OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Rationale
As countries worldwide develop and embrace international economic integration, English has emerged as one of the most widely spoken languages globally In Vietnam, the ongoing economic and social transformations, coupled with the open-door policy, have led to an increased use of English across all age groups, solidifying its status as the most popular foreign language in the country.
English also occupied a specially important status in the development of international relationship in Vietnam.
Our country is experiencing significant innovation and growth during its industrialization and modernization phase, marked by the establishment of numerous industrial parks and modern high-rise buildings within urban areas This rapid development has heightened the demand for infrastructure, making construction a vital and independent industry As a result, the construction sector is witnessing stable growth and attracting substantial foreign investment.
The expansion of the construction industry beyond national borders has created a demand for English as the international language, serving as a vital link between domestic and foreign companies Consequently, the use of English in transactions, contracts, and direct negotiations has become increasingly essential.
Contracts serve as crucial agreements between companies, defined by specific terms and expressions that guide their interactions High accuracy is essential in translating these contracts between English and Vietnamese, especially in the construction industry Here, careful drafting is vital to ensure clarity regarding the quantity, quality, and origin of materials involved.
Accurate translation of construction terminology in both English and Vietnamese is essential for effective collaboration among internal and external partners, helping to prevent errors during the construction process.
Researching practical contract translation within a company is essential for identifying challenges and developing effective solutions This process not only aids in enhancing the translation skills of both companies and individuals but also fosters overall improvement in communication and understanding in the business environment.
This topic has inspired me to explore the translation of construction contracts in depth, allowing me to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Previous studies
Translation is a well-explored field, with numerous documents and articles available for study Each researcher contributes unique insights based on their own translation analyses In order to produce a high-quality graduation paper, I have extensively researched and consulted various documents and studies in both Vietnamese and English.
Nida and Taber (1982) offer a scientific perspective on translation by integrating concepts from semantics and pragmatics, influenced by Chomsky's generative-transformational grammar They identify two main types of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence, which closely mirrors the source text in form and content, and dynamic equivalence, which aims to convey the source text's message in a natural manner for the target audience Nida advocates for dynamic equivalence as a more effective translation strategy, particularly evident in his work translating the Bible to resonate with diverse audiences.
Peter Newmark, a key figure in the professionalization of translation and a founder of the Institute of Linguists, emphasizes the importance of addressing translation challenges without promoting a singular theory He distinguishes between semantic and communicative translation, where semantic translation prioritizes the original meaning and characteristics of the source text, often leading to a more complex and detailed rendition In contrast, communicative translation focuses on the audience's needs, resulting in a smoother, more accessible text that may sacrifice some details for clarity Ultimately, semantic translation honors the author's intent, while communicative translation aims to engage a broader readership.
In the translation process, it is important to recognize that communicative and semantic translations can be used simultaneously, depending on the context of the text For instance, within a literary work, some sentences may benefit from a communicative approach, while others may necessitate a semantic translation This flexibility allows translators to effectively convey meaning by employing both methods as needed, tailoring their focus to the specific requirements of each sentence.
In addition, the knowledge from Baker's book is also very important.
In her influential 1992 book, Mona Baker explores the concept of equivalence in translation, arguing that it is a relative notion shaped by various linguistic and cultural factors She organizes her chapters around different types of equivalence, including grammatical, textual, and pragmatic equivalence, while distinguishing between word-level and above-word-level equivalence Baker emphasizes the significance of individual words in the translation process, as translators first seek the equivalents of single words in the target language She also highlights the complexity of word meanings, noting that a single word can have different meanings across languages, necessitating consideration of parameters such as number, gender, and tense during translation.
Grammatical equivalence highlights the challenges translators face due to the varying grammatical categories across languages, which can lead to significant changes in how information is conveyed This often necessitates the addition or deletion of information in the target text, particularly concerning categories such as number, voice, person, gender, tense, and aspect Conversely, textual equivalence focuses on achieving cohesion and information alignment between the source and target texts According to Baker, understanding the texture of the source text is crucial for translators, as it enhances their comprehension and enables them to create a cohesive and coherent target text.
In exploring the complexities of translation, I draw on insights from Roger T Bell's 1991 work, which highlights the disconnect between translation theorists and linguists Bell notes that translation theorists often overlook contemporary linguistic techniques, while linguists tend to be indifferent or even antagonistic towards translation theory Additionally, Alan K Melby's 1995 research provided valuable knowledge about translation challenges, enhancing my understanding of the main topic discussed in this paper.
Aims of the study
This research aims to assist translators at Hoang Ha Company by identifying the challenges faced in contract translation It also serves as a guide for students aspiring to work in translation, highlighting potential difficulties they may encounter in their future careers By addressing these challenges, the study seeks to propose solutions that enhance translation efficiency and contribute to a more professional operation within the company.
Scope of the study
The field of translation encompasses a wide range of topics; however, due to constraints in time and expertise, a comprehensive study of all aspects is unfeasible This paper will specifically concentrate on the translation of contracts related to Hoang Ha Investment and Development Consultancy Construction Co., Ltd.
Research methodology
In order to fulfill the study, I have used the following research methodologies:
First of all, internet resources are used because this is a huge data warehouse that makes it easy for people to find the information they need.
Secondly, relevant research papers play an important role in the direction, collation and underlining of this paper.
Thirdly, the actual data source was obtained from the administrative department of Hoang Ha Co., Ltd and individuals are responsible for translating and storing translated contracts.
At last, comparison method is also put into practice to finish this paper graduation.
Organization of the study
My graduation paper consists of four main chapters:
Chapter I is an introduction which includes the rationale, previous studies, aims of the study, scope and methods of the study.
Chapter II is the literature review and it is also the most important part It has five main parts The first is the theoretical background includes the definitions, important and types of translation The second is translation equivalence The third is some useful techniques in translation The next parts is the translation process and translation difficulties At last, there is general knowledge of a foreign construction contract.
Chapter III is the finding and discussion from studying the translation at the Hoang Ha Co.,Ltd
Chapter IV is the suggested solutions to overcome the difficulties mentioned above.
And the last part is a conclusion which gives a brief summary of the study and suggestion for further study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The theoretical background
Translation has been an integral part of human communication since the development of language, reflecting regional and cultural nuances It plays a crucial role across various sectors, including culture, society, education, and the economy, especially as countries seek to expand their markets beyond their borders Consequently, there are numerous definitions of translation, supported by a wealth of literature on the topic.
Translation, according to Nida, involves creating a natural equivalence in the receptor language that closely mirrors the meaning of the source language message This process prioritizes conveying the original meaning first, followed by maintaining the style.
From the definitions above the translation has the same term
Equivalence in translation refers to conveying the meaning and style of the source language in a way that feels natural in the receptor language This involves ensuring that both the message and the stylistic elements are preserved, allowing for a coherent and effective reproduction of the original content.
For effective translation, it is crucial that the message of the source language is accurately conveyed in the target language If the translation is overly influenced by the source language, readers who are only familiar with the target language may find themselves confused Ensuring clarity and coherence in translation helps maintain the integrity of the original message while making it accessible to the target audience.
Effective translation requires a clear transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language To achieve this clarity, the translated text must be easily understandable for readers Readability in the target language is crucial, as it allows readers to grasp the content effortlessly Conversely, a lack of readability can hinder comprehension, making it challenging for readers to fully understand the translated material.
Newmark (1988) defines translation as the process of conveying a message or written statement from one language to another while retaining its meaning He categorizes translation as a science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste As a science, it requires knowledge of events and the languages that describe them; as a skill, it demands proficiency in language use; as an art, it involves distinguishing between good and bad writing and requires creativity and intuition Lastly, translation is subjective, as each translator selects their preferred interpretation, resulting in varied translations of the same text.
Translation is the process of conveying thoughts and messages from a source language to a target language, whether in written or spoken form The original language is referred to as the source language, while the language into which the content is translated is known as the target language The end result of this process is often referred to as the target text.
In today's globalized world, the significance of English cannot be overlooked, as it plays a crucial role in work, education, and daily interactions Vietnam is increasingly embracing this trend by attracting foreign investment and fostering cooperation across economic, cultural, and political spheres with major global powers.
The world has witnessed an unprecedented number of individuals involved in translating both secular and religious texts, with an estimated 100,000 people dedicating their efforts to this field Among them, approximately 3,000 focus primarily on translating the Bible into around 800 languages, which collectively represent about 80 percent of the global population.
Translation plays a crucial role in fostering communication and comprehension among diverse cultures, providing insights into the challenges we face in understanding each other In a multicultural and multinational world, the discipline of translation serves as a vital tool for navigating globalization and exploring the complexities of global citizenship.
Translation serves as a dual-purpose technique in foreign language learning, showcasing a learner's knowledge and enhancing their competence While it plays a crucial role in language classes, it is often misunderstood and underappreciated, leading to awkward translations, especially of colloquial expressions and specific terms Proper attention to translation as a discipline is essential to avoid these pitfalls and improve the overall learning experience.
Translation plays a crucial role in facilitating communication across various domains, including multilingual public notices, export instructions, and tourist materials often created by locals out of national pride It is essential for official documents like treaties and contracts, as well as reports, articles, and textbooks that disseminate information and recommendations across diverse fields of knowledge The demand for translation has surged due to the expansion of mass media, the emergence of new independent nations, and the increasing acknowledgment of linguistic minorities worldwide.
Translation is crucial across various sectors, including construction, health, finance, and tourism, as it facilitates the use of specialized materials in both Vietnamese and foreign languages With the rise of international economic integration, the demand for translation services for business and cultural exchanges has become increasingly vital.
For large corporations and reputable international organizations, precise contract language is essential for success Many of these entities collaborate with professional translation services to ensure accuracy and consistency in their communications This partnership not only enhances their brand image but also strengthens relationships with partners.
To effectively address communication challenges with international friends and partners, businesses must utilize translation services These services are crucial for ensuring mutual understanding in documents and contracts, fostering stronger relationships Partnering with a reliable translation service not only enhances clarity but also strengthens the brand's reputation among stakeholders.
Translation equivalence
There are types of equivalence defined by Nida, which are also called two basic orientations of translation (Nida,Eugene A and Taber ,1982).
Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, which emphasizes that the connection between the receptor and the message should mirror the original relationship between the initial receptor and the source message The objective of dynamic equivalence is to achieve the closest natural equivalent to the original message, ensuring that the intended meaning and emotional impact are preserved.
This receptor- oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of the lexicon, and of cultural reference to be essential in order to achieve naturalness.
Baker's book (1992) provides an in-depth exploration of the concept of equivalence, outlining various conditions for its definition at multiple levels At the word level, Baker emphasizes that a word can be viewed as a complex unit or morpheme The discussion extends to lexical meaning beyond individual words, focusing on equivalence in translation In this context, translators pay particular attention to lexical patterns, including collocations, idioms, and fixed expressions.
Grammatical equivalence highlights the variations in grammatical categories among languages, with Baker emphasizing number, tense, aspects, voice, person, and gender During translation, discrepancies between the source and target languages can lead to alterations in the information conveyed If the source language includes a grammatical category absent in the target language, additional information may be introduced into the target text Conversely, if the target language lacks a grammatical category present in the source language, this often results in the omission of certain information.
Textual equivalence involves the alignment of thematic and informational structures between a source language and a target language text, highlighting the importance of cohesion in translation Additionally, pragmatic equivalence addresses implicatures and avoidance strategies utilized during the translation process Various theorists have explored these concepts of equivalence, employing diverse methodologies to enhance understanding of translation dynamics.
Grammar encompasses the rules that govern the combination of words and phrases in a language It consists of two primary components: morphology and syntax Morphology focuses on the structure and form variations of individual words, indicating grammatical contrasts such as singular/plural and tense In contrast, syntax deals with the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences, establishing the grammatical relationships among different word classes, including nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.
Variations in grammatical structures between the source and target languages can significantly alter how information is conveyed These differences may lead translators to either include additional information or omit certain details in the target language due to the absence of specific grammatical elements This challenge highlights the complexities translators face in ensuring accurate and coherent communication across languages.
In translation, a key distinction exists between grammatical and lexical choices, where grammatical choices are typically mandatory while lexical ones are more flexible These differences between the source and target languages can lead to changes in information content If the source language includes a grammatical category absent in the target language, additional information may be required in the target text Conversely, if the target language lacks a specific grammatical category, it may result in the omission of certain information Variations in grammatical rules across languages can complicate the search for direct equivalents in the target language.
Some useful techniques for translation
Jane Fenoulhet and Alison Martin (2014) suggest a practical technique for engaging with text prior to translation: using a scanner or photocopier to create a copy that allows for highlighting, color coding, and note-taking This active engagement with the material can enhance understanding They propose two key questions for initial analysis: first, consider the background knowledge necessary for comprehending the text; second, reflect on the target audience for the translation What initial observations do you make about the text, and how will your understanding of the audience influence your translation choices?
This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore translation techniques, interpreting and explaining their application A survey questionnaire was analyzed to generalize the findings The research identifies five effective techniques for English-Vietnamese and Vietnamese-English translation, accompanied by illustrative examples, aimed at enhancing the translation skills of English learners.
In that study, four techniques are mentioned
Translators often incorporate additional words not present in the source language to enhance the fluency and coherence of the translated text According to Hung, N T (1986), these additions stem from various factors, particularly the "lexical incompleteness" of certain word groups in the source language For instance, while English allows for the omission of words that can be inferred from context, Vietnamese requires their explicit presence, necessitating such additions in translation An example of this can be seen in the translation of the sentence, "He was always glad because he showed his gratitude to his parents," which translates to, "Vậy mà lúc nào ông cũng lấy làm vui vẻ trong lòng, vì có thế thì con mới tỏ hết lòng hiếu với cha mẹ," highlighting the need for contextual clarity in Vietnamese.
“trong lòng” were added to convey the total feelings and spirits of the person involved.
In translation, it is essential to minimize unnecessary pleonastic words to enhance clarity and coherence Translators can effectively employ the omission technique, which involves removing redundant words that do not alter the core meaning of the text According to Hung (1986), omissions serve as a means of achieving "compression," thereby reducing redundancy by eliminating words that can be inferred from the context For instance, in the sentence, “Với tư cách là những sinh viên mới, chúng ta phải học bài trước khi đến lớp học,” the verb “đến” is omitted in the English translation, resulting in, “As new students, we must study lessons before class” (Dung, 2003) This demonstrates how omission can lead to a more concise version in the target language.
“One day, a dog entered an inn, stole a piece of meat and ran away with it.
Một hôm, có một con chó vào hàng cơm ngoạm trộm miếng thịt rồi bỏ chạy.”
In translation, brevity can enhance clarity without sacrificing meaning For instance, instead of using a longer phrase like “with the meat/with it,” omitting “with it” creates a smoother and more concise version while preserving the original intent.
When translating, it is essential for translators to understand two key linguistic units: word forms and parts of speech, as these significantly impact grammatical transformations between the source and target languages Special emphasis should be placed on the singular and plural forms of words, which are crucial for accurate rendering To achieve fluency in the target language, translators may sometimes convert plural forms into singular ones and vice versa.
In translation, it is common to replace parts of speech to achieve semantic accuracy and stylistic suitability between languages For instance, English nouns may be substituted with verbs or adjectives in Vietnamese, and the reverse can also occur This technique enhances the coherence and clarity of the translated text.
“Our belief is that Vietnam’s economy will be at the top-ten of the world.
"We believe that Vietnam's economy will rank among the top 10 in the world." (Dung, 2003:54) Notably, the possessive adjective "Our" is substituted with the pronoun "Chúng tôi," and the noun "belief" is transformed into the verb "tin" to align with the appropriate meaning in the target language.
Translators can effectively rearrange the structures of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences without changing the original meaning of the message According to Hung (1986:12), the standard word order in English follows the Subject – Predicate – Object – Adverbial modifier format, while Vietnamese often places the time adverbial modifier at the beginning of the sentence This technique is exemplified in the sentence: “Nếu nó cứ lười biếng như thế mãi, thì về sau chắc sẽ phải khổ suốt đời,” which translates to “He will be unhappy all his life, if he continues to be lazy.”
In contrast to Vietnamese syntax, which often prioritizes the subordinate clause, English typically places the main clause first For instance, in the phrase "if he continues to be lazy," the subordinate clause is positioned at the end, demonstrating this structural difference.
Expressions come in various forms, with proverbs being the most prominent These concise and well-known sayings offer practical life advice When translating proverbs, it is essential for translators to identify equivalent phrases or expressions in the target language that convey the same meaning as those in the source language.
Written translation differs significantly from other translation types, allowing for a more deliberate approach Unlike immediate reactions required in spoken translation, written translation provides the opportunity to carefully consider options, utilize dictionaries, and seek expert advice to ensure accuracy and quality.
A successful translation must capture both the meaning and the rhythm of the original language, ensuring accuracy in language use while respecting stylistic nuances.
Translations strategies
The term "strategy" is utilized across various fields, including translation studies, where theorists often interpret translation strategies differently Mona Baker (1992: 26-42) identifies eight distinct strategies that professional translators employ to address translation challenges.
One effective strategy for addressing instances without direct equivalents in translation is to use a more general term According to Baker, this approach is widely applicable across various languages, as meaning in the semantic domain is not inherently tied to any specific language.
The second is the translation bya neutral / less expressive word This is another strategy in the field of the semantic structure.
The third strategy is known as translation through alternative culture, which entails substituting specific words or cultural expressions with equivalents in the target language that resonate effectively with the target audience.
This translation strategy enhances the natural flow and comprehension of the text, making it more relatable for the target audience The choice to implement this approach hinges on the extent of substitution permitted by the translator and the overall objective of the translation.
The fourth translation strategy involves using a loan word or borrowed term accompanied by an explanation This approach is particularly effective for conveying cultural features, modern concepts, and common terms When a loan word is introduced, providing a clear explanation is beneficial, especially if the term appears multiple times in the text Initially, the word is defined, allowing for subsequent mentions to simply use the term without further elaboration.
The fifth strategy for translation involves using interpretation with related words This approach is applied when the original language's words have connections to the target language, albeit in different forms It is particularly useful when certain forms appear more frequently in the original text compared to their natural equivalents in the target language.
The next strategy is the translation by using an unrelated word.
Interpretative strategies are essential when concepts in the original language lack direct equivalents in the target language When the root word's meaning is intricate and cannot be easily translated, using interpretation strategies—such as adjusting the overall term or clarifying its meaning—becomes necessary to convey the intended message accurately.
Another effective translation strategy is skipping, which, although it may seem drastic, can be beneficial in certain contexts When a specific word or expression is not essential for conveying the overall meaning, translators may choose to omit it to streamline the translation process and avoid unnecessary elaboration.
The final strategy is translation by illustration, which is effective when the target language lacks an equivalent that captures all aspects of the original word This method is particularly useful for terms that refer to physical entities, allowing for clear visual representation By employing this strategy, you can maintain conciseness and directly address the issue without lengthy explanations.
Translation strategies involve selecting a foreign text and developing a translation method, influenced by cultural, economic, and political factors Historically, these strategies can be categorized into two main approaches: a conservative, assimilationist method that aligns with the dominant values of the target culture, and a revisionist approach that seeks to challenge these values by recovering marginalized foreign texts and exploring new cultural forms While some strategies prioritize domesticating the foreign text, others aim to preserve its linguistic and cultural uniqueness, reflecting the complexities of the domestic cultural landscape.
Translators often employ specific strategies to address challenges that arise during the translation process While literal translations may seem adequate, relying solely on word-for-word translation and dictionaries can lead beginners to mistakenly believe their work is flawless However, this approach overlooks underlying issues that require adjustments in various aspects of the translation Thus, effective problem-solving is a crucial component of successful translation strategies.
The translation process
The translation process, encompassing both translation and interpreting, involves decoding the meaning of the source text and re-encoding it into the target language.
To effectively decode a text, a translator must first identify its "translation units," which can range from words to phrases or sentences This initial step, while appearing straightforward, involves a complex cognitive process that necessitates a deep understanding of the source language's grammar, semantics, syntax, and idioms, as well as an awareness of the cultural context of its speakers By methodically interpreting and analyzing these elements, the translator can fully grasp the meaning of the source text.
Translation can be defined in numerous ways, much like the term 'sentence.' A compelling definition describes it as the process of substituting a text in one language with an equivalent representation in another language This leads to the essential question: How does this process occur? The answer to this question will be illustrated in the following diagram.
Diagram 2.1 Translation process by Roger T Bell
The translation process involves transforming a source language text (SLT) into a target language text (TLT) through memory-based processes This simplified model consists of two key steps: first, analyzing the SLT to create a universal semantic representation, and second, synthesizing this representation into the TLT The translation journey encompasses three major steps, starting with the translator's analysis of the source text to grasp its meaning, followed by the selection of appropriate words and phrases to accurately convey that meaning in the target language.
Synthesis meaning of source language Finally, a translator needs to having synthesis in the target language using the translation equivalent.
Translators must possess a profound understanding of the target language to accurately convey meaning, often requiring deeper expertise in the target language than in the source language Consequently, most translators choose to translate into their native language Furthermore, a solid grasp of the subject matter is crucial for effective translation.
Difficulties in translation
Translation goes beyond merely converting words from one language to another; it encompasses the conveyance of feelings, emotions, and thoughts Translators face numerous choices among similar words or phrases to accurately capture the intended meaning Effectively translating documents, contracts, and other materials from English to Vietnamese or other languages requires not just knowledge but also specific skills Consequently, translation inherently involves various challenges that can make the process complex.
In the study of Alan (Alan K Melby,1995) there are three types of translation difficulties:
- Distinguishing between general vocabulary and specialized terms
- Distinguishing between various meanings of a word of general vocabulary
- Taking into account the total context, including the intended audience and important details such as regionalisms
This first type of difficulty is the task of distinguishing between a use of a word as a specialized term and its use as a word of general vocabulary.
One might think that if that distinction can be made, we are home free and the computer can produce an acceptable translation but it is not true.
The second type of difficulty is distinguishing between various uses of a word of general vocabulary We have already seen with several examples
To effectively choose the right translation for a word, such as "fish" or "run," it is crucial to differentiate between its various general uses This article explores the methods humans employ to make these distinctions and considers how similar processes could be implemented in computer systems for improved translation accuracy.
The third challenge in translation involves being attuned to the overall context, particularly the target audience Meaning is deeply intertwined with culture and cannot be viewed as an abstract concept separate from people.
Effective translation requires specialized knowledge, as each sector has its own terminology that can be challenging for translators to master The ability to differentiate between specialized and general vocabulary is crucial for accurately conveying the intended meaning of the text Furthermore, word selection plays a vital role, as words in both English and Vietnamese can have multiple meanings, and different words can express similar concepts Translators must choose words that fit the context and accurately reflect the original text's meaning Additionally, understanding the target audience and the purpose of the translation is essential to ensure that the translated text effectively communicates the core message of the original content.
Translation is a creative and diligent process that demands a strong linguistic intuition from translators To accurately convey the intended message, it is essential to maintain the appropriate tone throughout the translation.
When translating a legal document, it is essential to maintain a tone that is confident, serious, and strict, contrasting sharply with the more relaxed tone used in translating a documentary about a film To achieve accurate translations, it is crucial to engage thoroughly with the source material across all relevant aspects.
General knowledge on a foreign construction contract
As a common type of transaction in construction activities, a construction contract is an agreement between the owner and the contractor
(the main contractor, the general contractor, the subcontractor) to establish the rights and obligations between the parties in the process of creating construction products.
Construction contracts with international elements are prevalent in the industry A foreign contract is defined as a civil transaction where at least one party is a foreign entity or individual, and it involves property connected to overseas dealings, which may include assets such as goods, currency, securities, and property rights (Nguyen Tri Dung, 2009).
2.7.2 The main content of a foreign construction contract
The Project Description section of the contract agreement outlines the core concept of the project, highlighting the primary issue that needs to be addressed This segment provides a concise summary or a focused paragraph that clearly defines the problem and the objectives that require resolution.
The Contract Price section outlines the specific type of contract price awarded, detailing the total financial commitment involved It also addresses potential adjustments, including additions or deductions, and the mechanisms for their implementation Various strategies and negotiation techniques exist to establish the most suitable pricing structure for the contract.
The payment terms outline how the contractor will receive funds, specifying whether payments will be made monthly or through another preferred method It details the percentage of money to be retained from each payment application, the due dates for payments, penalties for late payments, accrued interest, and other relevant invoicing conditions.
A construction schedule, also known as a calendar, is a crucial component of project planning It outlines the total duration of the project and details how the timeline will be segmented, specifying whether it consists of calendar days or business days This schedule can be visually represented using tools such as Gantt charts or simple bar charts to enhance clarity and organization.
Contract Document List is a list of all contract documents that form part of the contract agreement Drawings, exhibits, specs and supplemental conditions can be part of this list.
The Construction Scope outlines all construction activities and includes descriptions of project components, ensuring clarity and comprehensiveness This scope is typically measurable and quantifiable, providing a clear framework for project execution.
The section on Construction Conditions and Responsibilities outlines the obligations of both the owner and the contractor, detailing who is accountable for providing necessary documents and information It includes specific provisions regarding liens, penalties, and withholding, as well as arbitration rules and guidelines for processing claims and resolving disputes.
Contract laws encompass essential elements such as governing laws, lien requirements, claims procedures, and arbitration processes They outline the standards for substantial and final completion, as well as stipulations regarding liquidated damages Additionally, contract laws provide clear guidelines for terminating or suspending work and agreements with contractors, ensuring all parties understand their rights and responsibilities.
CHAPTER III: FINDING AND DISCUSSION FROM STUDYING THE
TRANSLATION AI THE HOANG HA COMPANY
An introduction of translation activities of the Hoang Ha Company
Hoang Ha Investment and Development Consultancy Construction Co., Ltd (commonly known as Hoang Ha Co., Ltd.) is a reputable company specializing in construction and consulting services A crucial aspect of their operations involves preparing Vietnamese and English contracts for foreign-invested projects, as these documents significantly impact the company's business The administrative office oversees contract management, staffed by a team of 10 skilled translators aged 25 to 35, all graduates from prestigious institutions like Hanoi University and Vietnam National University With strong backgrounds in specialized English and extensive experience in business translations, the team includes three members who also teach English to office staff While they possess creativity and a commitment to quality, they encounter challenges in translating construction contracts due to the frequent emergence of new terminology and complex vocabulary in the industry.
In the translation process, our team utilizes a range of tools to ensure professional accuracy in both wording and grammar Four primary tools are employed to enhance the quality of translations.
Google Translate is a widely recognized and accessible tool that simplifies language translation for users It supports numerous languages and features automatic language detection, making it easy to understand foreign content Users can effortlessly translate entire web pages or documents, though the tool may struggle with complex sentences and context Despite its limitations, Google Translate remains one of the top free options available for both web and mobile use.
Google aids staff in translating simple words and paragraphs, allowing for efficient communication in various settings, whether in the office or during meetings Staff can download language packs for offline access, enhancing translation convenience The audio feature enables translators to hear phrases spoken by native speakers or algorithms, improving their pronunciation and speaking skills While Google Translate may struggle with contextual nuances and words with multiple meanings, it remains a useful tool for quickly looking up forgotten words or grasping the overall meaning of a paragraph.
Dictionaries, particularly specialized construction dictionaries, are essential tools for translators, providing crucial lexical information They serve as the primary resource for both professional and trainee translators At Hoang Ha Company, translation staff utilize dictionaries to enhance their translation efforts The use of these specialized dictionaries facilitates accurate searches for technical terms and aids in the learning of related vocabulary Consequently, employees deepen their understanding of construction terminology and become more proactive when encountering new vocabulary in their field.
Trados Studio is a leading translation software that is compatible with various operating systems, making it a valuable tool for translation companies and organizations worldwide.
Translators often handle numerous specialized documents, making it challenging to remember previous translations and maintain consistency, which can lead to delays in client transactions Additionally, contract drafting necessitates careful organization and strict management to meet storage and compliance requirements To address these challenges, Hoang Ha Company utilizes SDL Trados as their primary translation tool This software not only assists translators but also enhances project management by enabling the creation of effective translation plans SDL Studio includes project management tools that analyze text duplication against existing memory, generating detailed reports on word counts, sentences, and duplicates This functionality allows translation project managers to develop accurate timelines and effectively coordinate translators.
Context of the study
For companies like Hoang Ha that frequently collaborate with foreign-invested contractors, drafting contracts in English or providing accurate translations is essential Each contract plays a crucial role in the company's operations, particularly in dealings with international partners.
An accurate contract, clear words, carefully written structure will increase the professionalism of the company and build trust in the partner This will help facilitate the construction cooperation.
To address the objectives of the thesis and respond to the research questions, the study focuses on a group of 10 female translation staff members at the administrative office of Hoang Ha Co., Ltd.
They have at least 2 –years experience in translating contracts
The study involved a limited group of 10 contract translators, all of whom have experience in translating contracts.
Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 59) identify various methods for gathering information about needs, including questionnaires, interviews, and observation For this study, the researcher selected questionnaires and interviews as the primary tools for data collection.
The questionnaires for translation staff were crafted with a mix of closed-ended and open-ended questions to identify key issues encountered during contract translation These inquiries aim to uncover the challenges faced by translators and explore potential solutions to enhance the translation process.
Interviews will be conducted to gather personalized and in-depth information through open-ended responses With a limited number of participants, specifically 10 translators, the process will be efficient and not time-consuming.
The interview aimed to explore the translation methods employed by translators, the challenges they face in general translation, particularly in translating construction contracts, and the solutions they have developed to address these issues.
The questionnaires were distributed to the translation staff in their office, where they were encouraged to provide honest responses I assured them that the research aimed to enhance their overall English skills and specifically their English translation abilities in construction Additionally, I emphasized that all their information would remain confidential and used solely for research purposes.
The researcher conducted interviews with 10 translation staff members to gather insights on the challenges faced in construction translation and their proposed solutions These discussions took place during short breaks or after work hours and were recorded for future reference.
This section presents the findings from a survey and interviews conducted with the translation staff at Hoang Ha Co., Ltd A questionnaire consisting of seven open-ended questions in English was distributed, with ten copies delivered and all ten returned validly completed The feedback from the translation staff provided valuable insights into the challenges faced in translating construction contracts and the strategies employed to address these issues The statistical analysis and results of the data are summarized in the following tables.
1 What do you think of the role of vocabulary translating a foreign language?
2 Which way (s) do you find the most effective in remembering English vocabulary on construction?
3 What difficulties do you have when learning English vocabulary on construction?
4 What have you done to enrich your specialized knowledge?
5 Are you satisfied with the translation contracts you have made ?
6 What techniques do you use to present new words?
7 What are the main difficulties in translating process?
Table 3.1 : 7 questions in the interview
The collaboration of our translation team ensured that the survey questions were answered thoroughly and clearly, providing valuable insights for our research These practical responses facilitate the collection and analysis of data in a scientific and objective manner, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of our research efforts.
Findings
Interviews reveal that many employees encounter challenges during the translation process, particularly in the construction industry, where complex terminology poses significant difficulties While basic translation may be straightforward, the specialized vocabulary often complicates the task for translators Consequently, both translators in general and those at Hoang Ha Company specifically prioritize a deep understanding of English vocabulary The following circular diagram illustrates the translation staff's perspective on the critical importance of vocabulary in their work.
8% 2% very important important not important
Chart 3.1: Translation staffs s' attitude towards the importance of vocabulary
According to the pie chart, 90% of translators view vocabulary as a crucial component in foreign language translation, while only 8% consider it important and 2% deem it unimportant This indicates a strong recognition among translation professionals of vocabulary's significance in their work, which in turn fosters motivation to enhance their vocabulary skills in the translation process.
Highlighting the importance of vocabulary is the right thought.
Alan K Melby (1995) identifies two primary challenges in vocabulary translation: the need to differentiate between general vocabulary and specialized terms, as well as the necessity to discern the various meanings of words within the general vocabulary.
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in English translation, both in the present and for future applications Translators must pay close attention to the meanings and contexts of words to ensure accurate and effective translations.
English vocabulary can have multiple meanings depending on the context, making it challenging to learn and use effectively A robust vocabulary is essential for translators, as they require extensive word knowledge and familiarity with specialized terminology to convey accurate meanings.
The significance of vocabulary in translation emphasizes the need for translation professionals to enhance their language skills, particularly in the construction sector, to effectively meet work demands and maintain professionalism when collaborating with international partners Insights from recent interviews highlight this necessity.
Ways of remembering English vocabulary on construction
To effectively enhance vocabulary retention, various strategies can be employed A significant 23.2% of learners find success through frequent usage of new words, while 22% benefit from writing them in both English and Vietnamese Additionally, 5.3% of individuals store new vocabulary in a notebook and review it daily Making sentences with new words is another effective method, utilized by 6.5% of learners Lastly, repeatedly writing words in English on pieces of paper can further reinforce memory.
21.4% f Write the words and meaning, their synonyms or antonyms
10.8% g Other ways ( internet, TV, radio program,) 12.2%
Table 3.2 Ways of remembering English vocabulary on construction
Table 1 reveals that 23.2% of respondents find it easier to remember new words through frequent usage Many staff members are influenced by traditional learning methods, such as writing words in both English and Vietnamese or repeatedly writing English words on paper in an effort to memorize them Consequently, over half of the staff learn new vocabulary through repetition, with 22% and 21.4% respectively Additionally, a notable percentage of translator staff recall English vocabulary related to construction through online resources.
Television and radio programs account for only 12.2% of language learning activities, while techniques such as constructing sentences, maintaining a vocabulary notebook, and reviewing new words daily represent 6.5%, 5.3%, and 10.8% respectively.
It can be seen that the staffs focus only on the spelling aspect of the words rather than how to use the words in sentences or context (only 6.5 %).
Thus, they will fail in both speaking and writing skills.
Translators often face significant challenges due to the complexities of English vocabulary in their specific fields Many report difficulties in comprehending and retaining individual words, and encounter even greater obstacles with idioms, verb phrases, and noun phrases, leading to a feeling of being overwhelmed When encountering these terms in texts, they frequently struggle to recall their meanings or to infer them accurately.
It's essential to understand the specialized meaning of the prefix "poly," as it may differ significantly from its basic English interpretation While these terms may seem simple and familiar, their definitions can vary greatly within specific fields of study.
Therefore, it is not easy to understand the meaning of the word correctly.
Specialized materials often introduce a range of new vocabulary beyond basic English, leading to confusion As a result, many learners face challenges in memorizing construction-related English terminology.
13.50% 28% Remember words but can not pronounce correctly Can not remember terminologies Easy to forget words
Don't know how to use words in sentences
Chart 3 2: Translator staffs ’ vocabulary difficulties
Chart 2 indicates that a significant 41.5% of staff struggle to recall terminologies This challenge arises from the frequent occurrence of terms, categorized into two types: single terms and compound terms.
Acronyms, formed from the initial letters of words, are prevalent in specialized fields, representing products, appliances, and processes based on their significance These acronyms can be translated using standard equivalents or descriptive terms However, 28% of translators struggle with pronunciation, indicating that specialized vocabulary can be challenging to articulate Furthermore, contract translation limits opportunities for employees to practice their speaking skills, leading to 17% of staff forgetting words and 13.5% unsure of how to use them in sentences.
The translation team at Hoang Ha Company has identified a key solution to overcome challenges in word-related translation by enhancing their specialized knowledge All ten members of the team emphasize the importance of self-study, focusing on essential literature such as "Materials of Construction," "Project Management in Construction," and relevant texts on construction contract regulations These resources equip them with fundamental construction terminology and guidelines, which they actively apply in their practical work.
Discussion
A survey conducted among translation staff has unveiled the challenges they encounter in their work The gathered data has been meticulously analyzed, highlighting several key issues faced by these professionals.
A survey conducted among translation staff has highlighted several challenges faced in translating construction contracts, revealing key sources of these difficulties Translators identified a limited vocabulary and insufficient terminology specific to the construction industry as significant barriers Additionally, a lack of communication opportunities to gain real-world insights and poor retention of specialized terminology further complicate the translation process.
The absence of specialized knowledge, along with numerous complex terms and structures, often complicates the translation process Furthermore, the limited use of diverse translation techniques can exacerbate these challenges, making accurate translation more difficult.
Translating specialized fields such as construction contracts presents significant challenges due to their complexity To develop strong translation skills in this area, it is essential to gather relevant specialist documents and information Once this foundational knowledge is acquired, learners can effectively begin the translation process of specific terms.
Translators often struggle with construction terminology due to their limited familiarity with the field, leading to challenges in translating terms accurately While a term may have a common meaning in everyday language, its significance can shift in a specialized context, creating confusion for translators This uncertainty makes it difficult for them to convey the intended meaning effectively to readers.
One significant challenge faced by translators is their limited understanding of the specific field related to the content they are tasked with translating This lack of specialized knowledge can lead to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, ultimately compromising the quality of the translation.
Translating literature can be amusing yet challenging for technical experts, as it often involves intricate wordplay and abstract ideas In contrast, engineering translations require precise terminology and adherence to specialized language to accurately convey the original content Unfortunately, translators have limited opportunities to engage in business transactions, which can lead to inconsistencies in the translation of construction terms This lack of standardization highlights the importance of ensuring clarity and accuracy in technical translations.
One significant challenge in translating construction contracts is the expansive scope of the content, which requires translators to identify a specific focus within the field An overload of information can lead to confusion, hindering the translator's ability to deliver a clear, accurate, and meaningful translation for readers.
The researchers gathered valuable insights into the challenges and realities of translating construction contracts through questionnaires and interview questions Based on these findings, they aim to enhance their research by providing translators with actionable suggestions to improve their translation processes.
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTIES 39 CONCLUSION
English for Construction encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including engineering, design, and equipment management The terminology associated with the construction process is intricate, requiring the integration of multiple stages and specialties to achieve a finished construction project.
Thus, the characteristics of English for the construction industry are many terms, nouns, vocabularies of techniques, technologies, processes, tools, construction tools and technical materials.
In addition to participating in English for Academic Purposes, read the Native English Proficiency Course, you need to know how to gain experience, how to work in a scientific way.
To master English translation in the construction field, it's essential to not only build a strong vocabulary but also to understand Vietnamese construction terminology and techniques Engaging directly with construction projects related to your translation work allows you to gain practical knowledge Over time, becoming a construction translation expert involves accumulating experience and expanding your specialized construction knowledge through various learning opportunities.
To save energy while learning new vocabulary, utilize visual aids by associating words with images Start by searching for pictures of the words you want to learn using Google Images, which offers a wide variety of accurate visuals This approach allows you to infer the meaning of the word before checking the dictionary, enhancing your understanding and retention By connecting words to their corresponding objects, you'll quickly recall the English terms when you encounter them in real life.
Besides, you can also find many specialized videos on YouTube, giving you a more intuitive description of the subject matter and context you are inquiring about.
Developing reading skills for design drawings is essential, as it allows for a better understanding of construction documents Focus on mastering relevant vocabulary and symbols specific to building drawings, rather than getting bogged down by unrelated grammatical complexities It is crucial to learn how to read construction drawings with precision and attention to detail, ensuring high accuracy in interpretation.
Joining an English Language Club is an excellent way to engage with others who share your goal of mastering English In this supportive environment, you can connect with fellow learners who face similar challenges, making it easier to share knowledge and experiences Additionally, you'll have the opportunity to practice your newly acquired language skills while collaborating with others, including professionals like engineers involved in translation work This communal setting not only helps bridge gaps in language proficiency but also fosters personal and professional growth.
Improving specialized knowledge for translator staff is also important.
Translators must grasp new terms within the full context and intention of the text they are translating To achieve this, it is essential to read the entire text to convey the intended message clearly and naturally in the target language This approach allows translators to understand the meaning of words within the detailed content, as many terms are derived from the original word in general English.
Translators must enhance their understanding of the subject matter to accurately grasp the concepts and terminology involved This knowledge enables them to select the most appropriate Vietnamese equivalents, thereby minimizing potential misunderstandings and challenges in the translation process.
Translators must steer clear of a word-for-word translation approach, as this can distort the original meaning and diminish the beauty of the expression While many terms can be effectively translated using general words, there are instances where an English word may require a longer phrase or even a complete sentence for clarity and better understanding by the reader.
Translators must possess a strong understanding of business terminology, particularly the language of contracts To achieve this, they should engage with various business-related documents, such as those found in the New York Times Regular practice with these terms is essential for producing accurate translations While general dictionaries can be helpful, utilizing specialized business dictionaries is recommended for optimal results.
In addition to theoretical knowledge, translators need practical translation experience to ensure quality outcomes Without a clear understanding of the subject matter, effective translation is unattainable.
To ensure accurate translations of payment terms in international business contracts, translators must thoroughly study both the terminology and its corresponding translations.
In construction translation, it is essential to translate not only the design drawings but also the tender documents of major contractors Each subject must be explained in detail, and without professional knowledge or experience in this industry, achieving accurate translations can be quite challenging.
Reaching someone else in their language is difficult, communicating again in another language is more difficult, especially specialized knowledge.
To enhance your English skills, it's essential to practice consistently whenever you have free time Engage with English documents and utilize resources such as templates provided by translation companies and specialized books to significantly improve your proficiency.
Knowledge and experience as a buffer for future work.
Translators play a crucial role in the translation process, requiring them to be proactive and engaged in their work Instead of merely following instructions from superiors, they should seek effective methods tailored to their unique situations and skills Developing strong reading habits is essential, including the practice of noting down challenging vocabulary and complex grammatical structures in a dedicated notebook This organized recording should categorize words and phrases by field and specialization, creating a valuable resource for both learning and future research.
In this concluding section, we present a comprehensive overview of the study, highlighting key findings and conclusions Additionally, we offer recommended solutions for the translation team at Hoang to enhance their effectiveness.
Ha company Finally, the limitations of the study are notified and some recommendations for further study are suggested.