Báo cáo " Phân tích thực trạng lao động nhập cư tại khu công nghiệp Vĩnh Long " docx

DDD THONG TIN D D D D PHAN TICH THL/C TRANG LAO DONG NHAP CLf TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP ViNH LONG Huynh Truldng Huy * The Vinh ** 1. Gidi thieu Di efl lae dpng gan lien vdi qua trinh do thj hda va eong nghiep hda eua vflng hoae dja phfldng nao dd. Sfl di cfl lao dpng nay xuat phat tfl nhflng nguyen nhan sau: thd nhdt, sfl chuyen ddi nen kinh te theo hfldng tang din ty trpng cong nghiep va djch vu dan den Iflc Ifldng lao dpng cflng djch ehuyen tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep; thd hai, sfl phat trien mat can doi gifla thanh thi va ndng thdn dan den chenh lech ve thu nhap va viec lam gifla hai khu vflc nay dan den ddng di efl tfl ndng thdn ra thanh thj ngay eang tang; thd ba, de td'e dp tang trfldng cua ngdnh ndng nghiep tha'p so vdi cac nganh khae nhfl cdng nghiep va djch vu nen thu nhap tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep tha'p dat binh quan 2 trieu ddng/thang so vdi tren 3 trieu ddng/thang cua nganh cdng nghiep va djch vu (NGTK, 2008). Theo udc tinh tfl cac cd quan quan ly cac khu cdng nghiep cua vflng DBSCL, hien nay toan vflng ed hdn 100 khu ccng nghiep chii yeu d cae tinh Lcng An va Tien Giang. Day la nhflng dja phfldng giap ranh vdi TP.HCM nen cd nhieu thuan Ipi trong viec thu hut nha diu tfl trong va ngoai nfldc. Cho den nay, cae khu cdng nghiep tai Vinh Long dang trong qua trinh boat dpng va tiep tue dflpe md rpng; trong do, khu cong nghiep Hda Phfl vdi 120ha da thu hut 16 dfl an diu tfl, ehu yeu heat dpng trong linh vflc may mac, giay dep, che bien thflc pham va sin pham thii cdng my nghe. De di vao boat dpng thi hau het cac khu cdng nghiep phai thu hut dang ke mpt lUc lupng lao dpng tfl cac dia phUPng khac de lam viec. Ddng gdp cua lao dpng nhap cU tai cac khu cdng nghiep ddi vdi kinh te d nPi den cflng nhfl hp gia dinh cua lao dpng nhap cfl da trd thanh va'n de dflpe quan tam ddi vdi eae nha lap chinh sach va nha nghien cflu. Hiu het cac nghien cflu trflde day tap trung phan tieh ddi song va thu nhap ciia lao dpng nhap cfl tai nOi de'n noi ehung nhfl dieu tra di cfl cua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke nam 2004; Di efl treng nfldc d Viet Nam: thflc trang hien nay ciia Quy dan so' Lien hpp Quo'c tai Viet Nam nam 2007 nhin ehung thie'u ving nhflng nghien cflu chuyen sau ve lao dpng nhap cfl dae biet la d vflng DBSCL noi ehung va Vinh Long noi rieng. Vi vay, bai viet nay nhim muc tieu: (i) mo ta lae dpng nhap cfl lam viec tai cac khu cdng nghiep Vinh Long; (ii) phan tich cac ye'u to' anh hfldng de'n thu nhap lao dpng nhap cU. Bai viet gdm cac phin npi dung sau: mue 2 trinh bay tdng quat ve ngudn so' lieu dupc thu thap va doi tupng nghien cflu. Muc 3 trinh bay phUOng phap phan tich dupe sii dung trong bai viet lien quan den cac muc tieu de xua't. Muc 4 trinh bay va thao luan ket qua do ludng dUpc trong qua trinh phan tich. Cuoi cflng la ke't luan. Huynh Triidng Huy, nghien citu sinh tai Dai hoc Antwerpen, Vudng quo'c Bi. The Vinh, sinh vien Kinh te Tai chinh ngan hang Khoa 31, TrUdng Dili hoc Can Thd. J QUAN LY KINH T£ SA 28 (9+10/2009) PHAN TICH THUC TRANG LAO OPNG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP VINH LONG THONG TIN 2. Thu thap dit lieu - Sdheu sd cap: dflpe thu thap tfl 101 lao dpng nhap cfl dang lam viec tai khu cong nghiep eiia tinh Vinh Long; treng dd; 50 trfldng hdp la lad dpng nhap efl tfl cac tinh khiie trong vflng DBSCL va 51 trfldng hpp la lao dpng di efl trong tinh Vinh Long. Thdng tin thu thap bae gdm: dae diem nhan khiu hoe eua lao dpng nhap efl, trinh dp hpc van, chuyen mdn, cdng viee va thu nhap. - So' lieu thfl ca'p: ehu ye'u dflde thu thap tfl eae ngudn sau: Bp LDTBXH, Nien giam tho'ng ke tinh Vinh Long, Nien giam tho'ng ke ca nfldc va eae nghien cflu treng va ngoai nfldc ed lien quan. 3. PhUOng phap phan tich - Ddi vdi mue tieu nghien cflu (1): thfle trang lao dpng nhap efl lam viee tai khu cong nghiep cua tinh Vinh Long dflde md ta thong qua sii dung eae ehi tieu thd'ng ke md ta doi vdi cac ehi so'dae diem nhan khiu hpc ciia lao dpng, chuyen mdn tay nghe, cdng viec va thu nhap ciia lao dpng nhap efl. - Ddi vdi muc tieu nghien cflu (2): eae yeu td iinh hfldng den thu nhap eua lao dpng nhiip cfl dflpe xae djnh thdng qua md hinh tUdng quan gifla thu nhap (li) va cac yeu td giai thieh (Xj) den thu nhiip. bae gdm: kmh nghiem lam viee (nam), ehu.yen mdn, gidi tinh, hdp ddng lao dpng, hinh thfle sd hflu ciia eong ty. Md hinh flde Iflpng ed dang tdng quilt sau: /,=/?„+/?, A-, + + P„X„+e (1) Thdng thfldng, cae nha nghien cflu ed xu hfldng chuyen md hinh tfldng quan sang dang logarithm de hai nguyen nhan sau: thfl nha't, ddi khi cae bien giai thich trong mo hinh tfldng quan tuyen tinh lai khdng tuyen tinh; thfl hai, gdp phin lam tang he sd tfldng quiin (R2) trong md hinh. Mpt sd tac gia sii dung phfldng phap nay nhU Diep (2007), Le (2004), Diing (1997), David (1969), Nguyen (2008) de Ude lupng xu hudng di eU gifla eae tinh va tac dpng cua tien gfli ve ddi vdi thu nhap eua hp gia dinh. Vi vay, phfldng trinh (1) dflpe chuyen sang dang logarithm nhfl sau: LogI,=p,+[), log J, + + p„ logA',, +e (2) Trong dd, I la thu nhap cua lao dpng nhap cfl, Xj bao gdm cae bien nhfl ehuyen mdn, gidi tinh, hpp ddng lao ddng, kinh nghiem lam viee (ndm), hinh thflc sd hflu eua cdng ty. 4. Ket qua va thao luan 4.1 Mpt so dde diem cua lao dpng nhap cit Ket qua khao sat eho tha'y lao dpng nhiip efl lam viee tiii khu cdng nghiep ed dp tuoi kha tre, binh quan la 23 tuoi; trong dd lao dpng ed dp tudi tfl 21 - 25 chiem bdn 64% tdng lao dpng dflde khao sat. Bdi vi, lao dpng nhiip efl ehu yeu lam viec trong cae linh vflc sfl dung nhieu lao dpng, ehu yeu ddi hdi lao dpng cd sflc khde nhfl nganh may niiie, giay dep, ehe bien thfle pham. Hdn nfla, ty le lao dpng chiem deii 75% tdng sd lao dpng dflde khao sat do tinh chat cdng viee \>\\d hdp vdi lao dpng nfl; ngoai ra, cdng vice d khu vflc ndng thdn bien nay hau nhfl it ed sfl tham gia eua phu nfl. Vi viiy, hp thudng den eae khu cdng nghiep tim viec lam tUdng ddi it vat va so vdi cdng viee ddng ang d gia dinh. Ngoai ra, phin Idn lao dpng nhap cU eon dpe than chiem den 86% tdng sd nhflng lao dpng dflde khac sat. Nghien cflu di efl nam 2004 eua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke eung eho ket qua tfldng tfl. Bdi vi, nhflng lao dpng da ket hdn it chap nhan di lam xa, dae biet la nfl vi hp cdn phai cham sdc gia dinh. Phan tieh ve trinh dp hpe vii'n eua lao dpng nhap efl cho thay ring ed hdn 50% lao dpng nhap efl diidc khao sat diU trinh dp cap 3. Bdi vi, qua khao sat eho thii'y ed dC'ii 39% trong sdhp vfla tdt nghiep phd thdng trung Sd'28 (9+10/2009) QUAN LY KINH it vim THONG TIN PHAN TICH THUC TRANG LAO DONG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHl£P VINH LONG hpe phai tim viee de tfl lap va phu giup gia dinh. Ben canh dd, ty le lao dpng chi dat trinh dp cap 1 cflng kha cao hdn 10%o. Tuy nhien, ban ehe ve trinh dp khdng anh hfldng Idn den qua trinh tim viec cua hp tai cac khu eong nghiep; bdi vi cac cong ty chu yeu tuyen lao dpng phd thong. Ne'u dUdc cha'p nhan tuyen dung, lao dpng vfla lam vfla hpc nghe tfl 2-3 tuin thi cd the bit diu quen cdng viec. Hinh 1. Phan phdi trinh do hoc van cua lao dpng nhap cif ?—^ Cap I cip Cip Nguon: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009. 4.2 Thong tin ve viec lam Trflde khi di cfl, hiu bet ngfldi lae dpng deu quan tam de'n thdng tin ve viee lam d ndi den. Vi the, ngfldi lad dpng treng lin dl eii ddu tien thfldng chpn nhflng ndi lam viee trong Tinh. Nghien cflu eua Cfl Chi Lpi (2005) ehe thay lae dpng di cfl lin diu khdng dl xa qud 500km. Thee tap quan lau ddi cua ngfldi dan, dd la thfldng ed xu hfldng lam thed nhflng gi ma Sd ddng ngfldi dan trdng cflng dja phfldng dang lam nhfl trdng trpt, chan nudi, ke ea ket hdn vdi ngfldi nfldc ngoai. Hay ndi each, phin Idn ngfldi dan tie'p can thdng tin tfl nhflng ngfldi xung quanh (ngfldi than, ban be) la chu yeu so vdi kenh thdng tin ehinh thflc tfl cae cd quan chflc nang. Ke't qua khao sat eho tha'y cd den 66% trong tdng so' lao dpng nhap efl dflpe khae sat eho ring hp tiep can ve thdng tin viec lam d nOi den tfl nhflng ngfldi thiin treng gia dinh hoae ban be trong Trung cap Cao ding, nghe dai hoc cflng dja phflOng. Mdt nghien cflu khac diipc thflc hien tai Tra Vinh nam 2007 eua chinh tac gii eung eho thay ed den 86% lao dpng di eu tiep can thdng tin viee lam tfl ngudn tren. Ngoai kenh thdng tin tren, co den 20% lao dpng dflpe khao sat tiep can thong tm tfl phfldng tien truyen thdng (nhfl Tivi, bao ehi) va 10% tiep can trfle tiep tfl cdng ty tuyen dung. De giai thich ve va'n de nay, phin Idn ngudi lao dpng eho ring thdng tin tfl hai ngudn tren thfldng khdng chinh xac din den hp mat thdi gian va ehi phi di lai de tim hieu. Ngflpe lai, thong tin tfl ngiidi than heac ban be thfldng chinh xac hdn bdi vi nhflng ngfldi nay dang lam tai cac cong ty eho nen hp bie't nhieu thong tin ve dieu kien lam viec, thu nhap va tuye'n dung eiia cdng ty. QUAN LY KINH it 56 28(9+10/2009) PHAN TiCH THUC TRANG LAO DpNG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHlfP VINH LONG THONG TIN []7Jj1 Hinh 2. Phan phdi kenh thong tin viec lam cua lao dpng nhap cu PhLPCcng tien truy§n thong 20% Cong ty tuyen dting 10% Trung tam gicyl thieu viec lam 2% Ngirai than, ban be 66% Ngudn: So' lieu khao sat, 2009. 4.3 Moi quan he giUa thu nhap vd cdc dgc diem cda lao dpng nhap cU Trong phin nay, chflng ta phan tieh thu nhap hang thang va khoan tien giii ve gia dinh trong mdi quan he vdi eae dae diem eua lao dpng nhap efl lam viee tai khu cdng nghiep. Muc dich eua phan tich la lam rd sfl khae biet ve thu nhap lien quan den gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, trinh dp ehuyen mdn va binh thfle sd hflu cua cdng ty ndi hp lam viee. Ket qua ehi tiet dflde trinh bay d Bang 1. Bdng I. Mdi quan he giua thu nhap va dae diem cua lao dpng DVT: ddng Dae diem Gidi tinh Hon nhan Hdp ddng laodpng Hinh thflc sd hflu Chuyen mdn Binh quan Nam Nfl Dpe than Ket hon Lidi Cd Khdng (ja the Tfl nhan Co phan Nfldc ngoai Khdng ed Chflng ehi nghe Trung cap trd len Thu nhap/thang 1.603.160 1.442.092 1.481.965 1.473.500 1.600.000 1.496.646 1.200.000 1.200.000 1.469.977 1.650.000 2.020.000 1.385.060 1.445.889 2.540.000 1.481.960 Tien giii ve/nam 4.320.000 5.806.579 5.544.186 4.607.143 8.000.000 5.520.833 3.860.000 3.860.000 5.515.556 4.000.000 6.400.000 5.277.38-1 5.888.889 6.625.000 5.438.G14 Ngudn: S6' lieu khiio siit, 2009. 80 28(9+10/2009) QUAN LY KINH li vim THONG TIN PHAN TICH THUC TRANG L^O DONG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHlgP VINH LONG Nhfl da de cap trflde day, muc dich ciia di cfl lao dpng la tang thu nhap va cai thien eupe sdng. Ket qua khae sat eho tha'y thu nhap hien tai cua lao dpng nhap cfl cao hdn khoang 40%) so vdi thu nhap cua cdng viee trflde day; eu the thu nhap eua nam ed xu hfldng cao hdn nfl do sfl khae biet ve dae diem cdng viec; trong khi dd, nfl cd xu hfldng giii tien ve gia dinh trong ndm nhieu hdn nam. Nghien cflu ve di efl eua Tong cue Thdng ke nam 2004 va eua Quy Dan so'Lien Hdp Quo'c nam 2007 cflng che ke't qua tfldng tfl. Ngdai ra, thu nhap eiia lao dpng nhap cfl cflng ed sfl khac biet ve tinh trang hen nhan. Cu the la nhflng lae dpng doc than ed xu hfldng eae hdn lae dpng da ed lap gia dinh. Dieu nay dflpe mpt so' lae dpng nhap cfl eho biet nhfl sau: "neu nhfl hp da lap gia dinh thi hp giip khd khan treng viee tang ca vao budi tdi do phai chdm sdc con eai". Vi vay, ddy ehinh la nguyen nhan dan den sfl khae biet ve thu nhap tren. Hdn nfla, lad ddng da ky hop ddng lao dpng vdi eong ty ed thu nhap cae hdn triidng hdp lao dpng chfla ky hdp ddng. Bdi vi, khi ky hpp ddng cd nghia la lao dpng dflpe hfldng lUdng ehinh thUe 100% va cpng vdi eae khoan phu cap khac; treng khi dd, lao dpng chfla ky hpp ddng chi dflpe hfldng mflc Ifldng thii viee va khdng cd eae khoan phu cap. Ben Ciinh dd, ket qua khae sat cflng cho tha'y cd sfl khdc biet ve thu nhap cua lao dpng gifla cac hinh thflc sd hflu cua cong ty vdi mflc y nghia 0.05 qua kiem djnh Kruskal Walhs Test. Tfldng tfl nhfl sd heu thdng ke cua ca nfldc thu nhap trong cac cong ty nfldc ngoai thUdng cac hdn cac thanh phin kinh te khac. Tuy nhien, sd lUpng lao dpng diidc khac sat lam cho cong ty nfldc ngoai tai khu cdng nghiep chiem ty le khoang 5%. Hiu het lae dpng lam viec eho cac cong ty tfl nhan vdi mflc thu nhap binh quan gin 1,5 trieu ddng. Ket qua phan tich kha phfl hpp vdi ly thuye't ve lao dpng, hay ndi each khac thu nhap cua lao dpng ty le thuan vdi kha nang ehuyen mdn cua hp. 80% lao dpng nhap cfl dflde khao sat tai khu cdng nghiep khdng ed trinh chuyen mdn cho nen thu nhap binh quan cua hp chi dat 1.385 ngan ddng/thang tha'p hon mflc binh quan. Dang Iflu y la lao dpng ed trinh dp chuyen mdn trung cap trd len cao gin ga'p hai lin lae dpng khdng ehuyen mdn. Day la tin hieu tich ciic khuyen khich lae dpng nhap cfl tham gia hpe tap de nang cao tay nghe. 4.4 Phdn tich cdc ye'u to dnh hitdng den thu nhap cua lao dpng nhap cit Nhfl da de cap d phan phflOng phap phan tich, cae yeu to'inh hfldng de'n thu nhap eiia lao dpng nhap cfl dflpe do Ifldng bdi cac yeu to' giai thieh. Ket qua flde Iflpng theo phfldng trinh (2) dflpe trinh bay d Bang 2 ben dfldi. Bdng 2. Ket qua uuc lupng mo hinh thu nhap cua ho Mo hinh Constant Chuyen mdn Gidi tinh Hpp ddng lae dpng Kinh nghiem Loai hinh cdng ty Giai thich Hang so' 1: ed; 0: khong 1: nam; 0: nfl 1: co: 0: chfla So nam lam viee 1: tfl nhan; 0: khac He so 6.945 0.266 6.r36 0.408 0.055 -0.252 Sai so ehuan 0.090 0.050 0.044 o.iie 0.025 0.079 Miic y nghia 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.033 0.002 Ngudn: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009. QUAN LY KINH it sa'28 (9+10/2009) PHAN TICH THUC TRA>;G LAO OONG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP ViNH LONG THONG TIN llJ.'.li Ghi chu: N = 101; R' = 0,382; F^ll. 753; Sig. = 0,000. Chung ta cd the thay ring thu nhap cd mdi quan he chat ehe vdi cae dae diem cua lao dpng nhap cfl. Cu the la, md hinh flde Ifldng chl ra ring 38,2% sfl bien dpng ve thu nhfip hang thang cua hp ed the dflpe giai thieh bdi cac yeu to' Ude lUdng trdng md hinh ed y nghia ve mat thdng ke (p-value = 0,0000). Treng sdcac yeu to'giai thich, kinh nghiem va trinh dp chuyen mdn ddng gdp tich eUe va ed y nghia ve thd'ng ke ddi vdi thu nhap eua lao dpng nhap efl. Ben eanh dd, viee dflde ky hdp ddng ed y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi thu nhap eua hp nhfl da phan tieh d muc 4.3. Nhu da phan tieh d mue tren, gin 90% lad dpng dupe khac sat lam viec che eae eong ty tU nhan va 80% trong sdhp khdng ed ehuyen mdn tay nghe eho nen thu nhap eua hp tha'p hdn mflc binh quan cua tdng quan sat. 5. Ket luan Qua qua trinh khae sat va phan tich ve di efl nhap cfl tai eae khu cdng nghiep eua tinh Vinh Long, ehung ta ed the dUa ra mpt sd ket luan sau: - Di eU lao dpng eo dp tudi ni't tre va nfl ehiem flu the hdn nam dd dtie diein ccng viec tiii cae ccng ty nhfl ddng gdi san pham, may giay dep, dan kit hang thu eong. - 80%) lao ddng khdng cd trinh dp chuyen mdn tay nghe va hp ehu yeu Kim viee eho cae eong ty tfl nhan trong khu eong nghiep. Hau bet trong sd lae dpng lam viee ed ky hdp ddng lao dpng vdi chii deanh nghiep. - Thu nhiip binh quan eua lao dpng khoang 1,5 trieu ddng/thang, thu nhap eiia nam ed xu hfldng eao hdn nfl. Di cfl gdp phan tang thu nhap khoang 40%; cu the neu nhfl lao dpng cd ehuyen mdn tay nghe thi thu nhap eua hp ed the tang len gin hai lan. Dieu nay gdp phin quan trpng ddi vdi ddi sdng cua hp gia dinh thdng qua khoan tien gui ve binh quan hdn 5 tneu ddng/nam. - Nhin ehung, thu nhiip eua lao dpng nhiip eU ed mdi quan he chat ehe vdi cac yeu to'nhu kinh nghiem, gidi tinh, chuyen mdn, hpp ddng lao dpng va binh thUc sd hflu. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • Bo Lao dong, ThUdng binh va Xa hoi (2007), Dieu tra lao dong va viec lam. • CU Chi Ldl (2005). Rural to Urban Migration in Viet Nam. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization. • Dang, N.A, Sidney, G and James, Mc (1997), Internal Migration and development in Vietnam, International Migration Review, Vol. 31, No 2, pp 312-337 • David F. Bramhall; Herrington J. Bryce (1969), Interstate Migration of Labor-Force Age Population. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 576-583. • Diep, P and Ian, C (2007), Inter-Provincial Migration and Inequality During Viet Nam's transition. Staff Paper, No 597, University of Wisconsin-Madison. • Huynh TrUdng Huy (2007), ThUc trang di cU lao dong ciia dong bao dan toe Khdme tai huyen Tra Cii, Tra Vinh, ChUdng trinh nghien cflu Ha Lan (NPT). • Le Thanh Sang (2004), Urban migration in pre and post reform Viet Nam: macro patters and determinants of urbanward migration, the 1984-1989 and 1994-1999 period. Washington University. • Nguyen, T.P, Tran, N.T.M.T, Nguyen, T.N and Remco, 0 (2008), Determinants and Impacts of Migratidn in Viet Nam, Working Paper Scries, No 01, DEPOCEN. • Men giam thd'ng ke (2007), Dan so va lao dong,Tong cue Tho'ng ke. • Men giam thd'ng ke (2007), Dan so vii lao dong. Cue Thong ke tinh Vinh Long. • Men giam thd'ng ke (2008), Tai khoiin quoc gia, Tong cue Tho'ng ke. • UNFPA (2007), Interniil Migration in Viet Nam: The current situation. lioport of United Nations Population Fund m Viet Nam. S6'28 (9+10/20091 QUAN LY KINH T( . het cac khu cdng nghiep phai thu hut dang ke mpt lUc lupng lao dpng tfl cac dia phUPng khac de lam viec. Ddng gdp cua lao dpng nhap cU tai cac khu cdng. TICH THUC TRANG LAO OPNG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP VINH LONG THONG TIN 2. Thu thap dit lieu - Sdheu sd cap: dflpe thu thap tfl 101 lao dpng nhap