Ebook Hooked on TOEFL iBT Reading

Ebook Hooked on TOEFL iBT Reading

Cau tnie

* Vocabulary Preview

Phful hili t~p triic nghi¢m nay giup ngu01 hoc lam quen voo tu Vlplg quan trong

xuat hi¢n trong cac hili doc & phful Mini Test va Exercise

Ie Overview & Strategies

Phful nay giro thich dAy du cac lo~ cau hOi xuat hi¢n trong hili doc TOEFL iBT

va cung cap nhUng chien thu~t cful thiet d~ tra 101 cac lo~ cau hOi d6 NhUng cau

hOi duQ'C giOO thi¢u lful dAu tien trong mon doc TOEFL iBT The M moo se duQ'C

minh hoa hAng hinh ch~p man hinh vi tinh

l/r Exercise

Phful hili t~p nay giup nguOi hoc thllC hanh tUng lo~ cau hOi c~ tM vUa moo hoc

va cung cap nhUng chien thu~t cful thiet (m~c Strategy in focus) d~ tim ra Iva

chon tra 101 dUng cho lo~ cau hOi d6

., More Practice

Phful nay giup ngu01 hoc on l~ lo~ cau hOi da hoc thOng qua cac hili doc ngAn

cUng vOO lo~ cau hOi c~ tM da hoc trong chuong

*' Mini Test

Day la giai dol,Ul chuful ht tru6c khi lam cac hili doc TOEFL iBT thllC teo Cac hili

doc trong phful nay c6 dQ dili (khoang 400 tu) hAng 1l11a dQ dili cua hili doc

TOEFL iBT The M moo, nhfun giup ngu01 hoc lam quen vOO dl,Ulg thUc cua hili thi

tru6c khi hu6c vao thvc hanh nhUng hili doc hi~u thvc teo

+ iBT Test

NguOi hoc c6 tM hoan thi¢n ky nang doc hi~u TOEFL iBT thOng qua vi¢c luy¢n

t~p phful nay mQt cach thuOng xuyen Cac hili doc & phful nay dUQ'C trinh hay va

s~p xep theo dUng cau truc va cap dQ cua hili doc hi~u TOEFL iBT thvc teo

* Vocabulary Review (Chuang 2,4,6,8)

Phful nay hao g6m cac hili t~p giup nguOi hoc on l~ tu Vlplg da hoc & 2 chuong

tru6c

Ie From Reading to Writing (Chuang 2, 4, 6, 8)

Phlin nay neu nhUng di~m ngii phap quan tr~mg dn cho ky nang doc va viet

cling v6i cac bili t~p giup nguoo hQc ap dtplg nhiing di~m ngii phap d6 vao

TOEFL Writing

5

Mini Test Supernovae

iBT Test Native North Ame r ican Hi de Pa i nting

• Sentence Simplification

Vocabulary Preview Overview & Strategies Exercise 1 The Great Depressio n Exercise 2 Flowers

Exercise 3 The Cultural Variable More Practice

Mini Test The Boston Tea Par t y

iBT Test Machiavelli and t h e Origi n s of Political Science Vocabulary Review: Chapters 1-2

From Reading to Writ i ng: Cau truc cau d<)ng tinh tu

( V-i n g P h r a ses )

• Factual Information & Negative Fact

Vocabulary Preview Overview & Strategies Exercise 1 Newspapers in Post-C i vil War Am er i c a Exercise 2 The Making of a Supernova

Exercise 3 Defining Species More Practice

Exercise 3 Photosynthesis More Practice

Mini Test Infantile Learn i ng Pr ocess

iBT Test Behavioral Eco l ogy Vocabulary Review : Chapters 3-4 From Reading to Writing: M~nh de quan M

CHAPTER • Rhetorical Purpose ~~

05 Vocabulary Preview Overview & Strategies 92 91 iWfI:

Exercise 2 H erman M e l vi ll e 96

Exercise 3 DNA F ingerprinting 98

CHAPTER • Insert Text

06 Vocabulary Preview Overview & Strategies 111 112

Exercise 2 The Development of Computers 116

Vocabulary Review: C h apters 5-6 128 From Reading to Writing: Cau truc song song 129

07 Vocabulary Preview Overview & Strategies 131 132

- Exercise 2 The Orig i ns of Writing 136

JBT Test The Lend- L ease Program 144

CHAPTER • Classifying, categorizing, and Organizing Information

Mini Test Grand Unified T h eories 162

Vocabulary Review: C ha pters 7-B 168 From Reading to Writing: Di;ing tu + ttic tu 169

Crash Course

Reference & Vocabulary

Choose L the ri ht l meanin for the words : in bold

1 When Mario was carried to the hospital, he was unconscious, with several puncture wounds

to his stomach

2 It is reported that people are more impressed by the dancing of those whose bodies are

more symmetrical

3 More than two miles of roadway has been blocked with trees, stones and other debris ,

caused by the explosion

4 Several countries are still in the throes of a flu outbreak

7 According to one theory, variation in genetic make-up determines each person's reaction

9 On Aug 23, 1996, Noel Gallagher sang lead vocals on Oasis' performance for MTV's

Unplugged, and his brother Liam's trademark singing voice was conspicuous by its absence

10 The criminal was sentenced to death because of the severity of his crime

II

O~ r V i.: 'w

1 Reference Questions I CAu hOi tu lien h ~

• Cau hOi til liEm M yeu cau b~ xac <4nh moi quan M

gilia m(it d1;li til va til rna d1;li til do lien h¢lchl den

• M l h bill doc co til 0-2 ca u hOi til lien M

• Cau hOi nay duqc xem 1a lo1;li cau hOi de trong mon

dQc clla TOEFL iBT ; vi v~y, muon d~t di~m cao va

t ie t ki~m thoo gian , b~ phiii lam chinh xac va nhanh

chOng nhling cau hOi nay

2 Vocabulary Questions I CAu hoi tu vtplg

• Cau hOi til ~g yeu cau b~ nh~ biet y nghia clla til

v a C!pD til trong bill doc, va sau do chon m(it twC!pD til

dong nghia trong cac Iva chon tra 100 M(it til co tM co

nhi e u nghia , nhung b~ phiii hi~u duqc nghia clla til

do trong ngli canh Cl) tM va tim Iva chon tra 100 co

nghia gan nMt vOi nghia duQ'c dUng trong bill doc

• Mbi bill doc co til 3-6 cau hOi til vvng

• Cau hOi til ~g cling 1a lO1;li cau hOi rna b~ co tM

lam nhanh nhu cau hOi til lien M ; vi v~y, b~ phiii sAp

x e p thoo gian hgp ly , tranh lang phi thoo gian cho du

co nhling til b~ khong biet

passage refers to the difference between

Til ngli thu<'m.g dUn:)

•

II.X!.~~ in the passage

is closest in meaning to

passage is closest in meaning to

• Which of the following best explains the term -' 1W'!:Imu.:~?

• Based on the information in the

best be explained as

"""llliL ""-,,, ~~' the author means that

Thong thuOng tu lien h~ xuat hi~n tru&c dl;li tu trong bID doc, thuOng Ia & ngay tru&c no,

nhung doi khi tu lien h~ xuat hi~n sau dl;li tU Tu lien M co tM & trong cung mQt cau v&i

dl;li tu, ho~c co tM nfun & cau khac

Sau khi nfun vfrng cau truc va nQi dung cua bID doc, b?Jl co th~ ap dlfllg nhUng phuang

phap sau d~ gi&i h?Jl ph!,lIIl vi cac d6i tUQ'Ilg ma dl;li tu lien M

CD XAc dlnh nam/nu, nguOi/v~t, d~i tu s6 itJs6 nhUm

ex) They: la dl!i tu s6 nhieu cho nen b~ c6 the IOl!i ra cac danh tu s6 it

It: la dl!i tu s6 it, chi v~t cho nen b~ c6 the IOl!i ra cac danh tu s6 nhieu ho~c danh tu chi nguiYi

~ ChQn cac til co chuc nang ngii phap d6ng nhat vOi d~i ttl da cho

Dieu nay kh6ng phro hic nao c1lng dUng, nhung c6 riit nhieu truOng hqp la neu dl!i tu lam cM ngii

trong cau thi n6 cling thay the cho cM ngii cua cau dUng tru&c d6

@ ThOng qua dQng ttl trong cilu

ex) Neu cau bAt dau la "They understand ." thi cM ngii cua understand chi co the la nguiYi

Luu Y co nhUng truOng h9'P cau hOi yeu c~u b?Jl tim d6i tUQ'Ilg duqc lien M cua cac

pro-form (c~ tu dugc dung d~ thay tM cho m~nh de, c~m tu, tu dan khac) nhu cac vi d~ sau

ex) this problem, this possibility, the same reason, such process

Ngfr canh (context) Ia ph!,lIIl vi (cau va do:;.n) ma trong do tu ho~c c~m tu xuat hi~n Nghia

cua mQt tu ho~c mQt c~rn tu theo ngfr canh Ia nghia cua no trong cau va dO?Jl c~ tM MQt

tu tieng Anh co tM co nhieu nghia khac nhau Nghia chinh xac cua no Iuon Iuon ph~

thuQc vao ngfr dmh rna no duqc sil d~ng

Trong truOng h9'P b?Jl khong hi~u nghia cua tu duqc cho thi thong qua ngfr canh b?Jl co

tM doan dugc nghia cua tu do bfulg cach sil d~ng phuang phap IOl;li suy

Sil dlfllg nhUng phuang phap sau d~ doan ngrua cua tu duqc cho

CD DUng restatement clue, definition clue, ho~c example clue

Tim cac vi dv, <4nh nghia dUng, ho~c giro thich doi v&i tu duQ'C cho

~ DUng synonym clue ho~c antonym clue

Tim nhling cach dien d~t c6 nghia trill nguQ'C ho~c c6 nghia tuong t~ v&i tu duQ'C cho

@ D"a VIlO word part (thanh ph3.n cau t~o ttl) dil dOlln nghia cua ttl duQ'c cho

ex) Tiep dau ngii pre-trong prehistoric co nghia la before, cho n{m prehistoric co nghia la "thuQc thiYi tien sU"

13

•

There is no reason why tattooing and face and body painting

should be from the status of "art"; if they are nevertheless

commonly excluded, this may be due to the impermanent nature of

face and body painting as well as to marketing problems

The most common technique of tattooing among native North

American Indians was by pricking the skin with sharp pOints

Sometimes was done using on a special comb-like implement As

in the less widely distributed scratching method, designs are usually

first sketched with charcoal paste, then rubbed into the breaks in

the skin In northern and northwestern North America, threads

covered with soot are drawn through punctures made by needles to

apply the beneath the skin In face painting, mostly

mineral pigments (but sometimes including charcoal for black, or

pollen for yellow) are mixed with water and/or grease before

are applied to the skin with fingers, paint brushes, or wooden paint

sticks Painting is generally done by the wearer himself, with

occasional help from others, and with the exception of some

ceremonial painting, using a bowl of water to serve as a mirror

Tattooing, on the other hand, is done by others, who tend to be

speCialists

The functions of body art are extremely varied, even within a

single tribe range from pure beautification of the wearer,

through expression of mood, prevention of disease, protection

against misfortunes, and the recording of a ceremonial event, to the

identification of an individual's status or membership in a social

group

Even though there is information on the body art of

various individual tribes, Significant comparative studies are scarce

on the continent Regional stylistiC variations are as yet undefined

Tattooed designs are all basically linear, with simple symmetrical,

non-representational designs on the face, and forms of greater

complexity on the body Tattooing is black (with rare red/black

exceptions); but painting is frequently bichrome or polychrome, with

solid color areas as important as lines

14 "

* tattoo: (v.) to mark a permanent picture or writing on someone's skin with a needle and ink

• impermanent: (a.) not staying the same forever [=temporary]

• prick: (v.) to make a small hole in something with a sharp object

• puncture: (n.) a small hole made with a sharp point

• variation: (n.) the existence of differences

• symmetrical: (a.) consisting of two halves that are exactly the same

1 The word in paragraph 1 is closest 4 The word in paragraph 2 refers to

® applied

5 The word in paragraph 3 refers to

2 The word I in paragraph 2 refers to o Specialists

o face and body painting ® Single tribe

@ pricking the skin with sharp pOints

3 The word in paragraph 2 is in meaning to

1 Ttl " excluded " fr dong tiep theo la synonym clue 2 Cac d\li tu it, this, that khong chi thay the cho cac tu don ma con co

tM thay the cho C\pII til (phrase) , m~nh de (cla u se), ho~c ca cau (se nt e ce) 3 "pigm e nf ' la mot trong nhUng til tr9ng tam

(keyword) clla bili d9C nay Dila vao noi dung clla bili d9C, b~ hay co doan nghia clla " pigmenf 4 Doi khi d\li til thay the

cho danh til co chUc nang dong nhat "they" la Chll ngii clla m~nh de ph\!; vi v~y, b~ hay thti thay no bAng cM ngii Clla

m~nh de chinh 5 Tuong til v&i cau 4, b~ thti tim til don co chuc nang dong nha:t v&i "They" fr cau tru&c 6 Ttl "scarce" fr

hang du&i la antonym clue

+: Dieu cO' bim trong viet van la dUng cach dien dl,it tuong t~ va khong I~p II,li tiro Ap d~g quy uk

nay , bl,ill co tM tim dUQC cae g(1i y d6i v6i tir dUQC cho Tham khao vi dQ sau:

Cit hai cau dUQC n6i co CUng th e b~ dQng va nQi dung giong nhau , va bl,ill co tM tMy rang barred va

excluded & day tl,io thilnh mQt c~p Day la vi dQ dien hinh cua vi~ dUng synonym clue de tim cau

tra 100 dting cho tir dUQC cho

IS

n :z:

"

~

=

Seaweeds

Most species of marine algae are represented by the forms

popularly known as seaweeds This, however, is a rather

unfortunate term For one thing, the word weeds does not do justice

to these ns OJous and often elegant inhabitants of rocky shores

and other marine environments Some biologists opt for the more

formal name of macrophytes On the other hand, the term

seaweeds is useful in distinguishing them from the unicellular algae

of unicellular algae, and reproduction is also more , =='-""', ,

Seaweeds are all eukaryotes, as opposed to prokaryotes, which are

the simplest type of cells that lack organelles Most are multicellular,

but some forms conSisting of single cells or simple filaments are

considered seaweeds This is because the classification of seaweeds

is based not only on structure but also on other features such as the

types of pigments and food storage products

Although more complex than unicellular algae, seaweeds still

specialists include them in the kingdom Protista There are some

who disagree and assign them instead to the kingdom Plantae,

together with the higher plants

The range of variation observed among the multicellular algae

is spectacular ose we see on rocky shores at low tide are usually

small and sturdy as an adaptation to withstand waves Kelps found

offshore in cold waters are true giants that form dense underwater

forests The multicellular condition of seaweeds allows many

adaptations not available to unicellular forms For example, they can

grow tall and rise off the bottom provides new opportunities

as well as challenges: wave action and turbulence, competition for

space and light, and the problem of predatory sea urchins and fish

• sturdy: (a.) strong

* turbulence: (n.) sudden violent movements

• prel;!atory: (a.) relating to animals

that kill and eat other animals

I

closest in meaning to 2 is closest in meaning to

closest in meaning to

0 Living in underwater forests

® decisive

1 Dipl vao ngli cfmh, hay doan nghia clla tu "conspicuous" 2 Tim xem doi tUQ'llg duQ"C so sanh trong cau la gi 3 TU

"complex" & dong trim Ia synonym clue 4 Un Iugt thay the cac Iva ch(Jn tra 1m vao vt tri clla "characteristic of" va dUng

phuong phap Io~ suy de tim Iva ch(Jn dtiug nhal 5 Luu y Ia tu "Those" dugc dUng de thay the cho danh tu so nhieu

6 ''This" kh6ng chi thay tM cho tu don rna con co th~ thay the cho m(it fact ho~c idea nao do

D~ tu chi d~nh those co cae each dung sau :

o Those duQ'C dUng de thay the cho ngu(yjjv~t & so nhi~u, giong v6i d~ tu nhan xung they

6 Those (so it la that) duQ'C dung de thay the eho danh tu dUng tnroc, d~c bi~t la & dl;lIlg so sanh

Because birds' eggs are more resistant to water loss, they have a better chance of survival than those of reptiles

~ Those duQ'C dUng liun tu dUng tnroc chi ngum ho~c v~t eua m~nh d e quan M

Many c t ! " 's may not achieve reproductive success, but those whose physical characteristics enable them to do well In the new environment will usually reproduce

::lO

Language and Reality

An important ethnolinguistic concem of the 1930s and 1940s

was the question of whether language might indeed determine

culture Do we see and react differently to the colors blue and green,

with different cultural symbolism for the two different colors, only

because our language has different names for these two neighboring

parts of the unbroken color spectrum? When anthropologists noticed

that some cultures lump together blue and green with one name,

they began to wonder about this question The American linguists

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, drawing on their experience

with the language of the Hopi Indians, developed a full-fledged

theory, sometimes called the """,,,,,o,,,ffi, =,a ,", u =,-,,,,"=

that a language is not simply an encoding process for voicing our

ideas and needs but is rather a shaping force, which, by providing

habitual grooves of expression that people to see the

world in a certain way, guides their thinking and behavior

The opposite point of view is that language reflects reality In

changes, so too will language Some support for this is provided by

studies of blue-green color terms It has been shown that eye

pigmentation acts to filter out the shorter wavelengths of solar

radiation Color vision is thus limited through a reduced sensitivity to

blue and confusion between the shorter visible wavelengths The

effect shows up in color-naming behavior, where green may be

identified with blue, blue with black, or both green and blue with

black The severity of visual limitation, as well as the extent of

lumping of color terms, depends on the density of eye pigmentation

characteristic of people in a given sOciety

These findings do not mean that language merely reflects

reality, any more than thinking and behavior are determined by

language The truth of the matter is more as anthropologist Peter

Woolfson has put it: "Reality should be the same for us all Our

nervous systems, however, are being !:iii by a continual

flow of sensations of different kinds, intensities, and durations It is

obvious that all of these sensations do not reach our consciousness;

some kind of filtering system reduces them to manageable

propositions The Whorfian hypothesis suggests that the filtering

system is one's language Our language, in effect, provides us with a

special pair of glasses that heightens certain perceptions and I

others Thus, while all sensations are received by the nervous

system, only are brought to the level of consciousness."

1 8 "

• anthropologist: (n.) someone who studies human societies and their cultures

• lump: (v.) to put people or things into the same group

• full-fledged: (a.) completely developed

• groove: (n.) a fixed routine or habit

• pigmentation: (n.) the natural color of living things

• severity: (n.) seriousness

• intensity: (n ) strength

• proposition: (n.) a matter to be dealt with

1 Based on the information in paragraph 1, 4 The word in paragraph 3 is

which of the following best explains the closest in meaning to

(£; A theory that language determines ® attacked

® A theory that language reflects reality ® heated

© A theory about the relationship

between language and color 5 The word dims in paragraph 3 is closest in

® A view against established theories meaning to

about language

(£; damages

® enlarges

© cultural reality ® behavior

1 Cau cu i cling cua dOIilll d ~ u tien giru thich cho thu~t ngli "Whorfian hypothesis" 2 Dlla vao ngli cimh & cau tru&c va cau sau, blilll c6 tM doan duQ'C ngrua cua tu "predispose" 3 Trong hai danh tu dugc de c~p & tru&c, the former chi danh tu dUng

tru&C, the latter chi danh tu dUng sau 4 Tim lila ch<.>n tnlloo phU hgp v6i ngli canh trong dOIilll van 5 Ttl "heightens" dUng tru&c Ill antonym clue 6 "some" & day thay the cho danh tu so nhieu

:- D~a vilo word part (thanh phAn cau tl,l.O tu), bl,lIl co tM doan duQ'c nghia cua tu moo

19

n :c :P

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=

A

B

c

o

To understand how the schedule of w and demands of a given society is balanced

against the supply of goods and services available, it is necessary to introduce a

noneconomic variable - the anthropological variable of culture In any given economic system, economic processes· cannot be interpreted without culturally defining the demands and understanding the conventions that dictate how and when t e are satisfied

2 The word e in the paragraph refers to

However impressive all these discoveries may be, one important link is still missing: the social organization There is evidence that chimpanzees lead a highly subtle and complex social life, but this picture is still vague is due to the fact that it is impossible to follow social processes in every detail in the jungle Presently, there is one place in the world where

1 The word Thi in the paragraph refers to

2

o The subtle and complicated nature of chimpanzees' social life

® The uncertainty of ideas about chimpanzees' social life

© The impressive discoveries about chimpanzees' social life

""-"::":"::::"=.:.:0 in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

The audience for a work of art may consist of members of a particular group, perhaps a lineage or age set or people of a certain social rank, and the theme, content, and purpose of the oral narrative to wliicn they listen may change to fit the social context in which it is recited The words may also change from recitation to recitation as the mood of the audience changes And a story told to children will be told differently to adults

1 The word

in the paragraph refers to

As continents and ocean basins change shape, some strata sink below the surface of an ocean or lake, others are forced upward into mountain ranges, and

water, wind or ice or are defol11led by heat or pressure

1 The word som in the paragraph refers to

2

are worn away by

20 "

E

F

G

Although the Sumerians and the Egyptians took steps needed to turn the simple ideography

into the full alphabet, writing still needed to develop Having a different sign for every single

word would require knowing thousands of different signs, and abstract ideas and grammar are

still difficult to express A way of overcoming this problem is to turn to sound devices For

example, by using the haracter for a bee and the character for the leaf of a tree, one can

combine them, "bee" plus "leaf," to form "belief." This kind of writing is called "word-syllabic."

1 The phrase this proolem in the paragraph refers to

2 The word character in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

Before the invention of photography, the great majority of painted images were

portraits, small enough to be carried in a locket for remembrance Suddenly, painting was

relieved of the necessity of "communicating" in this pedestrian way The result was an

explosion of new styles and methods Impressionism was the crowning glory of those times

It was followed by cubism, dadaism, surrealism and abstract expressionism, as well as other

movements in art of our time, including photorealism, in which the painter paints an image

that, from a distance, is indistin uislia Ie from a photograph

1 The phrase tlie great majority in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

2 The phrase indistinguishable m in the paragraph is closest in meaning to

Darwin saw that food supply and other factors hold populations in cliec Darwin

calculated that a single breeding pair of elephants would, if all their progeny lived and

reproduced the normal number of offspring over a normal life span, produce a standing

population of 19 million elephants in 750 years, yet the average number of elephants generally

remains the same over the years Although a single breeding pair could have produced 19

million descendants, it did produce an average of only two But why these particular two?

Darwin gave birth to the theory of natural selection by answering th ion

1 In stating that food supply and other factors hold populations in check, the author

means that they

2 The phrase the ques Ion in the paragraph refers to the question as to

~ 21

C':I :z: :1:0

,

::D

Over three decades, beginning in the 1950s, theorists had developed what seemed to be

a satisfactory understanding of supernova explosions, based on their knowledge of the laws of physics, on observations of such explosions in remote galaxies and of the debris from old supernova explosions in our own galaxy, and on computer models of how stars worked But until 1987 they had no means of checking this understanding directly The explosion of a star known as Sanduleak -69°C 202 to become a supernova first visible from Earth on the night of February 23/24, 1987 was possibly the single most important event in astronomy since the invention of the telescope

= = '-"" SN1987A, took place in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy close to our own Milky Way and part of the system of galaxies, held together by gravity, recognized as the Local Group rl At a distance of 180,000 light years, just next door by cosmological standards, SN1987A was by far the closest supernova to have occurred since 1604, when the last known supernova in our own galaxy exploded, just before the development of the

astronomical telescope m It was near enough to be studied in detail by a battery of

instruments, including conventional telescopes on mountaintops, X-ray detectors on board satellites in space and neutrino detectors buried deep beneath the ground [!J Both in broad outline and in most details, ~ 1i , Q oservations showed over the years following the outburst that the astronomers did have a good understanding of how supernovae work m

22 "

1

o Death throes of a star

® Supernovae

© The emission of light

® Explosions of small stars

2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out

essential information

o Although the Sun is not going to be a supernova, its birth is related with supernova

explosions that occurred in the beginning stage of our galaxy

® The Sun is not a supernova, but it was part of a supernova when our Milky Way started to

exist

© It is believed the Sun will explode in the future, but it was born out of a supernova when our

Milky Way started in the distant past

® When our galaxy was young, the Sun was separated from the galaxy because of a

supernova explosion

3 Before 1987, scientists based their knowledge of supernovae on all of the following EXCEPT

o computer models

4

® direct observation of a supernova explosion

© debris of old supernova explosions

5 The phrase Iffi~[gjii~ifkmi in the passage refers to the observations of

o the Large Magellanic Cloud

Although some details did not match up to expectations, there were no major surprises

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add it to the passage

"'

=

Native North American Hide Painting

The artistic development and diversity of a society are largely determined by the different physical mediums available to it Having no technology for the production of paper or canvas, the Native North Americans turned to the painting of animal hides as a major form of artistic expression Occasionally this took the form of painting hides intended to be used exclusively as art, but far more frequently it involved the decoration of everyday or ceremonial objects made of hide, which were abundant in Native North American cultures Shields, tepee coverings, and hide clothing were decorated with hide paintings Hide painting was a laborious process First, the hide had to be cured and treated with a clear preservative coating that would retain the original color of the hide Then an outline was scratched in the soft leather Once the outline was finished, paints made of minerals and plants were applied to add color

Native North American hide painting takes on many forms and styles, as might be expected of such a diverse region Yet, it is possible to identify three distinct traditions that seem to appear in nearly all tribal hide paintings The first is historical or biographical in subject matter and most commonly appears on ceremonial robes This form of hide painting seems to have been almost exclusively the province of male artists It is highly informational in nature, and the aesthetic qualities of these hide paintings are of secondary importance Biographical and historical hide paintings record the fortunes, exploits, and hardships of a tribe or individual In this way they are similar to the picture writing of other pre-literate cultures

Another tradition in hide painting can be termed visionary painting Visionary hide paintings are mystical or religious in nature They either tell of a visionary experience, or are attempts to seek out such

a supernatural connection Astrological motifs and representations of animistic spirits are common in visionary hide painting Shields and tunics are common mediums for visionary painting This may reflect

an attempt to invoke the aid of supernatural forces for protection and victory in battle Tepees also often bear visionary art This may be seen once again as an attempt to procure supernatural protection for the residents

The final major tradition in hide painting was primarily produced by women Highly symbolic and abstract in nature, their art represents some of the most sophisticated examples of hide painting Symbolic hide painting employs the use of geometric shapes to create complex symmetric patterns Boxes, triangles, and hourglass shapes all feature prominently in symbolic hide painting One of the most interesting aspects of this form of hide painting is its use of negative space A highly advanced artistic technique, the use of negative space requires the carefully planned placement of unpainted sections of the hide so that they too form a design that corresponds to the painted designs

As with all aspects of Native American life, hide painting was greatly affected by contact with white settlers who were pushing westward during the 1800s Initially, these changes were mostly material in nature White settlers brought access to paper, canvas, and better paints and brushes, all of which were incorporated into Native American art As they began to adopt linen clothing, they simply transferred their hide painting onto this new material In latter years, however, white culture began to influence the conventions of the art itself White Americans ran an aggressive campaign to marginalize Native

American culture and traditions Native American children were educated not in their own communities, but in government run schools with the goal of instilling white values and sensibilities in them This white influence inevitably began to be seen in hide painting as these children grew up to take the artistic mantle from their elders

24 "

l

Paragraph 1

The artistic development and diversity of a society are largely determined by the different physical mediums available to it Having no technology for the production of paper or canvas,

hide clothing were decorated with hide paintings Hide painting was a laoorious process First,

the hide had to be cured and treated with a clear preservative coating that would retain the

original color of the hide Then an outline was scratched in the soft leather Once the outline

was finished, paints made of minerals and plants were applied to add color

1 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

® Hides were sometimes painted for nothing more than artistic expression, but most often everyday or ceremonial items made of hide were decorated

® Occasionally Native Americans painted hides in an artistic fashion, but they far more

frequently used them as everyday ceremonial items because they were so common

© Native American cultures frequently decorated their ceremonial objects and everyday items with hide paintings because they were so common

@) Although the Native Americans intended their hide paintings to be art, they frequently

came to be seen as everyday objects because they were so abundant

2 The word """' ,,., in the passage is closest in meaning to

® intricate

® exhausting

© fascinating

@) dangerous

Look at the passage again

3 All of the following are mentioned as steps in hide painting EXCEPT

® hunting animals to obtain hides

® preserving the hide

© outlining a design

@) applying color

2S

Paragraph 2

Native North American hide painting takes on many forms and styles, as might be expected of such a diverse region Yet, it is possible to identify three distinct traditions that seem to appear in nearly all tribal hide paintings The first is historical or biographical in subject matter and most commonly appears on ceremonial robes This form of hide painting seems to have been almost exclusively the province of male artists It is highly informational in

Biographical and historical hide paintings record the fortunes, exploits, and hardships of a tribe

or individual In this way they are similar to the picture writing of other pre-literate cultures

4 It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that

(£; there were more male artists than female artists who engaged in hide painting

® not all Native American tribes engaged in hide painting

© North America had a wide variety of different tribes

® North American tribes kept very accurate historical records

5 The word ==""""", in the passage is closest in meaning to

6 According to paragraph 2, how does biographical hide painting correspond with the picture writing of other cultures?

(£; It only deals with topics of personal importance to the artist

® It focuses more on imparting facts than creating good art

© It was an essential form of communication

® It was only practiced by the educated elite

of animistic spirits are common in visionary hide painting Shields and tunics are common mediums for visionary painting i may reflect an attempt to invoke the aid of supernatural forces for protection and victory in battle Tepees also often bear visionary art This may be seen once again as an attempt to procure supernatural protection for the residents

26 www.ibttoefl.co.kr

7 The word I in the passage refers to

o The abundance of animal spirits in visionary hide painting

® The placement of visionary paintings on shields

© The attempts of Native Americans to connect to the supernatural

® The religious nature of visionary hide paintings

Look at the passage again

8 According to the passage, what distinguishes symbolic hide painting from other forms of hide

painting?

o Its depiction of women in its artistic scenes

® Its popularity with white settlers

© The relative sophistication of its techniques

® Its placement on tepees

Paragraph 4

The final major tradition in hide painting was primarily produced by women Highly

symbolic and abstract in nature, their art represents some of the most sophisticated examples

of hide painting Symbolic hide painting employs the use of geometric shapes to create

complex symmetric patterns Boxes, triangles, and hourglass shapes all feature prominently in

symbolic hide painting One of the most interesting aspects of this form of hide painting is its

use of " ~ =-= ="" A highly advanced artistic technique, the use of negative space

requires the carefully planned placement of unpainted sections of the hide so that they too

form a design that corresponds to the painted designs

9 Based on the information in paragraph 4, the term """"' ~ ::'=: ::IC==- can best be explained as

o the contrast of painted and unpainted sections of a picture to create additional forms

® the careful planning of one's artistic subject matter

© the practice of preparing a hide prior to painting it to retain its color

® the use of advanced artistic techniques to create largely symbolic art

Look at the passage again

10 According to the passage, what would one most likely find painted on a Native American shield?

o Scenes of the warrior's victories

© Abstract, geometrical forms

® A history of the warrior's tribe

® Animals and stars

27

C')

= ,

~

=

Paragraph 5

As with all aspects of Native American life, hide painting was greatly affected by contact

with white settlers who were pushing westward during the 1800s Initially, these changes were mostly material in nature White settlers brought access to paper, canvas, and better paints and brushes, all of which were ,nco orate into Native American art As they began to adopt linen

clothing, they simply transferred their hide painting onto this new material In latter years, however, white culture began to influence the conventions of the art itself White Americans ran

an aggressive campaign to marginalize Native American culture and traditions Native American children were educated not in their own communities, but in government run schools with the goal of instilling white values and sensibilities in them This white influence inevitably began to

be seen in hide painting as these children grew up to take the artistic mantle from their elders

11 """"= .:=; :.:: := in the passage is closest in meaning to

® rejected

® evaluated

Loolfat.tl;re , passage , agair ~

12 According to the passage, when did the conventions of hide painting begin to show white

influence?

o When Native Americans started to utilize the art products of white settlers

® When white settlers started to show commercial interest in hide paintings

© When Native American youths educated by whites began to take up hide painting

® When white settlers began to imitate the hide paintings of Native Americans

Paragraphs 2-3

Native North American hide painting takes on many forms and styles, as might be

expected of such a diverse region Yet, it is possible to identify three distinct traditions that seem to appear in nearly all tribal hide paintings The first is historical or biographical in

subject matter and most commonly appears on ceremonial robes This form of hide painting seems to have been almost exclusively the province of male artists It is highly informational in nature, and the aesthetic qualities of these hide paintings are of secondary importance a

Biographical and historical hide paintings record the fortunes, exploits, and hardships of a tribe

or individual In this way they are similar to the picture writing of other pre-literate cultures m

28 "

Another tradition in hide painting can be termed visionary painting [!J Visionary hide

paintings are mystical or religious in nature [!] They either tell of a visionary experience, or

are attempts to seek out such a supernatural connection Astrological motifs and

representations of animistic spirits are common in visionary hide painting Shields and tunics

are common mediums for visionary painting This may reflect an attempt to invoke the aid of

supernatural forces for protection and victory in battle Tepees also often bear visionary art

This may be seen once again as an attempt to procure supernatural protection for the

residents

13 Look at the four squares [.] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

passage

While the actions of the figures in these paintings are easily identified, the paintings

themselves show little sophistication

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [.] to add the sentence to the passage

Look at the , passage , again

14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below

Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important

ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express

ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is

worth 2 pOints

The painting of animal hides was a major form of artistic expression for Native North

American tribes

® Hide painting was a long and difficult process, so only people with a lot of free time did it

® Hide painting took three major forms, which were common to nearly all Native North

American tribes

@) Hide paintings varied in their purposes, artistic subject matter, and the objects onto which

they were painted

® White settlers tried to destroy Native American culture by teaching people improper

techniques of hide painting

CD Contact with white settlers inevitably had a Significant impact on both the technological and

stylistic aspects of hide painting

CD Hide paintings made by men were typically less sophisticated than those made by women

29

•

Sentence

Simplification

1 Chinese people toss raw fish to ensure business _ _ _ _ _ as a tradition during Chinese New Year

2 Some doctors say running, weight lifting, and other strenuous activities can _ _ _ _ _ a stroke or heart attack

3 Several hotels have been found to be in _ _ _ _ _ of law, as they illegally removed

parking facilities to build more guest rooms

4 Mike's company is on the verge of , with funds expected to run out by next

week

5 Bison use their big heads to clear away snow to for food

6 A UN official said Sudan should _ _ _ _ _ to the elimination of all forms of

discrimination against women

7 There is a Spanish proverb that says, "Knowledge without sense is a folly."

8 The city government may lose its _ _ _ _ _ status over telephone services due to

changes in economic policy

9 Environmentalists insist that every government should prohibit the use of genetically

_ _ _ _ _ seeds because of the environmental risk they pose

10 The film festival provides free downloads of films to movie fans in a way that _ _ _ _ _

the Hollywood system

31

~iew,

Sentence Simplification Questions

•

• Cau hOi xac dtnh cau gian 1uQ'C yeu cau b~ chQn cau

di~n giro co y nghia gfin v6i cau g6c trong b8.i dQc nhat

C a u tra 100 dUng S11 d~ng tu Vlplg va cau truc ngfr

phap khac d~ nh~c 1¢ y nghia trQng tam cua cau g6c

mot cach gian 1uQ'c hon

• Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential

information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

• Moi b8.i dQc co tu 0-1 cau hOi lo¢ nay

• Day 1a d~g cau hOi m6i xmlt hi$n trong ky thi

TOEFL iBT No doi hOi thi sinh phro n~ duQ'c cau t:;to

cua cau phUc; vi v~y, d6i v6i nhfrng till sinh thieu kien

thUc ngfr phap , d~g cau hOi nay duQ'C xem 1a d~g

cau hOi khO

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential

infonnation in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or

leave out essential infonnation

o Bodin's ideas, borrowed from Machiavelli, were

responsible for the claim that absolute monarchs were

divinities, an idea taken up by later political thinkers

o Bodin's ideas, stemming from those of Machiavelli, led to

the theories used to justify tyrannical kings, and

influenced later political thinkers

o Bodin's ideas were the same as those of Machiavelli

conceming the divine right of kings, and he influenced

later political thinkers

o Machiavelli's influence on Bodin and later political thinkers

is seen in the justification of the absolute monarchs of the

17'" century

32 "

was that even though a ruler must sometimes engage in ruthless behavior, he must also maintain an outward facade of virtue

Machiavelli's views have always been controversial The

Church immediately repudiated him and placed The Prince on its

list of banned books Despite this, knowledge of his works spread throughout Europe and sparked a heated debate that spawned the study we now know as political science Jean Bodin, a French political theorist around 50 years after Machiavelli, supported his views Bodin's ideas, heavi y influencedoy Machiavelli, led to the

theory of the divine rijjht of kln9s and its sul>sequent use to justifY the rule of absolute monarchs in lfie 17" century, and were

taken up b~later polifrcal ffilnkers as well In various forms, this line of thought has been used to justify various fonns of authoritarianism, form the dictatorship of Napoleon to the fascist governments of Italy and Germany during World War II

Giovanni Botero, however, strongly opposed Machiavelli's ideas He argued that the system of government Machiavelli

did not work In its that

1

2

Nfun Mt thOng tin trQng tam (essential information) trong ciiu duQ'c cho

Cau duQ'C cho thuOng co cau t~o phUc t~p va bao g&m nhi~u y tUOng (idea) Trong nhUng y

tUOng do, b~ phfu phan bi~t y tUOng nao 1a y tUOng chinh

ex) The wave model of light would lead you to predict that the brighter the light - that is, the

stronger, or more intense, the beam - the greater the force with which the electrons

would be dislodged

Trong ciiu tren, nhUng phan duqc g~ch duOi 1a thOng tin trQng tam D~ co tM doan duQ'c

thOng tin tr~mg tam, b~ phfu hi~u chinh xac nQi dung cua toan bQ bID dQc

Nfun Vling ky thu~t paraphrasing

paraphrasing ThOng thuOng Iva chQn tra 100 cho cau hOi lo~ nay co nQi dung duQ'C sAp

xep 1~ theo ky thu~t paraphrasing

<D SU d~g tu dong nghia (synonym)

ex) The Progressives were opposed to nuclear warfare of any kind

The Progressives were against the nuclear war

@ Dung cac cau trUc cau khac

ex) His great popular ity helped get him elected President in 1828

He was elected as President in 1828 thanks to his great popularity

3 LOl,\i suy cac I"a chQn tra 1m khong dUng

4

<D L1lll chQn tra lOi co thOng tin khac vOi cau duqc cho

Thong tin trong cae I~a chc;m tni 1m nay ho~c la sai I~ch so v&i nghia cua cau duQ'C cho ho~c la c6 cac

thOng tin khong dUQ'C n6i den trong cau duQ'C cho

@ Thit~u thOng tin trQng tam

Cac I~a chc;m tra 1m nay thieu mot trong nhling thOng tin trc;mg tam dUQ'C de c~p trong cau dUQ'C cho

L~a chon tra 1m dUng cho cau hOi xac <4nh cau gian luQ'C khong nhilt thiet phfu bao ham tat ca thOng

tin c6 trong cau dUQ'C cho, rna chi can nhfrng thOng tin trc;mg tam va thOng tin khong quan trong phfu

dUQ'C IUQ'C bOo Vi v~y, meu quan trong la b\ill phfu pharr bi~t dUQ'C thOng tin trong tam va thong tin

khong quan trong

Xlic d~nh cac gQ'i y thOng qua ml,\ch van tru&c va sau cliu duQ'c cho

Trong truOng hQ'P b~ khong niim Mt duQ'C Mt nghia cua cau duQ'C cho thi hay co hi~u nQi

dung cua no thOng qua ml;lch van iru&c va sau ChAng h;;tn, neu co dl;li tu trong cau duQ'C

cho thi b;;tn phfu xac dtnh xem d~ tu do thay tM cho tu nao Sau khi tim ra Iva chQn tra

100 thich hQ'P, b~ hay thU d~t Iva chQn do VaG \i tri cua cau duQ'C cho va dQc len xem no

co tv nhien, va phU hQ'P vOi m~ch van tru&c va sau khong

33

CO)

:c

"" -a

=

The Great Depression

The economic boom that the United States enjoyed after the

end of World War I ended in the 1920s with the Stock Market Crash

of 1929 During the years of business prosperity in the 1920s, the

value of stock on the New York stock market grew steadily 0 an

in

and borrow $90 When the stock rose to, say, $120, the buyer could

sell, pay back the borrowed $90 (with interest) and still pocket a

comfortable profit on the $10 investment

But what if stock prices dropped? If the share he/she bought

at $100 dropped to $80, the buyer not only lost the $10 investment

but could not pay back the full loan The buyer lost his/her

investment, the person from whom he/she borrowed lost and both

would be headed towards bankruptcy This is what happened in

October 1929 Stock prices dropped, and then individuals lost their

A recession began and by 1931, it had turned into America's worst

recession

A rise in interest rates in England, designed to attract investment

money away from Wall Street and to England, also had an effect as

34 " www.ibt t oefl co.kr

* prosperity: (n.) the situation of

being successful and having a lot

of money

• share: (n.) one of the equal parts

of a company that you can buy as

a way of investing money

" pocket: (v.) to get an amount of

* precipitate: (v.) to make something happen quickly

* unevenness: (n.) unfairness

1 Which of the sentences below best expresses 3 Which of the sentences below best expresses

® Based on the common belief in ® Wild speculation, overly high stock

continued rising stock value, stock prices, and the gap between the rich

purchase using borrowed money was and the poor all contributed to the

® By investing just a small amount of ® Unrealistic speculation precipitated by an

money on buying stocks, many people overheated economy was part of the

could make a large profit factors that brought about the recession

© When the stock prices rose, everyone © The stock market crash happened when

paid back the money they had borrowed the farmers, whose status was largely

to purchase a stock ignored, showed strong opposition

® Many people bought stocks on credit ® The stock market crash was quickened

because everyone believed it was a right as the overpriced stocks were unfairly

® There was a huge gap between the stock ® Those who started gambling to make

market and reality across the country money were the biggest cause of the

® The economic situation got more chaotic depression

as the stock prices became realistic ® People's desire to make quick money

® There was a sudden fall of the stock most strongly affected the depression

market as national chaos was spreading © One of the things people desired to do

® When stock value suddenly dropped, the was gamble with borrowed money

whole country fell into complete ® Psychology can best explain the reason

:.!.: BI,Ul phfu xac dtnh duQ'C y tu&ng nilO la tr9ng tam trong cac y t~o nen cau van Tru&c het, bl,Ul n e n

chia cau duQ'C cho ra thanh cac don Vi y nghia va t~p phan bi¢t cac don Vi quan tr9ng va cac don Vi

khong quan tr9ng Tham khao cau duQ'C cho a cau hOi 4

Perha s the most important factor was ps chological-a desire to et ric!! quick,

A which led to gambling with borrowed money, I which is one way of looking at buying "on margin."

Cau nay co tM dugc chia thanh 3 don Vi y nghia; xet ve muc dQ quan tr9ng thi A>B>C Vi v~y, A

chAc chAn phfu co trong h;ra ch9n tra lin dUng; B va C co tM co ho~c co tM khong nhung khong

tM bO A d~ thay the bAng B ho~c C dugc

• Thong tin sau dau noi H , trong cac vi dl,l (gi6i thi~u bang such as) ho~c m~nh d~ quan M Mt ddu bang which d ~ u

Iii thong tin khong quan tr<,mg doi v6i toan b(j cau dUQ'C cho

3S

c:::I :z: ,

"a -

::lIlI

Flowers

speaking, a modified leaf O ~_=:.~ = -=.:.:.:: _ =-=:.= :

The outermost parts of the flower are the sepals, which are

usually green and leaflike The sepals, collectively known as calyx,

enclose and protect the developing flower bud Next are the petals,

which together are called the corolla Petals may also be leaf

-shaped, but they are often brightly colored @ !:t iHSvert:lse tne

==:=.::=::.t As these animals forage for food, they are likely to

carry pollen from flower to flower Within the corolla are the

stamens Each stamen consists of a single elongated stalk, called

the filament, and at the end of the filament, the anther The pollen

parts of the flower are the carpels, which contain the female

gametophytes A single flower may have one carpel or several

carpels, which may be separate or fused together Typically a single

carpel or fused carpels consist of a stigma, which is the sticky

surface to which pollen grains adhere; a stalk, the style through

which the pollen tube grows; and a swollen base, the ovary Within

the ovary are one or more ovules, each of which encloses a female

gametophyte, or embryo sac, containing a single egg cell After the

egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary into a

fruit

A flower that contains both stamens and carpels is known as a

perfect flower In some species, the flowers are imperfect - that is,

they are either male (staminate) or female (carpellate) Male and

female flowers may be present on the same plant, as in corn,

squash, oaks and birches; such plants are said to be monoecious

rna

gardeners know, in order for a female holly plant to produce berries,

a male holly - which never produces berries - must be planted

" fuse: (v.) to join together

• adhere: (v.) to stick to something

• fertilize: (v.) to make new animal

or plant life develop

1 Which of the sentences below best expresses 3 Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in sentence O? the essential information in sentence e?

o The parts of a flower are arranged in a o A large number of the pollen grains are

circular pattern either at one level or at released from the ripe anther

® The spiral arrangement of the floral they go through holes in the anther

parts is a characteristic similar to © Mature pollen grains set themselves

petals, which circle around a long stalk apart from the anther

© The parts of a flower located in a spiral ® The anther becomes mature by

along a long stalk are called petals releasing a large number of pollen

elongated, so that similar parts can be

placed in a circular shape 4 Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in sentence O?

2 Which of the sentences below best expresses o The American mistletoe, the tree of

the essential information in sentence @? heaven, and holly are some of the

insects or other animals visit flowers ® Dioecious plant species are unisexual

dependent on flowers for food located in one plant, it is called

advertise their presence to insects ® Plants that only have flowers of one sex

® Petals function as a sign of the flower are called dioecious

for insects and other animals

:·i·: Dum day lil nhling tru<mg hQ'P di~n hinh ve cac l~a ch(;m tra 1m sai trong cau hOi xac dtnh cau gian

luge

o Thong tin trQng tam trong cau dtrQ'c cho b* lien ket sai

tri khac

ex) Ll!a chon tra liri B trong ciiu hOi 1, lila chon A trong cau hOi 2, ll!a chon A va D trong cau hOi 3

f) ThOng tin trong 1~ chQn tra 100 khong co trong cau dtrQ'c cho

ex) L1,la chon tnll<ri C va D trong cau hOi 1, lila chon B va C trong cau hOi 2, lila chon B trong cau hOi 3, ll!a chon

B va C trong cau hOi 4

@) L~a chQn tra 100 chi co thOng tin khong quan trQng, khong co thOng tin trQng tam

ex) Ll!a chon A trong cau hOi 4

The Cultural Variable

To understand how the schedule of wants and demands of a

given society is balanced against the supply of goods and services

at yam production among the Trobriand Islanders, who inhabit a

group of coral atolls that lie north of New Guinea's eastem end

Trobriand men spend a great deal of their time and energy raising

yams, not for themselves or their own families, but to give others,

nonnally their sisters and married daughters @ ~_ t! :a:u~~::.11

The reasons for a man to give yams to a woman are twofold: to

show his support for her husband and to enhance his own influence

variety of things, including armshells, shell necklaces and earrings,

betel nuts, pigs, chickens, and such locally produced goods as woolen

bowls, combs, floor mats, lime pots, or even magic spells Some he

must use to discharge obligations, as in the presentation of yams to

the relatives of his daughter's husband when she marries, or

payments that must be made following the death of a member of his

~Iii!l!!i!,ji As anthropologist Annette Weiner explains: "A yam house,

then, is like a bank account; when full, a man is wealthy and

powerful Until yams are cooked or they rot, they may circulate as

limited currency This is why, once harvested, the usage of yams for

daily food Is avoided as much as possible."

• variable: (n.) something that can change and affect the result of a situation

• inhabit: (v.) to live in a particular place

• twofold: (a.) consisting of two parts

lineage: (n.) the people in a family aspire: (v.) to want to achieve something or to be successful

• rot: (v.) to decay

• harvest: (v.l to collect a crop from the fields

1 Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in sentence O?

o Any explanation of economic processes

is impossible unless it is based on the

cultural demands that form social

conventions

® Economic processes can only be

understood by studying demands and

conventions from a cultural perspective

© Economic processes can be explained

by the mechanism of cultural demands,

but only if they are satisfied

® The conventions that determine how

and when demands are satisfied are

the most important factor in an

economic process

2 Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in sentence @?

o The purpose of yam production is to

replace the food from the garden that is

typically eaten by families

® People produce yams as a provision for

their households because they don't

have enough crops growing in gardens

© A provision of yam production is tha

the yams are given to family members

who have already eaten the food grown

in their garden

® Yam production does not aim to provide

food for the family, since most crops for

food are raised in gardens

3 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in sentence e?

o Men force their wives to receive the yams because the storage of yams stands for power in the community

® The woman's act of giving the yams to her husband means that she hands the power over to him

© Once the woman's yams are stored in her husband's yam house, they influence the community

® A man's yam storage, added to by his wife's gains, indicates his power and influence

4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in sentence O?

o The arranging of a yam competition is a necessary step to follow for an

ambitious man to achieve his goal

® A man's aspirations are shown through

a yam competition that distributes a great deal of yams to the guests

© If a man holds a yam competition through which he shares his yams with the whole community, he can obtain a high status

® When an aspiring man gains power in the community, he must arrange a yam competition

:+: Lien ttl dong vai tro quan trong trong vi~e lien ket eae y tUOng trong diu van Neu khong hi~u y

nghia eua lien ttl, b~ se khong tM hi~u thau dao y nghia eua toim b(l eau van Vi vfJ-y, b~ dn

phru M thOng eae lien ttl eo y nghia giong nhau l~ d~ d~ hoe tfJ-p Can d~e bi~t luu y den eae lien

tu dUQ'C g~eh duOi trong cae nhom sau:

• Lien til (nen ta mOi quan M doi l~p: but (an~t however, (al)though, while, whereas, even though , even if

• Lien til dien ta mOi quan M nguyen nhan-ket qua: so, because , since, as, now that therefore

• Lien tu dien ta mOi quan M (lieu ki~n, gia c4nh: if, only if, when, given (that), provided (that), once, unless

39

Choose one answer choice that best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in each paragraph

A The American economic system had worked for Hoover, and he was committed to preserving that system as he knew it He had explained his views on the American system and "rugged individualism" during the 1928 campaign, saying the system demanded

"economic justice as well as political and social justice" and was "no system of laissez-faire."

e I

® He blamed liberalism for the predominant belief in economic freedom, for it can leave political freedom underestimated

® He praised liberalism, saying that it is obtained when the importance of economic

freedom is properly recognized

® He believed that a force of the spirit comes from economic freedom, not from political

freedom

B The accumulating evidence indicates that acid rain is one of the most serious worldwide

c

pollution problems confronting us today The potential consequences of its effects on

biological systems are immense: lowered crop yields, decreased timber production, the need for greater amounts of increasingly expensive fertilizer to compensate for nutrient leaking,

the loss of important freshwater fishing areas, and, pOSSibly, of the eastem forests as well

rain

® Both neglecting acid rain and trying to stop it cost a large amount of money

® The potential costs of letting acid rain continue exceed the costs needed to end the problem

® Although it costs a lot of money to prevent acid rain, the costs caused by the problem are much greater

Conversely, they may find Asian music unappealing, because it separates tones from one another

differently from Westem music In the fixed set of tones (or scale) on which Westem music is based, each tone is separated from its nearest neighbor according to how many more or fewer vibrations it comprises Divided from one another in this way, the tones on which Westem music is based make up an octave, a set of eight primary tones To the Westem ear, music based on the octave sounds "correct" and pleasing

40 "

o

E

® Westerners prefer Western music because it has been incorporated into the process of

culture formation which happens in their early age

® Most Westerners are attracted to Western music because they are familiar with their

own music, which is part of Western culture

© The culture formation process in one's early age permanently determines the musical

preference

marine biologists categorize communities according to where and how the organisms live

Perhaps the simplest classification relates to the lifestyle of the organism: whether it lives on

the bottom or up in the water column Benthic organisms, or the benthos, are those that live

on or buried in the bottom Some benthic organisms are sessile, or attached to one place;

others move around Pelagic organisms, on the other hand, live up in the water column, away

from the bottom

® Because of different conditions in each harbor, there exist various communities in the

ocean environment

® There are various kinds of marine communities in different parts of the ocean according

to the local physical and chemical conditions

© The distinctive characteristics of marine communities have been noted because of their

physical and chemical conditions

early 19'" century, they encountered resistance from the Native Americans, who were

alarmed at the advance of the newcomers ~mgjlii::A'filifigimi:n~Q!jI!YJ[Iii~~~Hi

the Native Americans became addicted in large numbers to liquor provided by traders The

valley Alcohol abuse and illness added to the natives' ordeal of seeing their lands and

hunting grounds seized

® European-Americans took advantage of the natives by using their land and getting them

addicted to alcohol

® European-Americans brought diseases and alcoholism to Native Americans, which

caused a decrease in their population

© European-Americans forced the natives to leave their land and reduced their numbers

through disease and alcoholism

~ 41

C") :c

"

-.:I

:;,:,

In 1773, the only duty remaining from the Townsend Acts, that was established to

raise revenue in the colonies, was the tax on tea North's scheme was a clever contrivance

company, parliament decided to drop the tax on tea paid in England but kept the import tax on

tea in the colonies Under the Tea Act of 1773, the government would refund the British duty

of twelve pence per pound on all that was shipped to the colonies and collect only the existing

threepence duty payable at the colonial port By this arrangement colonists could get tea more

cheaply than English buyers could North's clever plan misfired when he allowed the company

to sell tea directly to retailers, bypassing the wholesalers, at a set price rather than at public

auction

auction to set the price of tea, the company had in essence been given a monopoly Reaction

was immediate In December 1773, when the Governor of Massachusetts refused to send

recently arrived tea ships back to England, men dressed as Indians boarded the ships and

dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor

The English in turn reacted strongly with a series of Coercive Acts These were referred

their "Tea Party." One act, the Boston Port Bill, closed the port of Boston by forbidding the

unloading of all ships in the harbor The Quebec Act set up a permanent, highly centralized

believed the Quebec Act threatened their claim to "no taxation without representation." The

stage was set for further action to unite the colonies

42

1 ." ".,._ in the passage is closest in meaning to

(£;) removed

© damaged

® widened

® wasted

2 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

(£;) Lord North had promised to support the colonies, but he soon took the side of England,

which led to greater resentment among the colonists more than ever before

® Although Lord North had promised to improve the worsening relationship between the

colonies and England, his actions caused more resentment among the colonists

© As Lord North had promised to recover the breach between the colonists and the mother country, the colonists began to realize that it was time to withdraw their anger

® Lord North wanted to stop the antagonism between the colonies and the mother country, so

he took measures to chill the strong resentment among the colonists

5 What can be inferred about the East India Company?

(£;) It had a great deal of political influence

® It was going bankrupt due to poor management

© It failed to turn tea export into a profitable business

® It had lost much of its business to colonial competitors

6 According to the passage, Lord North had miscalculated in

(£;) believing that he could save the East India Company

® assuming that he could satiSfy colonists with cheap prices

© assuming that he could tighten control over the colonies

® assuming that he could raise revenues in the colonies

43

I Machiavelli and the Origins of Political Science

1 Political sCience, the rational analysis of systems of government, their organization,

2

stability and order were more important than moral considerations It was therefore justifiable for a ruler to use any means necessary to gain and maintain the power necessary to establish

=~~." by traditional notions of morality and virtue This gave rise to the famous quote "The ends justify the means." It is doubtful that Machiavelli ever actually uttered these words, but they sum up his views

accurately

3 In his greatest work, The Prince, Machiavelli outlines the methods which a ruler should employ to gain and maintain power by identifying the qualities an effective ruler must possess First a ruler must be willing to learn from and imitate the great rulers of the past When Machiavelli spoke of the great rulers of the past, he mostly meant the great Roman emperors, whom he admired for their cunning and often ruthless application of power Second a ruler must be able to justify his rule to the public Machiavelli claimed that no ruler could achieve power and maintain stability unless the public saw that they were better off with him than without him A ruler also had to be a devoted student of the art of war Machiavelli saw warfare as an essential element of statecraft, and believed that the ruler who had no skill in war was doomed Machiavelli also claimed that a ruler must be willing to cast away thoughts of morality and do whatever necessary to hold on to power, including resorting to murder, corruption, and torture Finally, Machiavelli claimed that a ruler must never be hated This may seem hard to uare with his advice regarding murder and torture, but what Machiavelli meant was that even though a ruler must sometimes engage in ruthless behavior, he must also maintain an outward facade of virtue

4 Machiavelli's views have always been controversial The Church immediately re uCiia

him and placed The Prince on its list of banned books Despite this, knowledge of his works spread throughout Europe and sparked a heated debate that spawned the study we now know

"., ""'- ~ , a French political theorist around SO years after Machiavelli,

theory has been used to justify various forms of authoritarianism, from the dictatorship of Napoleon to the fascist governments of Italy and Germany during World War II m

5 Gio.v n , however, strongly opposed Machiavelli's ideas He argued that the

44 "