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Religion Every one in the United Kingdom has a legal right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion Religious organizations and groups may conduct their rites and ceremonies; promote their beliefs within the limits of the law, own property, and run schools and range others activities I Catholic ( Trần Thị Mỹ Hạnh) The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with more than one billion members worldwide It is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilization The Catholic hierarchy is led by the Pope and includes cardinals, patriarchs and diocesan bishops The Church teaches that it is the one true Church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles and that the Pope is the sole successor to Saint Peter Catholic churches in the UK are run by the Pope Diocesan bishop is appointed by the Pope and governs according to Canon Law and through reference to a Council of Priests, a College of Consulters, a Finance Committee and a Pastoral Council The Roman Catholic Church has separate national organizations for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Ireland, which means there is no single hierarchy for Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church with around five million members, mainly in England There is however a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain, presently Archbishop Antonio Mennini The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotland's second largest Christian church, representing a sixth of the population The Apostolic Nuncio to the island of Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland) is Giuseppe Leanza Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and not belong to the Roman Catholic dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome Diocesan bishop is appointed by the Pope and governs according to Canon Law and through reference to a Council of Priests, a College of Consulters, a Finance Committee and a Pastoral Council There are 30 territorial Catholic dioceses in England, Wales and Scotland Northern Ireland is covered by dioceses The Pope of the Catholic Church now is Benedict XVI II Christian (Trần Thị Mỹ Hạnh) • Christianity,a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament • Chirstian consists of many denominations such as the Anglican and the Catholic Churches and some “Free Churches” • There are some denominations of Christian in the UK, they are: Methodists: Traditionally, Methodism was particularly prominent in Cornwall and (in its Calvinistic form) in Wales, both regions noted for their non-conformism and distrust of the Church of England It was also very strong in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, where the Methodists stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God British Methodism does not have bishops; however, it has always been characterized by a strong central organization, the Connexion, which holds an annual Conference (note that the Church retains the 18th century spelling "connexion" for many purposes) The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of a Chairman (who may be male or female) Methodist districts often correspond approximately, in geographical terms, to counties – as Church of England dioceses Baptists: In 1612, Thomas Helwys established a Baptist congregation in London, consisting of congregants from Smyth's church A number of other Baptist churches sprang up, and they became known as the General Baptists The Particular Baptists were established when a group of Calvinist Separatists adopted believers’ Baptism Presbyterians: Presbyterian is a branch of Protestant Christianity Presbyterianism originated primarily in Scotland Scotland ensured Presbyterian "church government" in the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain The United Reformed Church: The United Reformed Church (URC), a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches, consists of about 1,500 congregations in England, Scotland and Wales There are about 600 Congregational churches in the UK In England there are three main groups, the Congregational Federation, the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches, or are unaffiliated In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists, most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents Did you know? Protestant: is a member of any of the Christian groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 16th century or of the branches formed later Protestant Churches usually have simpler ceremonies than Roman Catholic Churches, with more emphasis on preaching (teaching about religion) and the authority of the Bible Most Christian in the US and Britain are Protestants, and the Church of England and the Church of Scotland are Protestant Church III Anglican (Nguyễn Thị Thảo Nhi) • THE ANGLICAN CHURCH is often referred to as the Church of England - that's because the roots of the Anglican Communion are in the British Isles In the UK, the Church of England is the established church It is also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion • History: The Church of England was established in 1534 when King Henry VIII broke away from the Church of Rome, and Parliament in London named him a Supreme Head of the Anglican Church Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon and to marry Anne Boleyn Henry didn't originally plan to break with the authority of the Pope Henry assumed that the Pope would readily grant him the annulment When the Pope, after keeping Henry waiting on an answer for almost six years, refused to approve of the divorce, Henry was forced into action After secretly marring Anne, Henry had the newly proclaimed Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cramner, announce his marriage to Katherine of Aragon was null and void, the children (Mary I) illegitimate Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn was declared true and the children of the match legitimate King Henry was also a socialist and detested the corrupt and superstitious ways of the Catholic Church during the 1500s There were many barbaric rituals that he (and Anne) felt had no place in the world of religion, such as learning all prayers in Latin, or superstitious beliefs such as "holy saint's blood" - which was actually goats blood refilled regularly by the monks having healing properties Henry wanted to convert the monasteries and other Catholic establishments into places that served the population - schools, hospitals, etc The Catholic Church was also very wealthy, with lands and treasures which Henry seized and used to fill the English treasuries, as England was in debt at the time A different reason is because Henry wanted the power so he set up a church he could rule himself the Church of England • In 1553, Mary became Queen of England and made Catholicism the state religion again Many Protestants were cruelly treated and even burnt at the stake • When Elizabeth, Mary’s half sister was crowned Queen of England in 1558, she became Head of Anglican Church Queen Elizabeth I established the autonomy of the Church of England The Church permitted the clergy to get married and ordered the reading of the Book of Common Prayer The Church of England: The Archbishop of Canterbury is Diocesan Bishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and leader of the Anglican Communion The Archbishop’s Council: the centre of an administrative system dealing with inter-Church relations, inter-faith relations, social questions, recruitment and training for the ministry, and missionary work General Synod: the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York are in charge of the Synod, which is responsible for important decisions affecting the Church, such as educational policy, choosing the clergy and the care of church buildings The Queen on the advices of the Prime Minister chooses the Archbishops and bishops of the Church of England The Church of England does not receive the money from the government, but it plays an important role in the national life of Britain This role can be seen in the following ways: Britain’s monarch must always be the member of the Church of England, and the two Archbishops and the 24 senior bishops have seats in the House of Lords and are present at all important state ceremonies The Church in Wales: - The Church in Wales is Welsh branch of the Church of England It became the main Welsh Church in the 16th century, although in the 18th and 19th centuries the majority of people in Wales left it and joined Nonconformist Churches such as the Methodists and the Baptists The Church in Wales now a disestablished church that means the British king or queen is no longer its Supreme Governor and it has no connections with the British State The Church of Ireland: - The Church of Ireland is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion which has 70 million members in 164 countries It is a Catholic and Reformed church The Church of Ireland is able to trace its roots to the earliest days of Irish Christianity It is a church with three orders of sacred ministry – Bishops, Priests and Deacons It has services which follow an accepted liturgical form and structure The Scottish Episcopal Church: - The Scottish Episcopal Church is a welcoming and inclusive Church that traces its history back to the beginnings of Christianity in Scotland We are part of the world-wide Anglican Communion - a family of some 70 million Christians in more than 160 countries - for whom the Archbishop of Canterbury is a focus for unity Within our Church there are seven historic regions covering the whole of Scotland Each area (known as a diocese) is under the pastoral care of a bishop, who together with the clergy and people of the diocese, seeks to be faithful to Jesus Christ and to respond faithfully to the spiritual needs and practical concerns of the community We are governed by a representative body - known as the General Synod - of bishops, clergy and lay people which meets each year IV Other Faiths (Lê Thị Loan) The main non-Christian faiths in Britain are Judaism and Islam; there are also many Sikhs and Hindus, and some Buddhists Judaism Many member of Judaism came originally from Israel The God in Judaism is Elohim worshiped at synagogue Britain’s relatively small Jewish community enjoys more freedom from the religious prejudice than Jews in many other countries British Jews number around 300,000 with the UK having the worldwide There are over 50 synagogues of Jew in the UK such as Bevis Marks Synagogue London, Merthyr Synagogue, etc Singers Hill Synagogue, Birmingham is one of the notable synagogues in the UK Singers_Hill_Synagogue - Birmingham, England Islam Many member of Islam came originally from Pakistani and Bangladeshi Though Islam was not legalized until the Trinitarian Act in 1812, recent estimates suggest a total of as high as 2.4 million Muslims over all the UK In Islamic theology, God which called on Allah is the all-powerful and all knowing creator and judge the universe In general, people outside Islam know little about Muslim beliefs and practices and are sometimes excessively influenced by media reports In the UK, there are about 30 mosques in areas where Muslims have settled, though sometimes the building does not look like a traditional mosque Claims for the first mosque in England include the Shah Johan Mosque built as a standalone mosque in Liverpool in 1889.Besides, there are some big mosques in the UK such as Manchester Central Mosque, East London Mosque, London Central Mosque, etc In Britain Muslims fought for the right to have Islamic state school, similar to those for Jews and Roman Catholics Shah Jahan Mosque is the oldest purpose-built mosque in the UK Sikhims Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab religion, by Guru Nanak Dev which continued to progress with ten successive Sikh gurus Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,179 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census The largest Sikh communities are in London, Manchester and Leeds Worship may take place in a private house or a gurdwara There are nearly 100 gurdwaras in over the UK, such as Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Gurdwara Sahib Leamington and Warwick; Guru Amir Das Gurdwara, etc The first Sikh Gurdwara (temple) was established in 1911, in Putney, London Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha - Southall - UK Hinduism Many member of Hinduism came originally from Indian In Hinduism, Brahma is one supreme, universal spirit that is the origin and support of phenomenal universe Hinduism was the religion of 558,342 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census There are over 300 Hindus temples all over the UK, such as Hindus Temple Newcastle West Road; Hindus Temple, Glasgow; Sita Rama Temple; etc Most Hindu Temples in Britain are in London, Bradford, Leicester and Birmingham, where Hindus originally settled when they came to Britain The Swaminarayan Temple at Neasden, London is the largest Hindu Temple in Europe The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe Buddhism The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with South East Asia, and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka The God in Buddhism is Gautama Buddhism in the United Kingdom has a small but growing number of adherents which, according to a Buddhist organization, there are about 25000 Buddhists in Britain, and some 20 Buddhist temples and monasteries There are some notable Buddhist temples such as London Buddhist Centre, London Peace Pagoda, Scotland’s Buddhist Vihara, etc Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Family Life In recent years there have been many changes in family life in Britain These changes reflect the fact that social attitudes towards marriage and moral values are changing I Family life Marriage and parent’s role (Trần Thị Hương) The traditional nuclear family consisted of two parents and two or more children The husband was expected to go out and work to support family while his wife stayed at home, doing the housework and looking after the children Nowadays the family is getting smaller People tend to marry later also postpone having children People get married between the ages of 25-30 and many women give birth beyond the age of 30 The husband is not the only breadwinner In most families both husband and wife work This gives them a feeling of equality because both partners bring an income into the family Men tend to have more interest in child care and also help their wives with domestic chores Discipline in the family is not so strict as it used to be Parents tend to treat their children as equals and give them more freedom to make their own decisions Therefore, children feel they have a closer relationship with their parents, and members of the family can discuss or talk about everything Unmarried couple (Trần Thị Hương) Nowadays the term cohabitation, live-in boyfriend or girlfriend, has become common Cohabitation describes the relationship of people living together as husband and wife without getting married And when people say that they have a live-in boyfriend or girlfriend it means that they live with their partner The number of cohabitating couples has been increasing these days in Britain One of its results is the increasing rate of births to unwed mother One-parent families (Trần Thị Hương) There has been an increase in divorce and a consequence is that more and more children live with just one parent After the divorce both parents have the duty to support their children, but mothers usually win custody, the right to look after their children One-parent families are headed by a divorced parent, a widow or a widower, or by an unmarried mother Single mothers (Nguyễn Thành Trung) Single mothers are socially accepted these days Social attitudes are not so hard towards unmarried women having a baby Most single mothers work, bring up children and housework as well Social progress, gender equality, vocational training and retraining have given women in general and working mothers in particular, especially lone mothers, favorable conditions to carry on their working life Many working mothers and single mothers face the burdens of the domestic chores and child care But part-time employment, flexible work pattern, nurseries have lightened these burdens However, there are many single mothers with financial problems They have to depend on welfare benefits Local authorities, the National Council for one-parent families’ charitable organizations are ready to provide lone parents with support and advice so that they can overcome some of their difficulties Old people (Nguyễn Thành Trung) Nowadays rising living standards, medical advances and scientific progress have enabled people to enjoy longer and healthier lives The number of old people has been increasing Most elderly people in Britain live independently in their own homes When people retire they get the old age pension They are provided with free medical services by the NHS They are offered a bus pass so that they can go shopping, and visit family and friends They are also given discounts on coach and train fares Many elderly people live in an old people’s home There are also residential homes for lone, older people who are in poor health or disabled They are cared for by the home’s staff and nurses There are special services provided by local authorities or by charitable organizations to help older people living on their own, such as meals on the wheels, lunch services, and day centre… Some special adult educational courses are also designed for OAP So, at retirement age many people are happy to attend educational or recreational courses offered by an LEA The most important problem of the old is loneliness Their children and relatives not live nearby, and have their own work to and their own families to look after To overcome this problem, old people are invited to join various clubs or associations organized by Age Concern They can make friends, keep in contact with other people, join some leisure activities, or even participate in some sports For example, bowling has become very popular among older people Local authorities and voluntary organizations their best to provide help and services Their efforts give the senior citizens of Britain the feeling that they really part of the community OAP: Old age pensioner NHS: National Health Service, the system of national medical services throughout Britain that enables people to obtain treatment and hospital free of charge LEA: local education authority, the local government body that is responsible for the state schools in a district as well as further education II Effects of religions on family life (Nguyễn Văn Thịnh) Religion and family have had a close link throughout the history of humanity The Catholic Church played a key role in the development of the family during their roughly 1000 year period Although it was mainly a union for economic purposes during the majority of human history, religions strongly supported the family as a social unit, and to the present still is one of the main supporters of traditional family values One must consider the effects that religious belief may have on the family structure, and on individual members of a family 1) Family relationships Church has many organizations for family like camping club or youth club Family could draw together closer by join in these activities They also spent more time together in some ritual activities at church By sharing the same beliefs, family members have many things in common to talk to and share Religion has a great potential to bring a family together, as it can be viewed as a similar life philosophy and shared activity As with any regular activity, religion has the potential to unite families, but there are certain aspects of religion that can be very destructive to an individual, as well as their relationships to friends and family members 2) Marital stability Marriage and family are seen as sacred unions in the Christian faith, and there have been studies that show regular attendees at religious services place more value on their marriage and their roles as parents than people who not attend religious services By socializing strong family values from a young age, biblical teachings influence adults to also be more forgiving of a spouse’s lack of love and respect, and religious couples are also more likely to stay married for the sake of the children Married couples who regularly practice religion are more likely to work together, perceive more benefits from marriage, and are less likely to use aggression or reach no conclusions about their disagreements Religious devotion may also help couples during hard times, thus making their marriage more stable Religious devotion could also become a problem in interfaith marriages, especially if one spouse is strongly religious while the other is not; this could lead to extended conflicts in values and beliefs However, this would more likely be the result of poor choice of a life partner by both individuals 3) Happier family life Numerous morals can begin to take root from religious belief regarding one’s behavior as an individual and as a member of a family: lack of sexual relationships before marriage, a desire to help others, a greater ability for forgiveness, or the moral obligation to save others Reli gious families value their time spent together more In addition to placing greater value on the time spent together, religious families may also enjoy more activities together, such as church retreats Youths who come from families which are actively involved in religious activities also tend to enjoy stronger family relationships than youths who come from non-religious families Youth who come from religious families are more likely to enjoy good relationships with their parents, and they are also more likely to participate in family activities such as playing board games, eating dinner together, and traveling together Youths whose parents attend religious services at least weekly are also more likely to have parents who were strict, but offered praise; parents who knew their close friends’ parents and where their children were when they were not at home; as well as fathers who were positive role models Religious morals in general have a positive effect on family life, although again, extreme religious devotion can inspire morals which enslave an individual to their faith rather than benefit their life 4) Effects on children Young children have tender sensibilities, and they tend to internalize a lot of advice without critically thinking about it first, as their brain has not developed enough for them to think analytically of any issues they are told about This can sometimes be tolerated, but when life values and crucial morals are involved, one must be careful what a child is taught If children are influenced early in life by religious values, they will retain those values, leading to less rebellion in their teen years, a portion of the study also concluded Children who regularly attended religious services with their parents well into their late teens have also been found to have a much stronger relationship with their parents, even when they reach adulthood and leave home 5) Negative effects of religion The typical assumed, stereotypical view of religion on the family is that it provides emotional and spiritual support, brings families closer together and provides strong, positive role models However, this can be the source of conflict within families and communities Couples in interfaith marriages may tolerate each other’s views, but when they have a child, they may find they have strong differences of opinion regarding how the child should be raised These conflicting views, such as which religion to raise the child in can lead to a break-up of the relationship Indoctrinating children into religious beliefs may also include forcing certain ideas upon a child that does not understand them Extreme religions can also tear families apart There are a number of cults who wish their members to isolate themselves from others, including their family members if those individuals not agree with the cult’s agenda Extreme religion is very destructive to any individual’s mental well-being, leading people to be deluded, and can easily break up even the strongest of family relationships