company Table 3.6 Some nouns belonging to the highly technical terminology Table 3.7 Archaic adverbs frequently appearing in CCs Table 3.8 Common preposition phrases in HT’s CCs Figure 3.9 Table 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Some factors affecting the quality of English CC translation Acronyms Self- studying time of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department The number of translators used to attend the translation course vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale of the study The economy is one of the vital pillars proving a country’s position in the international arena Therefore, every country, including Vietnam, considers it top priority to develop the economy Thanks to the open- door policy and the international economic integration, Vietnam has become a developing country with the triumphs in various fields, specifically in the field of economy The faster the economy grows, the faster the trade between Vietnam and other countries develops The faster the trade develops, the more frequently CCs, an indispensable trade tool, are employed The CCs not only represent a line of defence that companies utilize to safeguard their interests and businesses, but they also form a mutually beneficial and win- win situation Honestly, in the modern life now, the importance of English cannot deny and ignore because of its popularity Especially, for a developing country like Vietnam, English is taught very early as well as many young people are aware of its importance for some reasons such as finding good jobs, communicating with the outside world, approaching the scientific resources they are interested in In the corporate environment, the most common and important language is English High quality job requires the ability to understand and communicate in English Companies, therefore, can easily expand their operations to other countries and these companies often employ English- language graduates with basic academic results as required Furthermore, the world has been fragmented into195 countries Each country has their own official language which can be seen as an invisible barrier in policies, diplomacy, culture, international relations as well as business and trade This barrier has given birth to translation in order to foster mutual understanding which is a matter of the utmost importance in business and trade cooperation particularly Thus, translation of business and trade documents, especially the CCs, plays a crucial role in the global trade environment Moreover, the quality of CCs translation has direct effects on success or failure of business cooperation Hence, it LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com is particularly essential to make certain of good translation quality of CCs However, translating this type of contract, specifically from English into Vietnamese, is not a simple task as the result of grammar, the big volume of terminologies and difficulties in finding equivalents of new complicated terminologies HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd was established on 22 May 2014 to provide the market of translation products with high quality, good price From that, the company can meet the needs of customers about types of certificates, documents which need translating and notarizing The company contains Board of Director, Translating and Interpreting Department, Accounting Department and Customer Service Department In Translating and Interpreting Department, there are nearly 30 translation staff of the company who possess the bachelor or higher degree majoring in languages with advanced capabilities and many years of practical experience Translators understand that English is the most effective international communicative language and is also the official language in a large number of countries Most of international events and global organizations are using English as the default language of communication Moreover, thanks to the process of opening and international integration of Vietnam, more and more contracts are signed Business contracts not well understood by both parties are likely to cause misunderstandings and unfortunate damages for business and cooperation It is the reason why translation plays the very important role in connecting mutual partners, of course, we cannot deny the importance of Translation Companies Translation is essential to learn, but it does not mean it is simple for learners because it requires the process of learning and accumulating specialized knowledge and translation experience Recognizing that matter and the importance of good translation, in connection with the fact learned from translating at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd, the researcher has carried out the study “ Difficulties in translating English Commercial Contracts into Vietnamese at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd” with the hope of helping translators in the company and students who LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com have orientation to become future translators in business and trade field to enhance their translation skill 1.2 Previous study According to Stepanova V.V and Kiseleva L.A (2014), there are types of lexical, grammatical and syntactical difficulties Lexical challenges are associated with archaic diction, translation of purely technical terms, pronominals adverbs, excessive redundancy, formal words and phrases and so on First, in lexical difficulties, the old- fashioned legal formulae comprise words hereof/ thereof, herein/ therein, hereafter, hereunder and related adverbs Nextly, they are dounlets and triplets, synonyms and quasi- synonyms, binomials and word strings in legal discourse Most frequent examples are: by and between, for and on behalf of, make and enter into, null and void and the same refers to triplets such as dispute, controversy or claim; full, true and correct; cancel, annul and set aside, etc Second, grammatical difficulties comprise nominalisations, unfamiliar pronouns/ pro- forms, modal and phrasal verbs, abundant passive forms and many others The use of pro- forms belonging to different parts of speech (for example, the same, the said, the aforementioned, the foregoing, etc.) is one of the hallmarks of legal- lese They are frequently used to refer to different parts of the documents thus suggesting economical way of laying down the text Final, syntactical difficulties are associated with complexity of syntax, conditional and hypothetical formulations, different types of negation mixed with other kinds of logical links within the text, repetition and abundant descriptive phrases, etc In Vietnam, according to the study of Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Co at Da Nang University, the author also gives some difficulties similar to Stepanova V.V and Kiseleva L.A but they are clearer Archaic adverbs and preposition phrases; binomials and trinomials; noun ending in suffixes –er (or) and –ee; common words with specialized meanings and terminologies are mentioned in the study Moreover, the author also comes up with some techniques/ methods to translate legal English in Commercial Contract (CC) such as change of object into subject, adverb into subject and passive into active LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In this study, the researcher will seek difficulties faced by translators at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd in translating English Commercial Contracts (CCs) into Vietnamese during their translating process and raise some solutions with the aim of improving their translating skill as well as the quality of translations 1.3 Aim of the study The study is conducted with a view to identifying difficulties of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department when dealing with English CCs and then suggesting some possible solutions to overcome them From that, their translating skill and the quality of translations is also expected to be improved Moreover, the study provides more knowledge relevant to translation in order to help translators deeply understand about translation job 1.4 Research subject The study will concentrate on finding out difficulties in translating English CCs into Vietnamese faced by translators at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd 1.5 Scope of the study Due to the limitation of the time and space, the study will focus on difficulties in translating English CCs into Vietnamese with participation of translators working at Translating and Interpreting Department in HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd 1.6 Research methodology ● Questionnaire content The main data collection instrument is a questionnaire It is a carefully designed questionnaire for translators about difficulties in translating English CCs into Vietnamese they encounter Specifically, the questionnaire consists of 12 questions as follows: How long have you learned English? What is your major? How many years of experience in translating you obtain? How long have you been working in HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd? LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 3.5 Some difficulties faced by translators in HT Company It is certain that terminologies often challenge translators the most, it means there are 18 participants agree on this and it is sometimes to some other people Terminologies between the source and target languages often vary widely, this is the standard difficulty faced by translators When translating, translators must constantly compare the two systems of the two languages they are tackling Some highly technical terminologies often appearing in English CCs at HT Company are listed in the following table SL terminology Vietnamese equivalent Balance Phần cịn lại Fine Tiền phạt Invoice Hóa đơn Premises Mặt Provision Điều khoản Transfer Chuyển khoản Custom invoice Hóa đơn hải quan Purchase order Đơn đặt hàng Transferable document Chứng từ chuyển nhượng Table 3.6 Some nouns belonging to the highly technical terminology Besides, 15 participants sometimes have difficulties in binomials and trinomials; nouns ending in suffixes –er (or) and –ee; and common words with 27 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com specialized meanings Concerning binomials, for instance, “true and correct”, “null and void” and trinomials “give, devise and bequeath” are also the vocabulary feature in CCs They often challenge translators because of its popularity in English CCs but it is difficult to find out in English dictionary For example: This agreement was declared as null and void (Thỏa thuận tuyên bố vô hiệu) With regard to common word with specialized meanings, the most popular words in CCs are “consideration” (sự suy xét) and the modal auxiliry verbs “shall” The word “consideration” is used in CCs with meaning “tiền/ điều khoản bồi hoàn” and “shall” is used like a specialized word Except from common meaning to indicate the future, for example, “I shall be in touch with you again shortly” (Tôi sớm liên hệ lại với bạn), but “shall” means “có nghĩa vụ/ có bổn phận” in the CC In particular, archaic adverbs and prepositional phrases are sometimes displayed to 15 translators, they are usually used in CCs such as “hereinafter”, “forthwith”, “hereby” and prepositional phrases such as “subject to”, “pursuant to”, etc There are some following examples:  The Richman Air Travel Company, hereinafter “The Company”  In this event, the contract shall be terminated forthwith  Translator hereby declares and warrants the Translation is an original work translated by translator It is concluded legal texts habitually make use of archaic adverbs and preposition phrases These adverbs and phrases typically seen in CCs at HT Company are presented in the following table 28 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Archaic adverb Vietnamese equivalent Hereinafter/ Vietnamese Archaic adverb equivalent Sau Thereafter Sau Hereby Bằng cách Thereby Bằng cách Hereunder Dưới Therein Trong Hereof Về điều Thereof Về điều Herein Trong Thereto Theo Hereto Theo điều Therewith Với điều herewith Kèm sau Notwithstanding Cho dù/ Forthwith Ngay hereafter The aforementioned The foregoing The undermentioned Vừa đề cập Vừa đề cập Dưới Table 3.7 Archaic adverbs frequently appearing in CCs Archaic adverbs mostly consist of an adverb “here” or “there” or sometimes “where” attaching with one preposition as a suffix These adverbs are not useful in modern English but widespread in legal texts and the CCs in particular, which makes it more difficult for translators to deal with the originals In some contracts, translators sometimes have the difficulty in preposition phrases as well The following table shows common preposition phrases in each CC translated at HT Company Preposition phrases Vietnamese equivalent In accordance with Phù hợp với In compliance with Phù hợp với In pursuance with Phù hợp với In consideration with Xét đến In witness whereof/ thereof Chứng nhận Table 3.8 Common preposition phrases in HT’s CCs 29 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Question: “In your opinion, which factor affects commercial contract translation? As a result, specialized knowledge accounts for 71,4% (20/27) when it is decided to be the most important factor having an influence on the quality of English CC translation Honestly, it is a big difficulty for translators if they not understand specialized knowledge about the content they want to convert and the fact that this is the most popular case It will be very terrible if the translator is only interested in literature but is required to translate CCs It is really hard for the translator to convert full content of the original Furthermore, vocabulary and culture make up 17,9% and 10,7% respectively Translators need various and rich vocabulary in both the source language and target language to serve the translation job well because in English, one word can consist of many different meanings not completely related to each other Therefore, it is very important and necessary to grasp all the meanings of a word, which help you become proficient in language as well as improve the translating skill Last but not least, it is culture, one of the important factors sometimes causing some difficulties for translators at HT Company Translators have to cope with the strange culture requiring its message to be conveyed in a familiar way The culture expresses its characteristics in a “cultural constraint”: culturally specific words, idioms and expressions, whose origins and uses are tied to the culture They are being addressed in a unique and origin way Therefore, the translator is based on the culture to provide an intercultural translation, in which the success of translation depends on translator’s knowledge about the culture s/he is handling Look at the following chart for more clarity Vocabulary Specialized knowledge Culture Figure 3.9 Some factors affecting the quality of English CC translation 30 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Question: “Apart from difficulties mentioned above, you face other difficulties in translating English Commercial Contracts? List them below” In this question, many personal opinions are collected apart from difficulties mentioned by the researcher The fact that there are some coincident problems and acronym only is the added difficulty after the researcher summarizes In any contract, there are some acronyms requiring the translator’s knowledge; for instance, in the English CCs provided by HT Company, a lot of highly technical terminologies are abbreviated They are mainly common terminologies in the field of law, economy and other fields related to content of the CCs These acronyms appear at least one time in the overall of the original contracts SL terminologies Vietnamese equivalent CIF Tiền hàng, bảo hiểm, cước phí B/L Vận đơn ETA Dự kiến tàu đến FOB Giao hàng lên tàu GFA Tổng diện tích sàn xây dựng IP Tài sản trí tuệ L/C Thư tín dụng MPL Giấy phép cơng cộng Mozilla RMA Bảo hành đổi trả sản phẩm Table 3.10 Acronyms Question: “In your opinion, what is the cause of difficulties in translating English Commercial Contract?” Many participants say that they not spend much time at home in broadening specialized knowledge and practising translating skills It is clearly demonstrated in the survey through the chart as follows 31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com < hours – hours > hours Figure 3.11 Self- studying time of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department It is easy to see that the number of translators spending their free time in selfstudying at home are not considerable Maybe, the amount of large work at the office makes them only want to take a rest as soon as they come back home The amazing result is that 82,8% of translators spend less than hours practising more and the number of translators spending – hours makes up 13,8% This is the biggest reason making translators encounter many difficulties in translating English CCs Not only the majority of translators spend very little time to practise at home but also half of them not attend any translation course This chart is for more information Yes No Figure 3.12 The number of translators used to attend the translation course 32 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com It can be seen that 16/27 (53,3%) translators have not joined any translation course Thus, they still lack specialized knowledge and tips to support their translation job as well as possible The translation course will help translators cope with a variety of commercial contracts, then their knowledge and experience are improved and they can be more confident to deal with English CCs All in all, most of participants also share some above mentioned causes in the survey and they agree on these reasons as well 33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Some solutions to overcome difficulties with the aim of improving the translating skill and bringing good CC translation at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd 4.1.1 Some solutions to translators Based on the findings and the fact learned at the company, the researcher suggests some solutions to overcome language difficulties, culture and specialized knowledge as follows Firstly, language difficulties such as archaic adverbs and preposition phrases; binomials and trinomials; nouns ending in suffixes –er (or) and –ee; common words with specialized meanings and terminologies need considering as top priority It is very necessary for translators to spend much more time in seeking and translating English CCs at home The more English CCs translators handle, the more valuable notes they get The frequency of facing archaic adverbs or binomials as well as common words with specialized meanings is increasing, at that time translators have much time to find out how to deal with or they can take note to get some suggestions from long experienced translators Besides, the translators should also read the translations of CC in Vietnamese as many as possible because these translations give them not only a large volume of terminologies, archaic adverbs and preposition phrases but also the method to deal with them In other words, the translators should learn from actual CC translation experiences that the previous translators went through Moreover, “practice makes perfect”, it is the reason why the translators should practise translating the CCs frequently From that, they can possess experiences to skilfully solve issues incurring in the translation process of CCs Secondly, some solutions to cultural issues have been come up with by Gtelocalize (2017) as follows Translators often have to deal with the cultural barrier between two different countries so they need to permanently develop their skills and stay connected to at least two different cultures They almost certainly learn about cultural intelligence when studying the language, although this is not 34 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com something taught in a dictionary Especially where localization or transcreation techniques are required, translators need to be culturally intelligent and able to sympathize with the audience who will be reading their translated text Jargon, colloquial phrases, special constructions, there are rarely found in dictionaries and guides Technical terms, new concepts, patterns and anything else that might help translators understand how natives think So translators should pay attention to what people say and, most important, how they say it and try to become a word collector in languages they are working in The only way to know how to use them properly is by carefully observing native speakers Social media can be good source for this, i.e watching television shows and movies, blogs and newspapers Translators can further develop their cultural intelligence by traveling, reading books or joining an intercultural club, where people from various countries meet up, is also great alternative if they not have time or resources for traveling Lastly, it is necessary for HT’s translators to expand and deepen specialized knowledge and experience in the fields concerned The translators should carefully study on CCs to be aware of their specific features in terms of terminology, grammar, structure and style The CCs at HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd embrace a large number of terminologies in the field of law and economy; thus, the translators ought to continuously update these kinds of knowledge Acquiring legal and economic knowledge requires the translators to read and study relevant documents to the fields Along with specialized books and dictionaries, they can read news on online newspapers such as The Economist, Financial Times, The Wall Street Jounal, etc Simultaneously, knowledge belonging to other fields such as banking, shipping also needs improving Furthermore, translators should be more active to enroll some translation courses Obviously the courses will create a good environment for them to learn many things from excellent translators such as practical experience, tips, special terminologies, etc 4.1.2 Some solutions to HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd Except for the factors presented above, HT Company also needs to make some changes so as to improve translation quality of CCs Instead of assigning work 35 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vaguely, the company should separate the translators into different groups based on their speciality and allot them suitable duties The CCs needs to be assigned to the group of translators whose expertise is in economic (and legal) fields so that their knowledge and skill can be utilized effectively As a result, CC translation quality can be considerably enhanced Moreover, the company should try to organize weekly meetings for translators at the same department to exchange difficulties and support each other as soon as possible Identifying difficulties in translating English CCs into Vietnamese at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd, the researcher would like to make the recommendation on how to overcome difficulties with the view to advancing the translating skill of translators, then the translation quality is enhanced It is not only useful for translators at HT Company in private but also other Translation Companies in general 4.2 Some suggestions for the further research Although CC and CC translation are interesting topics, numerous issues are not studied owing to the limit of time and scope of the study Therefore, the researcher would like to suggest further researches on the following topics The first topic focuses on syntactic difficulty in the English CCs at HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd In the process of analyzing English CCs translated at the company, it is easy to witness the appearance of long sentences with complex grammar Besides, the authors of these contracts also make use of numerous sentences without subject, “if” clause, etc For example, “products that are delivered in advance of schedule are delivered at the sole risk of the Supplier and may, at the Buyer’s option, be returned at the Supplier’s expense for proper delivery and/or the Buyer may withhold payment therefore until the date that the Products are actually scheduled for delivery”, “If requested by the Buyer, the Supplier shall update the Buyer with the status of each delivery promptly” The syntactic features have become an integral part in the English CCs Therefore, studying on syntax may benefit not only the translators but also people whose work is to draft the CCs 36 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The next topic is to study on common words and phrases in English CCs In most of English CCs, some words or phrases are often repeated in each contract As usual, it takes translators much time to look up in dictionary or ask someone Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the study on this topic in order to summarize all words and phrases Translators are easy to grasp knowledge in the short time and bring accuracy for translation As a result, in the future, the researcher would like to deeply investigate the topic so as to bring convenience to translators working with CCs The last topic looks at errors in translating process of English CCs at HT Company In CCs translated at Translating and Interpreting Department, some errors could come from syntax, lexis, etc The problems make the translating process more complex and lead to errors in some cases Consequently, studying on the topic can assist the translator to be aware of the translation errors of English CCs in order to avoid mistranslation and omission The aforementioned are some stimulating and practical topics that the researcher would like to investigate in the future 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONCLUSION The study embraces three main parts: literature review, research findings and recommendation Literature review provides theoretical background information on translation theory, contract and CC as well as difficulties in translating English commercial contracts into Vietnamese Research findings presents the research on some problems and difficulties of translators at Interpreting and Translating Department in HT when translating English CCs into Vietnamese In this part, the researcher achieves valuable findings Besides, recommendation gives some solutions to improve the translation quality of English CCs translated at HT International Services and Trading Company Limited and suggestions for the further study 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCE Vietnamese Co, N P V (2012) Ngôn ngữ hợp đồng thương mại tiếng Anh Co, N P V (2013) Một số vấn đề dịch hợp đồng thương mại tiếng Anh English Nida, E A (1964) Toward a Science of Translating with Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating Nida, E A & Taber, C R (1995) The Theory and Practice of Translation Bell, R T (1991) Translation and Translating Koller, W (1979) Equivalence in Translation Theory 39 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX Questionnaire The following closed and open questions are designed to identify difficulties of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd in translating English Commercial Contracts into Vietnamese How long have you learned English? A < years B 3- years C 5- years D > years What is your major? A English B Other How many years of experience in translating you obtain? A < year B 1- years C > years How long have you been working in HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd? A < year B 1- years C > years Have you attended Translation Course? A Yes B No How long you spend in learning to translate at home? A < hours B 2- hours C > hours 40 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com How often you translate English commercial contracts? A Rarely B Sometimes C Often How you evaluate your translating skill? A Very good B Good C Normal 9.Which difficulties you face in translating process? Rarely Sometimes Often Archaic adverbs and prepostition phrases Binomials and Trinomials Nouns ending in suffixes –er (or) and –ee Common words with specialized meanings Terminologies 10 Apart from difficulties mentioned above, you face other difficulties in translating English Commercial Contracts? List them below 11 In your opinion, which factor affects CCs? A Culture B Specialized knowledge C Vocabulary 12 In your opinion, what is the cause of difficulties in translating English Commercial Contract? 41 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... at Translating and Interpreting Department of HT International Services and Trading Co., Ltd in translating English Commercial Contracts (CCs) into Vietnamese during their translating process and. .. Frequency of translating English CCs at Translating and Interpreting Department Self- evaluation about translating skill of translators at Translating and Interpreting Department Figure 3.5 Some difficulties. .. focus on difficulties in translating English CCs into Vietnamese with participation of translators working at Translating and Interpreting Department in HT International Services and Trading Co.,