(Luận văn đại học thương mại) DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS IN TRANSLATING CONTRACTS OF HOANG HA INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCY CONSTRUCTION CO, LTD

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH FACULTY - - GRADUATION PAPER DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS IN TRANSLATING CONTRACTS OF HOANG HA INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCY CONSTRUCTION CO, LTD Supervisor: Le Thi Phuong Mai, M.A Student: Nguyen Thi Ha Thanh Class: K50N6 Student’s number: 14D170394 Hanoi - 2018 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com HÀ NỘI - 2016 ABSTRACT Translation is a very important job for companies working with foreign partners For the Hoang Ha Company, contract translation has become an essential part of the company's operations, as well as its image with its foreign counterparts Since the language in the building is not easy and the contract requirements are very high, so the translation staff in the company encountered some difficulties in the translation process This study aims to find out the difficulties of translating the contracts of the company's translation staff so that translators can find solutions to overcome these difficulties to improve the quality Besides that, this study also helps translators and students involved in contract translation understand the difficulties that arise during the translation process and to orient the correct translation method In addition, the research methods used in this study are the questionnaire- a list of questions to find out the difficulties that students usually face and the interview questions which used to meeting students‟ expectations in learning the subject i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT In the process of completing this Graduation Paper, I have received a great deal of help, guidance and encouragement from my teachers and friends First of all, I would like to express my deepest thank to my supervisor, Mrs Le Thi Phuong Mai , MA of Foreign Language Department, who has offered me suggestion on how to shape the study and always been most willing to give me valuable advice, helpful comments, corrected my graduation paper as well as inspired me with his helpful advice and ideas I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all teachers in the Department of Foreign language, who have thoughtfully trained me in the last four years Finally, as always I wish to express my special thanks to my family, my friends and my brother for their understanding and encouragement throughout the preparation of this paper This Graduation paper has been completed with my best knowledge However, errors and mistakes are unavoidable because of my limited knowledge Thus, I am looking forward to receiving the reflection, sympathy and contribution from teachers to make it more perfect Ha Noi, April 2018 Student Nguyen Thi Ha Thanh ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENT .iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Previous studies 1.3 Aims of the study 1.4 Scope of the study .5 1.5 Research methodology 1.6 Organization of the study CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The theoretical background 2.1.1 Definitions of translation 2.1.2 The importance of translation 2.1.3 Types of translation 10 2.2 Translation equivalence 13 2.2.1 Dynamic equivalence 13 2.2.2 Grammatical equivalence 14 2.3 Some useful techniques for translation 15 2.3.1 Addition .15 2.3.2 Omissions 16 2.3.3 Replacements .16 2.3.4 Transposition .17 2.4 Translations strategies 18 2.5 The translation process 20 2.6 Difficulties in translation 22 2.7 General knowledge on a foreign construction contract 23 2.7.1 Definition of a foreign construction contract .23 2.7.2 The main content of a foreign construction contract 24 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER III: FINDING AND DISCUSSION FROM STUDYING THE TRANSLATION AI THE HOANG HA COMPANY .26 3.1 An introduction of translation activities of the Hoang Ha Company 26 3.1.1 Translation staffs 26 3.1.2 The translation materials 26 3.2 Context of the study 28 3.2.1 The subject 28 3.2 Instruments for collecting data 29 3.2.3 Questionnaire .29 3.2.4 Interviews with translation staffs 29 3.2.5 Data collection procedure 29 3.2.6 Data analysis 30 3.3 Findings 31 3.4 Discussion 37 CHAPTER IV: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTIES 39 CONCLUSION REFERENCES iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms Meaning in English Meaning in Vietnamese SL Source language Ngôn ngữ nguồn TL Target language Ngơn ngữ đích Co,Ltd Limited liability Cơng ty TNHH company v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Diagram 2.1: Translation process by Roger T Bell Table 3.1 : questions in the interview Chart 3.1: Translation staffs s' attitude towards the importance of vocabulary Table 3.2: Ways of remembering English vocabulary on construction Chart 2: Translator staffs ’ vocabulary difficulties vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale Along with the development of countries in the world and the trend of the international economic integration, English is considered to be one of the most popular languages in the world In Vietnam, with the changes and the developments of the economy and society, as well as the implementation of the open- door policy, English has been used more and more widely both by the young and the old and it has been the most popular foreign language English also occupied a specially important status in the development of international relationship in Vietnam Besides, our country is also innovating and developing in the period of industrialization and modernization Many industrial parks are built together with the presence of modern high-rise buildings and urban areas This development has led to increasing the demand for infrastructure Thus, construction has become an independent and important business This is also a sector with stable development and attracts a lot of foreign investments Moreover, the development of the construction industry beyond the national territory has led to the need to use English-the international language, as a bridge between domestic and foreign companies.Therefore, using English in transactions, contracts or direct negotiations is also very important Because the contract is an agreement between companies through specific terms and expressions as the basis for the follow-up of companies, the conversion from English to Vietnamese and vice versa are high accuracies In particular, in the construction industry, contracts involving the terms of quantity, quality or origin of materials need to be carefully drafted The terms in the construction industry also need to be correctly translated in both English and Vietnamese so that both internal and external partners can work together to avoid making mistakes in the construction process Therefore, finding and researching practical contract translation in an actual company are very necessary It will help us find out the difficulties, LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com propose solutions and support companies and individuals to improve their translation skills That is the main reason inspiring me to carry out this topic More importantly, thanks for studying this topic, I have a chance to have the thorough understanding of the translation of construction contracts 1.2 Previous studies With regard to the subject of translation, there are now a lot of documents and articles on this subject Each researcher has his own translation study and draws his own conclusions To get a good quality graduation paper, I have searched and consulted a lot of documents and related research in both Vietnamese and English The first book I referred to is Nida and Taber (1982), attempting to give a more “scientific” sense to translation Borrowing theoretical concepts from semantics and pragmatics, and being influenced by Chomsky‟s generativetransformational grammar (1965), Nida adopts a more systematic approach to exploring the field of translation studies With regard to equivalence, Nida maintains that there are two basic types of equivalence: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence In particular, Nida argues that in formal equivalence the target text resembles very much the source text in both form and content whereas in dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the source text message in the target text as naturally as possible It could be argued that Nida is in favour of dynamic equivalence since he considers it to be a more effective translation procedure This comes as no surprise given the fact that Nida was, at the time at which he proffered his views about equivalence, translating the Bible, and hence trying to produce the same impact on various different audiences he was simultaneously addressing This paper would have been incomplete without reference to Peter Newmark, one of the founders of the Institute of Linguists and a fervent advocate for the professionalization of translators Peter Newmark (1988) does not aim to promote any monolithic translation theory but rather attempt to describe a basis for dealing with problems encountered during the LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com translation process More specifically, Newmark replaces Nida‟s terms of formal and dynamic equivalence with semantic and communicative translation respectively The major difference between the two types of translation proposed by Newmark is that semantic translation focuses on meaning whereas communicative translation concentrates on effect In other words, semantic translation looks back at the source text and tries to retain its characteristics as much as possible Its nature is more complex, detailed and there is also a tendency to over-translate On the other hand, communicative translation looks towards the needs of the addressees, thus trying to satisfy them as much as possible In this respect, communicative translation tends to under-translate; to be smoother, more direct and easier to read Hence, in semantic translation, a great emphasis is placed on the author of the original text whereas communicative translation is meant to serve a larger readership It should be pointed out that during the translation process, communicative translation need not be employed exclusively over semantic or vice versa It may well be the case in a literary text that a particular sentence requires communicative translation whereas another sentence from the same text may require a semantic one Hence, the two methods of translation may be used in parallel, with varying focuses where each is employed In addition, the knowledge from Baker's book is also very important Mona Baker in her influential book (1992) addresses the vexing issue of equivalence by adopting a more neutral approach when she argues that equivalence is a relative notion because it is influenced by a variety of linguistic and cultural factors (p 6) In particular, the chapters of her book are structured around different kinds of equivalence, that is, at the level of word, phrase, grammar, text and pragmatics Hence, terms such as grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalence come up In more detail, a distinction is made between word-level and above-world level equivalence Adopting a bottom-up approach, Baker acknowledges the importance of individual words during the translation process, since the translator looks firstly at the words as single units in order to find their equivalent in the target language Baker goes LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com which makes it easier to gather actual research results The answers are practical, supporting the researcher to capture information and analyze information in a scientific and objective manner, improving the effectiveness of the research 3.3 Findings Interviews show that most employees have problems during the translation process Basic translation is not too difficult, but for each subject, translation work has its own difficulties The most talked about topic is vocabulary The construction industry has difficult and strange terms and phrases that make it difficult for translation workers Therefore, the translators in general as well as the translation staffs in the Hoang Ha company in particular are serious about understanding their English vocabulary Below is a circular diagram showing translation staffs s' attitude towards the importance of vocabulary 8% 2% very important important not important 90% Chart 3.1: Translation staffs s' attitude towards the importance of vocabulary As shown in that pie chart, most of the translators consider vocabulary a very important element in translating a foreign language This number presents 90%, only 8% of them think vocabulary is important and 2% not important This means that most of these translation staffs are well aware of the importance of vocabulary in their translation process This awareness leads to good motivation in their process of cultivating vocabulary in the field of translation Highlighting the importance of vocabulary is the right thought According to Alan K Melby (1995), there are two types of difficulties 31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com involved in the translation of the vocabulary in total of types of difficulties mentioned: “distinguishing between general vocabulary and specialized terms and distinguishing between various meanings of a word of general vocabulary ” We can see that vocabulary is an integral part of English translation from the beginning as well as to the future Therefore, the translators should remember the meaning as well as the context from which they are used Because vocabulary in English has many meanings when placed in different usage situations So it makes learning and using more difficult Vocabulary is an indispensable part of every translator That is why they need a huge vocabulary and special knowledge of specialized terminology Because of the importance of the word in translation, it requires translation staffs to improve their vocabulary, especially from the specialized field of construction to meet the needs of work as well as professionalism while working with foreign partners The following is the data that the interview provided Ways of remembering English vocabulary on Percentage construction a Using them a lot of times 23.2% b Store new words in notebook and read them everyday 5.3% c Write the words in English and Vietnamese 22% d Make sentences with them 6.5% e Write the words in English many times in pieces of 21.4% paper f Write the words and meaning, their synonyms or 10.8% antonyms g Other ways ( internet, TV, radio program,) 12.2% Table 3.2 Ways of remembering English vocabulary on construction The result in table shows that 23.2 % ensure that they can remember new words more easily when using them a lot of times.Most staffs are 32 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com influenced by traditional ways in their learning habits such as write the words in English and Vietnamese or write the words in English many times in pieces of paper and trying to learn by heart Thus, more than halfs of staffs learn new words by writing them again (22% & 21.4%) The percentage of translator staffs who usually remember English vocabulary on construction via internet, TV, radio program is less than those of the above mentioned cases (12.2 %) while making sentences with them, storing new words in notebook and read them everyday and writing the words and meaning, their synonyms or antonyms takes up only 6.5 %, 5.3 % and 10.8% corresponding It can be seen that the staffs focus only on the spelling aspect of the words rather than how to use the words in sentences or context (only 6.5 %) Thus, they will fail in both speaking and writing skills Many translators frankly shared that English vocabulary in the subject field caused many difficulties in the translation process In particular, you find it difficult to understand and remember single words, and when you touch idioms, verb phrases or noun phrases, the general condition is "to understand death immediately" When you meet these words in the reading, you not remember the meaning or difficult to guess their meaning Besides, you must also remember the specialized meaning of the word poly means Possibly in basic English, these words are simple and common, but in the specialized field, they have a completely different meaning Therefore, it is not easy to understand the meaning of the word correctly In addition, in the specialized materials often have a number of new words than basic English, causing confusion for you Therefore, there are many difficulties arise in the process of remembering English specialized in construction 33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 13.50% 28% 17% Remember words but can not pronounce correctly Can not remember terminologies 41.50% Easy to forget words Don't know how to use words in sentences Chart 2: Translator staffs ’ vocabulary difficulties The result in Chart shows that many staffs find it difficult to remember terminologies (41.5%) As we know, term usually appears in a high rate according to kinds of terms: single terms and compound terms Moreover, terms are diverse, they are written in full but by using acronyms (initial letter of words that form a group of words) Acronyms are frequently created within special topic and designate products, appliances, and processes depending on their degree of importance They are translated by either standard equivalent terms or descriptive terms In pronunciation, 28 % translators said that they remember words but cannot pronounce or cannot pronounce correctly, it means that vocabulary; especially terminology is very difficult for translators to pronounce correctly In addition, by contract translation, employees will not have the opportunity to practice speaking skills 17 % and 13.5 % of the staffs make complaints about forgetting words and not knowing to use words in sentence From the difficulties posed by the word-related translation process, the translation staffs in Hoang Ha company had a major solution to enrich your specialized knowledge All the translation staffs (10/10) says that in order to enrich their specialized knowledge they have to self- study on the books related to the construction such as: Materials of construction”, “Project Management in Construction” , and related books on the rules in the construction contract These books provide them with basic construction terms and rules In addition to reading, they apply what they read in practice 34 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Since construction contracts often have the same structure When the contract staffs understand the structure and nature of the contract, the translation of contracts will be faster and more uniform However, unexpected problems still happened in the translation process Referring to translation difficulties in a concrete way, the translators have shown their practical experience when encountering a new word, difficult to translate In general, translators choose to translate words according to their meanings In terms of the simple terms commonly used in contracts, translators use direct translation to convey the exact meaning of the word But for words that are strange or complex, translators use translation based on the meaning of the word In the translation of the meaning of the word, the translator must understand the meaning of the whole sentence, even the paragraph to express the correct, not add or change the original idea, otherwise will fall into the mess In that case, the translators must find a way out of the sentence structure in the original, using the other sentence structure in the target language to express that idea As one of the translation methods As Jane Fenoulhet, Alison Martin mentioned (Jane Fenoulhet, Alison Martin, 2014): “The first concerns background knowledge relevant for understanding the text, while the second involves reflection on your target audience: What are the first things that you notice about this text? And What you know about the target audience for your translation and how will it affect your translation?” Therefore, the translator must thoroughly understand the original, on the basis of which use his expressive language to express the original idea Based on the specific contract, we can use the method of translation according to the appropriate way With the difficulties in translation as Alan mentioned in his research, it is not easy to have a perfect translation But with so many years of experience and knowledge, the translation staff in the company has overcome most of the vocabulary difficulties When being asked, most of the translators are 35 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com satisfied Because of their thorough translation, they used their knowledge thoroughly In addition, employees use selective words and carefully review word or sentence structures before giving them to the partner But not always the translation is perfect Sometimes there are problems such as new words, difficult to communicate or strange terms That makes the translators look for similar terms in meaning Therefore, some translations are not really high quality And to sum up, the question about the main difficulty in the translation process is given has focused on the purpose the interview According to the interview, there are some main difficulties in translating process The first is misunderstanding This is a common situation in translation Words in general English can carry different meanings and express new concepts in specific English It is a cause leading to misunderstanding in the translation process The translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields In specific cases, each word expresses different meaning Secondly, there are a lot of terms, especially terms are formed by many ways Due to the limitation of knowledge about the specific field, translators certainly meet difficulties in translating terms Some terms express new concept or new ideas which are formed in the working process of each field or formed by using habits or slang Therefore, it is difficult for translators to cover Sometimes, translators also meet difficulties in translating of abbreviation because abbreviation is formed by a variety of methods, if translator have limitation of knowledge about what they stand for, they can fail to find convert meaning of the word in the dictionary From the questions the translators answered in the interview, we also found some difficulties arising during the translation of the actual contract The difficulties are mainly related to vocabulary, followed by skills and methods of translation So, the final question is : “What you think the translation staff should to overcome these difficulties? “ 36 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com All seven staff members expressed their opinions on overcoming the difficulties of contracting Most of them, the staff performs the translation skills through practice, learning the prestigious translations Reading is also important, it helps the translator improve the use of words and selectively After hours at the company, translators actively learn more at home When translating a particular contract, translators should base on the context to predict the meaning of the terms because the context is the most important factor affecting translation 3.4 Discussion Through the findings from survey questionnaire to translation staff ,the difficulties which they are facing have been revealed The collected data and the interpretation have been analyzed carefully some main problems as follow Through the survey questionnaire to translation staff, various difficulties of translating construction contract and the sources of those difficulties have been revealed Those comments from the translators help me understand the contract translation work and the difficulties arising in the translation work The translation staff 's difficulties in translating construction contracts include: the lack of vocabulary and terminologies in construction; the lack of communication opportunities to learn from reality and poor word memory Moreover, the lack of specialized knowledge with numerous terms, complicated structures and countless expressions are usually happen In addition, the lack of various translating technique sometimes makes the translation become more difficult According to the finding, we can see that translation of specialist’s field like construction contract is more difficult and complicated In order to gain a comparatively good translation skill, it is necessary to court, to collect specialist documents and information, and then learners may start the process of translating term 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com First of all, in general, the translators feel not familiar with construction terms and conditions and we can not translate terms fluently because the knowledge about this area is limited A term in normal context has popular meaning, but when it is put in specialist context, its meaning changes and translator, sometimes, feelings confusing He or she does not know how to convert it, transfers it so that readers can understand the meaning The second difficulty is that translators lack of practice information about this field They not know all the knowledge about the content that you want to convert This is the most common case It will be terrible and become "funny" if your translation is related to literature but is a technical expert translated Because it will be difficult for the translator when the literature is the flight, the lingering of words, ideas Conversely, in engineering, important terminologies, specialized languages, must be ensured While the request is still conveying the contents of the original document.Translators have not many precious chances to take part in doing works in the business transaction, how it is fixed or which purpose it is used for For this reason, the translation of terms of construction from is not standard The third difficulty is that the scope of the construction contract is regarded so large and the translators have to select a suitable aspect in this field Too much information may divert translators from a right way to supply readers a simple but exact and meaningful translation result In short, thanks to the questionnaires and interview questions, the researchers had collected lots of useful information about the reality, the difficulties, and the way to solve the difficulties in translating construction contract With the helpful results above, the researchers continue to complete the purpose of our research by giving some suggestions to the translators to help them make a good progress in translation 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER IV: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTIES English for Construction is a broad field of various disciplines such as engineering, design, construction, machine, equipment Particularly, the materials describing the construction process are complex and must incorporate many stages and many specialties to create the final product as a complete construction work Thus, the characteristics of English for the construction industry are many terms, nouns, vocabularies of techniques, technologies, processes, tools, construction tools and technical materials In addition to participating in English for Academic Purposes, read the Native English Proficiency Course, you need to know how to gain experience, how to work in a scientific way In addition to the large vocabulary needed to learn English, you also have to understand the vocabulary or construction techniques in Vietnamese and some specialized knowledge You can acquire the knowledge of construction to serve the range of materials you are translating by going to the real world to learn and learn directly on a construction project related to the translation contract friend In the long run, to become a translation expert on construction, means gaining experience and learning more specialized construction expertise in a variety of ways  There are a number of small tips that will help you save a lot of energy You can easily visualize new words by learning vocabulary through pictures and easier to remember When learning a new vocabulary, the first thing to is find the image of the word because of the prevalence of Google Image, the variety and accuracy of Google will help you get what you need, from which guess Word before learning the meaning of a word in the dictionary This will help you understand and remember long, when working, just look at the object you can immediately know the English word only 39 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Besides, you can also find many specialized videos on YouTube, giving you a more intuitive description of the subject matter and context you are inquiring about Reading skills of design drawings are also important requirements, so learn how to learn this important skill Instead of spreading the focus of a vocabulary that is not close to the subject or scope of the translation, it is too grammatically heavy to invest time in learning common terms in a building drawing , the symbols in the design Note that you need to learn the skill of reading the construction drawings carefully, in detail and in order that the accuracy of the drawings is very high One good way to get involved is to join a dedicated English Language Club, where you meet people who have the same goal in learning English, having the same difficulties in conquering English in one go It's hard for you to find a job, and there are also engineers who are involved in the translation work as you do, so people will easily share, help and learn from each other, complement the gap in foreign languages and expertise This is also the environment for you to practice and practice your newly learned English language Improving specialized knowledge for translator staff is also important The translators should try to understand new terms in the whole content and intention of the text which they are translating The principal way to reach it is reading all sentences or the text completed to give the idea that we want to say in the target language because the most important characteristic of this technique is translating the message as clearly and naturally as possible By this way, translators can get the meaning of word in the detailed content Most of terms are created fromthe original word in general English Moreover, the translators should search the knowledge about the translation matter in order to, at least understand the concept of terms and use them correctly and decrease all the difficulties stated above By doing this, translators can choose the best equivalence in Vietnamese and avoid the misunderstanding 40 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Thirdly, the translators should avoid the tendency to translate word by word because that will destroy the meaning of an original word and ruin the beauty of the expression Basically, most of the terms are translated by using the general words However, sometimes, it is necessary to translate an English word by a long phrase or even a whole sentence to help reader under The translators ought to have knowledge about business, especially the language of contract To have the knowledge of language of contract, translators should read many documents relating to business field such as New York‟s Times Along with reading business documents, translators should practice with those terms frequently so that they can have a good translation In some cases, translators can use dictionaries, but it is better if they use business dictionaries Finally, besides the theoretical knowledge, translators must have experiences of translation The experiences must be collected from the fact There will be any good translation if the translator does not know what he is translating Therefore, in order to achieve the aim of having a good translation of payment term in the international business contract, translators are required to have deep studies on those terms as well as the translation for them In constructional translation, in addition to the design drawings, you will also have to translate the tender particulars of the major contractors, explaining in detail each subject and if not the person in the profession or have experience translation This industry, you will be very difficult to Reaching someone else in their language is difficult, communicating again in another language is more difficult, especially specialized knowledge Therefore, the more you need to practice, no matter when you have free time, read the documents in English, the template design has been clarified by the translation company, specialized books, to improve the amount Knowledge and experience as a buffer for future work Whatever the reason, the translator is still the deciding factor in his work Therefore, the translation staff must be active, active in the work 41 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com process The translators not just passively what the superiors ask for or what they are instructed to do, but they must find effective ways to work with their situation and their abilities The translators need to develop their reading habits and especially be effective readers, such as recording difficult vocabulary, strange and complicated grammatical structures, and writing a notebook Then remember or review as needed The recording also must science: the words, phrases should be arranged in each field, each specialized, in each majors arranged in different sub-categories This will help them to have a handbook that is very useful in learning as well as in research later 42 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONCLUSION In this last part of the paper, an overall picture of the study is provided with a brief description of the study as well as the findings and conclusion In addition, there are some suggested solutions for the translation staff at Hoang Ha company Finally, the limitations of the study are notified and some recommendations for further study are suggested Summary of the study This study is aimed at finding difficulties of translation staff in translating construction contracts at Hoang Ha company and then offers some suggestions to overcome those difficulties The study was carried out in term of both theory and practice The study started with an introduction about the study The next chapter describes the literature with five main parts which are the theoretical background ,translation equivalence ,techniques in translation, the translation process and translation difficulties Following are the conclusions about the difficulties and solutions to overcome those difficulties during the translation process In order to find out the problems, several instruments are employed to collect the data: survey questionnaire and a list of interview questions to the translation staff The goal of these instruments is to find out difficulties that the translation staff are coping with in translating construction contracts The translators, as being indicated in the findings, have some problems related to vocabulary and terminologies The findings have shown that some difficulties translators in Hoang Ha company face with including the lack of specialized knowledge with numerous terms, complicated structures and countless expressions Based on the study’s finding, some solutions are suggested to overcome those difficulties including encouraging the translators to develop their selfstudying in order to become active staff, improving vocabulary and motivation, and improving specialized knowledge for construction terms LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Limitations and suggestions for further study Although the paper has accomplished the objectives set at beginning, the researcher cannot avoid some limitations Firstly, the study is limited to only one specific part in translation a foreign language: vocabulary, especially vocabulary for construction The target subjects of the study are also limited to translation staff of Hoang Ha investment and development consultancy construction Co,Ltd Besides, the author’s practical experience in translating construction contracts and knowledge of this field is limited, the suggestions to overcome difficulties are likely to be subjective In addition, the quantity of interviewed translators is limited, it has no chance to get more ideas for the issue The research will serves for further research on activities that help translators of Hoang Ha co,ltd have the most quality contracts in the translation process LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCES Eugene Albert Nida and Charles Russell Tabers,(1982) The Theory and Practice of Translation United Bible Societies Peter Newmark, (1988) A Textbook of Translation Prentice HaH International vUIO Ltd Roger.T.Bell, (1991) Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice Longman Inc., New York Mildred L Larson ,( 1984) Meaning-based translation: a guide to crosslanguage equivalence British Library Collin Baker, ( 1992) Attitudes and Language Library of Congress Jane Fenoulhet,Alison Martin, ( 2014) Dutch Translation in Practice Routledge Larson, Mildred L, (1984) Meaning-based translation: A guide to crosslanguage equivalence. Lanham, University Press of America Mona Bake ,( 1992) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation Routledge Hung, N T, (1986) A Course in the Theory of Translation Su That 10 An, V L and Anh, V L ,(1999) 100 Bài Luyện Dịch Việt - Anh (100 Vietnamese - English Translations Dong Nai 11 Dung, L M ,(2003) Written Translation of Articles in VietnameseEnglish Youth Publisher 12 Alan K Melby, ( 1995) The Possibility of Language: A Discussion of the Nature of Language, with Implications for Human and Machine Translation John Benjamins Publishing Company 13 Nguyen Tri Dung ,(2009) Bao Phap luat doi song Nhan Dan 14 Tom Hutchinson,Alan Waters, ( 1987) English for Specific Purposes Cambridge University Press LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... find out what translation methods they are using, what difficulties the translators are coping with in translating in general and translating construction contracts in particular, and some solutions. .. as being indicated in the findings, have some problems related to vocabulary and terminologies The findings have shown that some difficulties translators in Hoang Ha company face with including... THE HOANG HA COMPANY 3.1 An introduction of translation activities of the Hoang Ha Company 3.1.1 Translation staffs Hoang Ha Investment and Developement Consultancy Construction Co ,ltd, (trading