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The complete guide to the toefl IBT reading part 13

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13 0f39 The word’ in the passage is closest in meaning to © logically © generally © amazingly © naturally

140f39 In paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the prob- lems with fluorescent lights?

© The need to replace them often © An annoying sound

© The harsh quality of the light they produce © Their tendency to flicker a ee = ° wa a

150f39 According to the passage, a red LED is different from a green LED because it © is made from different materials

© uses a different amount of energy © uses a red plastic filter, not a green one © produces less heat

16 0f39 The word #fiéy in the passage refers to © white-light-emitting diodes © digital clocks, calculators, toys, and similar devices © engineers © red, orange, and green LEDs 17of39 Inparagraph 5, what achievement of Shuji Nakamura does the author mention?

© He discovered the chemical compound gallium nitride © He invented the first WLED

© He found a way to combine blue, green, and yellow LED light © He developed a bright blue LED

18 0f39 It can be inferred from the passage that the most recently developed type of LED is a powerful © red LED © white LED © blue LED © green LED

19 of39 In paragraph 5, the author compares one type of WLED with fluorescent light because they both

© use ultraviolet light © are filled with gas

© employ a chemical coating

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182 Section 1 Guide to Reading 20 of 39 21 of 39 22 of 39 23 of 39 24 of 39 25 of 39

From the information in paragraph 5, it is clear that WLEDs could be used in homes today if they were

©) not so expensive © easier to install

© twice as efficient as incandescent lights © available in various colors

The author gives details about the use of kerosene lights in paragraph 6 in order to

©) explain why people in developing countries prefer kerosene to electrical light

© show the problems and dangers associated with this form of lighting © give an example of a type of lighting that is not as important as it once was ©) demonstrate that kerosene is brighter and easier to use than WLEDs According to the information in paragraph 6, the electricity to power WLEDs in rural villages would come directly from

© the energy of the sun © batteries

© water power

© ahuman-powered generator

Savas senate teramienne

The word conve il in the passage is closest in meaning to © inexpensive © powerful © standard © experimental What opinion about cell phones in the developing world does the author express in paragraph 62

©) They are an important form of communication, but are still too expensive for many people

©) They are a much more important technological development than LEDs ©) They are not as useful as phones that use land lines

©) They have changed communication in the way LEDs may change lighting Look at the four squares [ll] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

But 95% of the energy goes to produce heat and is basically wasted At the end of the 1800’s, Thomas Edison introduced the incandescent light bulb

and changed the world Remarkably, the incandescent bulb used today has changed little in over a hundred years ml A glass bulb is filled with an inert gas such as argon Inside the bulb, electricity passes through a metal filament Because of resistance, the filament becomes so hot that it glows ll Given that 20% of the world’s electricity is used to power lights, this is an enormous amount of wasted energy Hl

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26 0f39 DirEcTIONS: Below is an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage Complete the summary by writing the letters of three of the answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage Some of the answer choices are incorrect because they express ideas that are not given in the passage or because they express only details from the passage

Incandescent lights and fluorescent lights are two common types of light- ing, but incandescents are wasteful and fluorescents are not popular for pe) home use = = z (ep) e e

Answer Choices D LEDs are much more efficient ¬

A There are two ways to create WLEDs, than incandescent lights but but neither type is commonly used not as efficient as fluorescent

in homes at present lights

B An entire rural village can be litwith £, The greatest impact of LEDs

LEDs using no more energy than a will probably be in rural areas

100-watt bulb of the developing world

C Color LEDs are in use today, and E LEDs, arelatively new form

white LEDs may be used to light of lighting, are efficient and

homes in the near future produce a pleasant light

The Impressionists

1 In April 1870, an art exhibit opened in Paris featuring famous and priceless works of art However, at the time, no one knew that these paintings would one day be considered masterpieces The paintings and the painters were Vi

unknown at the time and would remain that way for several years

2 In the nineteenth century, French art was dominated by the Academy of Fine Arts Every year the academy held an art show called Le Salon In 1863, the Academy rejected one of the paintings of Edouard Manet Manet and a group of other independent artists organized their own show, which they called Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Rejected), which opened on April 15, 1874 A newspa- per critic named Louis Leroy visited the gallery and was not pleased with what he saw One painting of boats in a harbor at dawn by Claude Monet particularly enraged him It was called Impression: Sunset Leroy wrote that this piece, and in fact most of the pieces in the show, looked like “impressions”—a term for a pre-

liminary, unfinished sketch made before a painting is done Leroy’s newspaper review was jokingly called “The Exhibition of the Impressionists.” Within a few y Leroy’s review, the term Impressionists had clearly stuck, not as a term of

@eHsi6A but as a badge of honor, and a new movement was born

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184 Section 1 Guide to Reading

3

The Impressionist movement included the French painters Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Paul Cezanne, and the American painter Mary Cassatt The techniques and standards employed within the Impressionist movement varied widely, and though the artists shared a core of values, the real glue which bound the movement together was its spirit of rebellion and independence

This spirit is clear when you compare Impressionist paintings with traditional French paintings of the time Traditional painters tended to paint rather serious scenes from history and mythology Many Impressionist paintings feature pleasant scenes of urban life, celebrating the leisure time that the Industrial Revolution had won for the middle class, as shown in Renoir’s luminous painting Luncheon of the Boating Party In that famous painting, the sun filters through the orange-striped awning, bathing everything and everyone at the party in its warm light Renoir once said that paintings should be “ likable, joyous, and pretty.” He said, “There are enough unpleasant things in this world We don’t have to paint them as well.” It is this joy of life that makes Renoir’s paintings so distinctive

The Impressionists delighted in painting landscapes (except for Edgar Degas, who preferred painting indoor scenes, and Mary Cassatt, who mainly painted portraits of mothers and children) Traditional painters, too, painted landscapes, but their landscapes tended to be somber and dark The Impressionists’ land- scapes sparkle with light Impressionists insisted that their works be “true to nature.” When they painted landscapes, they carried their paints and canvases outdoors in order to capture the ever-changing light Traditional painters gener- ally made preliminary sketches outside but worked on the paintings themselves in their studios

“Classic” Impressionist paintings are often easy to

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27 of 39 28 of 39 29 of 39 30 of 39 31 of 39

What point does the author make about the art show that opened on April 15, 1874, at the Salon des Refusés in Paris?

© It was more popular with visitors and critics than the official show called “Le Salon.”

© It made the painters and paintings shown there instantly successful

© Its organizers refused to allow Edouard Manet to display his paintings there © It featured famous paintings and painters before they became well known The word © almost © infinitely © seemingly © forever in the passage is closest in meaning to the word wv m eS s 2 le,

According to the author, Louis Leroy used the term “Impressionists” because © he understood that these artists did not carefully study their subjects,

but only got a quick impression of what they painted

© he thought that Monet's painting, and all of the paintings at the show, looked like unfinished drawings

© he believed that giving these artists a group name would help them become famous © he thought that the painting Impression: Sunset was the best painting at the show The word © ridicule © sincerity ©) respect © sorrow

in the passage is closest in meaning to

Which of the following sentences best expresses the essential information in the sentence below? (Incorrect answer choices omit important information or change the meaning of the original sentence in an important way.)

The techniques and standards employed within the Impressionist movement varied widely, and though the artists shared a core of values, the real glue which bound the movement together was its spirit of rebellion and independence

© The core of values shared by the Impressionists was the most important connection between them

© Although there were artistic differences among the Impressionists, they were united by an independent spirit and shared values

© At first the Impressionist movement was held together by a shared set of techniques and standards, but in time they rebelled against these core values

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186 Section 1 Guide to Reading 32 of 39 33 of 39 34 of 39 35 of 39 36 of 39 37 of 39 Renoir’s painting Luncheon of the Boating Party is given in paragraph 4 as an example of © an industrial scene

© astudy of some urban buildings

© a picture of people enjoying their leisure time © a traditional French painting

According to the information in paragraph 5, what did the painters Edgar Degas and Mary Cassatt have in common?

© They both painted portraits of children and mothers © Neither of them was originally from France

©) Neither of them was primarily interested in landscapes ©) They both preferred painting unpleasant scenes

According to paragraph 5, when traditional painters worked on landscape paintings, they

© studied the ever-changing light

© did not make any preliminary sketches ©) never left their studios

© sketched outdoors but painted indoors

It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 that in the author's view, the first “rule” of Impressionism

© was not really a rule at all

©) was the most important rule of all © led Impressionists to mix their colors © lasted longer than other rules The word © paint © identify © admire © ignore

n paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

The phrase ole in the passage refers to © an artist

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38 of 39

39 of 39

Look at the four squares [lM] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

This play of light can be seen in Claude Monet's paintings Water Lilies, Green Harmony, and The Bridge at Argenteuil

The Impressionists delighted in painting landscapes (except for Edgar Degas, who preferred painting indoor scenes, and Mary Cassatt, who painted portraits of mothers and children) M Traditional painters, too, painted landscapes, but their landscapes tended to be somber and dark m The Impressionists’ land- scapes sparkle with light m Impressionists insisted that their works be “true to nature.” m When they painted landscapes, they carried their paints and canvases outdoors in order to capture the ever-changing light Traditional painters generally made preliminary sketches outside but worked on the paintings themselves in their studios

Circle the square [Mi] that indicates the best place to add the sentence

Directions: Select phrases from the answer choices and match them to the cat- egory to which they relate Two answer choices will not be used This question is worth 4 points

Answer Choices Impressionist Painters

A Their classic pieces are very distinctive because of the methods they used to create them

B They often painted serious scenes from history and mythology

C Their works were considered unusual at the time

but are prized today Traditional Painters

D They used darker colors when painting landscapes.| ® E They celebrated middle-class people enjoying their] ¢

leisure time °

They seldom completely finished their paintings They concentrated on details

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READING TUTORIAL: VOCABULARY BUILDING

This section of the text provides synonyms for more than 500 words, together with practice exercises designed to improve your ability to use context to choose the word that best fits into a sentence

VOCABULARY EXERCISE 1

188

abandon uv desert, leave behind able adj capable, qualified, fit abolish v end, eliminate

abrupt adj sudden, hasty, unexpected

acclaim v applaud, praise, honor; n applause, praise, honor accommodating adj helpful, welcoming, cooperative acrid adj bitter, sharp, biting

adapt v adjust, modify adept adj skillful, expert adhere v stick, cling

admonish v warn, caution, advise adorn v decorate, ornament advent n coming, arrival

adverse adj hostile, negative, contrary

affluent adj rich, wealthy, prosperous, well-to-do, thriving aggravate v (1) annoy, irritate; (2) intensify, worsen

aggregate adj entire, total, combined agile adj graceful, nimble, lively ailment n sickness, illness, disease allot v divide, distribute

amazing adj astonishing, astounding, surprising, startling amiable adj agreeable, congenial, pleasant, friendly anticipate v foresee, expect, predict

anxious adj (1) worried, nervous, apprehensive; (2) eager, avid appraise v evaluate, estimate, assess

apt adj (1) appropriate, suitable, correct, relevant, proper; (2) likely, prone arduous adj difficult, strenuous, exhausting

arid adj dry, barren

aroma n fragrance, smell, odor, scent

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astute adj intelligent, clever, perceptive attain v accomplish, achieve

augment v supplement, increase, strengthen, expand austere adj strict, harsh, severe, stern

authentic adj genuine, true

averse adj opposed to, against, hostile to aversion n dislike, hostility, fear

awkward adj clumsy

Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences The first one is done for you as an example

1

10

Scholarships allow some students from less

Penicillin can have an A _ effect on a person who is allergic to it

(A) adverse (B) anxious (C) awkward

Burning rubber produces an _ smoke

(A) adept (B) arid (C) acrid

Rationing isasystem for _ scarce resources

(A) allotting (B) adapting (C) appraising Anthrax is generally an _ of sheep and cattle, but it can also be

transmitted to humans

(A) ailment (B) aroma (C) aversion

Lawrence Gilman is admired for his _, scholarly musical criticism

(A) austere (B) astute (C) abrupt

Mountain climbing isan _ sport

(A) austere (B) arduous (C) anxious

Turtles _ their eggs after they lay them and never see their young

(A) abandon (B) appraise (C) adorn

families to attend college (A) artificial (B) affluent (C) amiable

Jewelers are sometimes asked to jewelry for insurance purposes

(A) attain (B) abandon (C) appraise

Acrobats must be extremely

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190 Section 1 Guide to Reading 11 12 13 14 15 16 VOCABULARY

Southern Arizona has an climate

(A) arid (B) astute (C) acrid

A person suffering from claustrophobia has an to confined spaces

(A) ailment (B) aversion (C) acclaim

Perhaps the most evolutionary development in penguins is a gland that can remove salt from seawater

(A) arid (B) astonishing (C) amiable

Readers in the eighteenth century found Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense extremely persuasive, in part because it contained many

quotations

(A) apt (B) anxious (C) awkward

Some lakes are natural, but others are , formed by damming rivers or streams

(A) acrid (B) aggregate (C) artificial

I was told that the librarians here were not very helpful, but I found them quite (A) accommodating (B) averse (C) austere

EXERCISE 2

baffle v confuse, puzzle, mystify balmy adj mild, warm

ban v prohibit, forbid

bar v prevent, obstruct, block

barren adj sterile, unproductive, bleak, lifeless barter v trade, exchange

beckon v summon, call, signal belligerent adj hostile, aggressive

beneficial adj helpful, useful, advantageous benevolent adj benign, kind, compassionate, good bias n prejudice

blanched adj whitened, bleached, pale bland adj mild, tasteless, dull

blatant adj flagrant, obvious, overt

blend v mix, mingle, combine; n mixture, combination bloom v blossom, flower, flourish

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blunt adj (1) unsharpened, dull; (2) rude, abrupt, curt blurry adj unfocused, unclear, indistinct

bold adj brave, courageous

bolster v support, sustain, boost, buttress bond v join, connect; n tie, link, connection

boom v expand, prosper; n expansion, prosperity, growth brace v support, reinforce

brilliant adj (1) bright, shiny, radiant, dazzling; (2) talented, gifted, intelligent 28, m = = Zz a brisk adj (1) lively, quick, vigorous; (2) cool, chilly, invigorating

brittle adj fragile, breakable, weak bulky adj huge, large, clumsy

bully v torment, bother, force others to do things; n a person who torments others

buttress v support, bolster, boost

Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences

1 Many flowers in the spring

(A) blend (B) brace (C) bloom

2 The Virgin Islands, located in the Caribbean, have a climate

(A) blurry (B) brittle (C) balmy

3 Before currency came into use, people used the system

(A) barter (B) blunder (C) bias

4 The airline It sent me to Atlanta but my luggage to Montreal

(A) buttressed (B) baffled (C) blundered

5 People with ulcers should eat foods

(A) bold (B) bland (C) bulky

6 Steel is not as as cast iron; it doesn't break as easily

(A) brisk (B) brittle (C) brilliant

7 At one time, the city of Boston Walt Whitman’s poetry because it was con- sidered immoral

(A) banned (B) boomed (C) braced

8 Many people think of deserts as regions, but many species of plants and animals have adapted to life there

(A) bland (B) barren (C) balmy

9 An autocratic ruler who serves his people well is sometimes called a dictator

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192 Section 1 Guide to Reading

10 If you this little photo of the team, you will be able to see the players’ faces more clearly

(A) bloom (B) boom (C) blow up

11 Robert Goddard was a pioneer in the field of rocketry

(A) brilliant (B) balmy (C) brisk

12 I enjoy taking walks on autumn mornings

(A) barren (B) brisk (C) blurry

13 The victim was apparently struck by a club or some other object

(A) bland (B) brittle (C) blunt

14 Some geese are , attacking anyone who comes near them (A) beneficial (B) biased (C) belligerent

15 The glass factories of Toledo, Ohio, after Michael Owens invented a process that could turn out bottles by the thousands

(A) barred (B) bolstered (C) boomed

VOCABULARY EXERCISE 3

calamity n disaster, catastrophe candid adj honest, truthful, realistic

capable adj competent, able, efficient, skillful carve v cut, sculpt, slice

casual adj (1) informal, relaxed; (2) accidental, chance categorize v classify, sort

caustic adj biting, harsh, sarcastic cautious adj careful, alert, prudent

celebrated adj distinguished, famous, prominent charming adj delightful, lovely, attractive

cherish v appreciate, esteem, treasure

choice n selection, option; adj exceptional, superior cite v quote, mention, refer to, list

clash v argue, dispute, quarrel; n argument, conflict, dispute

classify v categorize

clever adj smart, sharp, witty, bright cling v stick, adhere, hold

clog v block, obstruct clumsy adj awkward, inept

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coax U persuade, urge

colossal adj huge, enormous, gigantic commence v begin, initiate, start commerce 7 trade, business

commodity n product, good, merchandise compel v force, require, coerce

competent adj adept, skillful, capable, able

DireEcTIoNs: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences

1

10

11

The Red Cross and the Red Crescent provide relief in case of such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes

(A) clashes (B) commodities (C) calamities Spoken language is generally more than written language

(A) casual (B) capable (C) cautious

When writing research papers, writers must the sources they use

(A) coax (B) cite (C) clog

Monkeys are as primates

(A) compelled (B) classified (C) cherished remarks can offend people

(A) Charming (B) Caustic (C) Clever

Sculptors use hammers and chisels to statues from stone

(A) cherish (B) compel (C) carve

The Space Age in October, 1957, when Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, was launched by the Soviet Union

(A) commenced (B) coaxed (C) cited

Workers must be very when dealing with toxic substances

(A) caustic (B) clumsy (C) cautious

Some fruit such as grapes grow in

(A) clashes (B) choices (C) clusters

Microorganisms on the surface of separate particles of soil together, making the particles themselves cohere

(A) cling (B) clash (C) compel

With the growth of international , the economies of the world have become more interdependent

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194 Section 1 Guide to Reading

12 The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., features a statue of the six- teenth president created by Daniel Chester French

(A) colossal (B) caustic (C) casual

13 Corn, cotton, sugar, and many other goods are bought and sold in markets

(A) choice (B) commerce (C) commodity

14 Artists of the so-called “Ashcan School” of art portrayed their subjects in a fashion that concealed none of their flaws

(A) candid (B) choice (C) charming

15 Water hyacinths grow so profusely that they may waterways

(A) clog (B) cling (C) carve

16 The police detectives searched the scene of the crime looking for

(A) clashes (B) clues (C) clusters

VOCABULARY EXERCISE 4

complement v supplement, complete; n supplement, addition compliment v praise, flatter, commend; n praise, flattery comprehensive adj complete, thorough, exhaustive compulsory adj necessary, obligatory, mandatory concede v admit, acknowledge, recognize

concise adj brief, short, abbreviated concrete adj tangible, specific, real

conflict n (1) disagreement, argument; (2) battle, war congregate v assemble, gather

conspicuous adj noticeable, obvious, prominent constant adj continuous, steady

contemplate v think about, ponder, speculate controversial adj disputable, debatable convenient adj accessible, available, handy conventional adj standard, ordinary, normal cope with v deal with, manage, handle copious adj abundant, ample, plentiful cordial adj congenial, warm, friendly

cosmopolitan adj (1) sophisticated, worldly, urbane, well traveled; (2) interna- tional, worldwide, universal

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cozy adj (1) comfortable, warm; (2) friendly, intimate, close crave v desire, long for, hope for

craving n desire, need,

craze n fad, popular (but short-lived) fashion

critical adj (1) unfavorable, fault-finding, disapproving; (2) important, crucial, vital, key; (3) serious, grave, dangerous; (4) analytical, judgmental

crooked adj (1) curved, twisted, zigzag; (2) dishonest, corrupt crucial adj critical, decisive, key

crude adj (1) rude, impolite, vulgar; (2) unprocessed, raw, unrefined cruel adj brutal, vicious, ruthless

cryptic adj secret, mysterious curb 1 restrict, limit, control

curious adj (1) inquisitive, fascinated; (2) odd, strange, unusual curt adj abrupt, blunt, impolite

DirEcTIONS: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences

1 The use of seat belts is in many states; failure to wear them may result in fines

(A) constant (B) cruel (C) compulsory

Every summer, black bears from all over southern Alaska along the McNeil River to fish for salmon

(A) crave (B) curb (C) congregate

An abstract is a form of an academic article Many journals publish abstracts so readers can decide if it is worthwhile to read the full version of the article

(A) concise (B) comprehensive (C) concrete

Before 1754, Britain and the North American colonies had a relationship, but after that, their relationship became strained

(A) conspicuous (B) cozy (C) curt

Automated teller machines provide a means of banking twenty-four hours a day

(A) cordial (B) crooked (C) convenient

Lombard Street in San Francisco, which zigzags up Nob Hill, is known as the world’s most street

(A) controversial (B) crooked (C) cryptic

Alice had such a strong for her favorite kind of ice cream that she drove across town at rush hour to get some

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