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Further Practice
Exercise 1 : Circle the odd one out
1 pond culture cage culture oyster culture raft culture
2 shrimp culture pen culture mussel culture seaweed culture
3 water table brackish water fresh water salt water
Exercise 2 : Work in groups Write a short account of the development of aquaculture in your country (about 100 words)
The following questions may help you get started:
1 In your area, how many people have fish ponds? Does your family have one?
2 Do people in your area construct fish ponds by machine, or by hand?
3 What are the comparative costs of each method?
4 What advantages do farmers gain by having a fish pond?
5 What are some of the problems?
Vocabulary Learning Cards
Aquaculture : nuôi thuỷ sản Cage culture : nuôi bè, nuôi lồng Pen culture : nuôi đăng
Pond culture : nuôi ao Raceway culture : nuôi nước chảy
Artemia culture : nuôi Artemia Crab culture : nuôi cua Fish culture : nuôi cá Oyster culture : nuôi hầu Seaweed culture : trồng rong biển Shrimp culture : nuôi tôm
Brackish water : nước lợ Fresh water : nước ngọt Marine water : nước biển Saline water : nước mặn
Inland : nội địa, nội đồng Lowland : vùng thấp, trũng Upland : vùng cao, gò, đồi Wetland : đất ướt, ngập nước
Brackish water aquaculture : nuôi nước lợ Coastal aquaculture : nuôi ven biển Estuarine aquaculture : nuôi vùng cửa sông Fresh water aquaculture : nuôi nước ngọt Mariculture : nuôi hải sản
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Further Practice…
Exercise 1 : Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B
Exercise 2 : Complete the crossword Use a dictionary to help you
4 Vocabulary Learning Cards: Learn by heart the following words
Evaporation : sự bốc hơi Meteorology : khí tượng học
Water table : mực nước ngầm
Availability : sự có sẵn Construction : sự xây dựng Elevation : sự tôn cao, đắp cao Installation : sự lắp đặt
Profitability : khả năng có lãi Suitability : sự thích hợp
Consideration : sự cân nhắc Contamination : sự nhiễm bẩn
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Vocabulary Learning Cards
Fertilizer : phân bón Food chain : chuỗi thức ăn Food wed : cơ sở thức ăn
Absorption : sự hấp thu Autotrophic : tự dưỡng Consumption : sự tiêu dùng
Heterotrophic : dị dưỡng Photosynthesis : sự quang hợp
Aquatic organism : sinh vật nước
Macrophyte : thực vật lớn Phytoplankton : thực vật phù du Plankton : sinh vật phù du Zooplankton : động vật phù du
Detritus : mùn bã hữu cơ
Protozoa : động vật đơn bào
To culture : nuôi, chăm sóc
To feed : nuôi, cho ăn
Food : thức ăn nói chung
Natural food : thức ăn tự nhiên Nutrient cycle : chu trình dưỡng chất
Primary production : năng suất bậc 1 Secondary production : năng suất bậc 2
By the end of the Chapter, learners are able to:
Study why fish need the nutrients and what these nutrients and nutritional requirements of fish are
Distinguish nutritional differences between fishes and farm animals.
30
38
Reading: FISH-RICE SYSTEMS
Match the pictures with their names
By the end of the Chapter, learners are able to:
Present generally fish_rice systems
Study the advantages and the disadvantages of fish_rice systems.
2 Reading: Read the following text and do the exercises that follow
Integrating fish culture with agriculture offers benefits beyond using waste or by-products Cultivating fish alongside aquatic crops, particularly rice, enhances both crop yields and optimizes land and water resources.
Rice and fish are fundamental and complementary foods in Southeast Asia, where fish-in-rice culture thrives Given that rice is a primary global food source, utilizing 50% of the world’s arable land, there is significant potential for expanding this practice in other regions Additionally, while aquatic macrophytes are less commonly cultivated, they can play a vital role in enhancing local food supplies, particularly when integrated with fish culture In areas where traditional fish farming is impractical due to land tenure issues or high costs, combining fish stocking with aquatic crops presents a viable alternative for sustainable food production.
51 only practical alternative permitting fish production and increasing returns on the use of land
The intensification of rice cultivation, particularly through the adoption of high-yielding varieties (HYV), has negatively impacted fish/rice culture due to pesticide effects on fish growth and survival However, the future development of less toxic pesticides and improved biological pest control methods could enhance fish-in-rice systems Additionally, there is significant potential for integrating fish farming with other aquatic crops like lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and water chestnut (Trapa sp.).
Stocking fish in paddy fields optimizes food and space utilization, especially when employing a polyculture approach Introducing fish to feed on competing phytoplankton and submerged weeds enhances rice growth, particularly when implemented early in the rice production cycle Mortimer noted that introducing macrophagous tilapias, such as T zillii or T rendalli, within a week of rice transplanting can yield significant benefits.
According to Pullin (1983), controlling weeds through fish stocking 5 to 9 weeks after transplanting is ineffective However, fish feeding and excretion can enhance paddy fertility, positively impacting rice production Recent studies in China indicate that this fertilization effect is particularly significant in less fertile fields and can accumulate benefits over several years (Spiller).
According to research by Hora and Pillay (1962), the introduction of fish in Indo-Pacific countries led to an average rice yield increase of approximately 15% Similarly, Khoo and Tan (1980) documented significant rice yield improvements in China and Russia, with increases of up to 14% and 7%, respectively.
In certain regions, rice yields have declined due to unplanted areas designated as fish refuges, with reports indicating a 15% reduction in some parts of Indonesia Conversely, in the Central Niger Delta, significant damage to rice crops has been attributed to herbivorous fish species, which freely enter the rice-growing zones These fish, including Alestes spp., Distichodus, and Tilapia zillii, harm the crops by consuming grains, stalks, and leaves, leading to severe agricultural losses.
Farmers and researchers recognize the vulnerability of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice to diseases and pests Introducing fish into paddy fields can influence traditional pest control methods, as farmers might reduce or eliminate pesticide use, increasing risks to rice production, or they may switch to local, pest-resistant rice varieties The adoption of HYVs depends on the timely availability and affordability of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, alongside other constraints Continued pesticide use can pose risks to fish culture; however, adhering to specific guidelines can mitigate these dangers Encouragingly, the development of disease-resistant rice varieties and the emergence of fish-friendly pesticides signal a promising future for integrating fish culture in rice farming.
Research by Pullin (1985) highlights the use of organic fertilizers like azolla and natural pesticides, such as neem oil and cake from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), which are effective and commonly cultivated in India and Africa Additionally, the role of fish in managing rice pests is gaining recognition, as they can significantly reduce populations of harmful insects For example, studies in China demonstrated that the introduction of fish into rice fields led to a decline of 12-75% in stem borers and plant and leafhoppers, showcasing the potential of biological control in sustainable rice farming.
David Little and James Muir, 1987
In A Guide to Integrated Warm Water Aquaculture University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture Publication
Exercise 1 : Choose the best answers A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
1 Fish culture can be integrated with _ in ways other than utilizing waste or by-products
A Industry B agriculture C poly culture D rice-field culture
2 Who reported that the yield of rice increased approximately 15% in the Indo-pacific countries when fish are introduced?
A Khoo and Tan B Hora and Pillay
C Pillay and Khoo D all none correct
3 Where is the practice of fish-in-rice most developed?
A South East Asia B East South Asia
C South East Asian D Asian South East
4 How much percent were stem borers and plant and leafhoppers found to decline by when fish were released in rice fields in China?
5 Pullin (1985) reported the research effort into _, such as azolla, for rice fields and natural pesticides less harmful to fish
6 When should we stock fish to control weeds?
Exercise 2: W rite the correct name next to each statement
1. The stocking of macrophagous tilapias within one week of transplanting rice will control weeds
2. The yiel of rice increased 15% on average
3. Increase in rice yields of up to 14% and 17%
4. The fish damage the crop by either eating the grain or by consuming the talks and leaves
5. The research effort into organic fertilizers
Exercise 3: Answer the following questions
1 Where is the practice of fish-in-rice most developed?
2 What can fish culture in ponds not be feasible for reasons?
3 How much percent is world’s arable land?
4 When should we stock fish to control weeds?
5 How many percent were stem borers and plant and leafhoppers found to decline by when fish were released in rice fields in China?
6 Why does rice intensification cause a decline in rice-fish culture?
7 What are the advantages and disadvantages of stocking fish in rice field?
8 What should you do to increase fish production in rice-fish system?
Exercise 1: Look at the picture Match the appropriate letters in the box to the correct parts of fish in the picture below
Exercise 2: Match the words in column A with their definitions in column B
A anal fin B cheek C caudal fin
D lateral line E pectoral fin F ear flap
G mandible H soft dorsal fin I pelvic fin
J maxilla K spiny dorsal fin L Gill cover (operculum)
D wild plant growing where it is not wanted
E destructive animal esp one which attacks food sources
H go or come in or into
J make or become intense or more intense
L unhealthy condition of the body or mind, plants, society, etc
Exercise 3: Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B
Exercise 4: Fill in the following statements with the words in the box weeds reported refuge fertile release transplant diversify resistant pests by-products
1 _ the fish into the aquarium
2 Stores of grain are frequently attacked by , especially rats
3 The garden is overgrown with
4 We must try to the syllabus to attract more students
5 For her, poetry is a from the world
6 Ammonia, coal tar and coke are all obtained in the manufacture of coal gas
7 Insects that have become _ to DDT
8 The plains of Alberta are extremely _
9 the seedlings into peaty soil
10 The doctor the patient fit and well
Exercise 5.1 : Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese
1 Fish culture can be integrated with agriculture in ways other than utilizing waste or by-products
2 Rice and fish are considered complementary and basic foods in South East Asia, where the practice of fish-in-rice culture is most developed
3 It is accepted that the stocking of fish in paddy fields more effectively uses the available food and space
4 In addition, the benefits of fish as biological control of rice pests are being acknowledged Fish are known to control many of the common insect enemies of rice
Exercise 5.2 : Translate the following sentences into English
1 Tại Ấn Độ, dù sáu triệu ha là trồng lúa, chỉ có 0,03 phần trăm này hiện đang được sử dụng để nuôi cá-lúa
2 Phát triển nuôi cá ở những cánh đồng lúa của quốc gia chúng ta thì thật là cấp bách
3 Hệ thống cung cấp thịt, sữa, trứng, trái cây, rau, nấm, thức ăn gia súc và các loại hạt, ngoài cá
4 Hoạt động kiếm mồi của cá và chất thải của chúng cũng gia tăng độ màu mỡ của ruộng làm lợi cho lúa
4 Vocabulary Learning Cards: Learn by heart the following words
Seed : hạt giống, con giống
Enemy : kẻ thù, địch hại
To diversify : đa dạng hoá
To intensify : thâm canh hoá
To enter : vào, đi vào
To Introduce : di nhập, đưa vào
To release : thả, thả vào
Advantage : tiện lợi, lợi thế Constraint : trở ngại, bất lợi Alternative : lựa, chọn, cách
Food source : nguồn thức ăn
By-product : phụ-phế phẩm Depredation : sự tàn phá Disease-resistant : kháng bệnh Excretion : chất thải, sự bài tiết Guideline : lời chỉ dẫn
Pest-resistant : kháng địch hại Vulnerability : tính dễ tổn thương
To contribute : góp, góp phần
To damage : làm hại, phá hoại
To record : ghi nhận, ghi lại
To report : báo cáo, nói lại
To revert : trở lại, quay lại
Macrophagous : ăn thực vật lớn Paddy field : ruộng lúa
Approximately : xấp xỉ, áng chừng Basically : một cách căn bản Effectively : có hiệu quả Especially : đặc biệt, nhất là Generally : nói chung, tổng quát Particularly : đặc biệt là
2 How does CVM keep fish safe and healthy?
3 How are new animal drugs approved for aquaculture?
4 Do aquaculture drugs affect the environment?
5 Are treated fish safe to eat?
6 What drugs can be used in aquaculture?
7 How are approved drugs used?
8 How can I tell if a drug is approved, conditionally-approved or indexed?
9 What do I do if my pet fish is sick?
10 What can I do if my fish has a bad reaction to a drug or doesn’t respond to treatment?
Have you ever considered the origins of the fish in your local park pond, those available at pet stores, or the fish sold at your grocery store? It's essential to understand where these fish come from and what happens if they fall ill, including the availability of medicines for their treatment This article explores these questions and delves into the emerging field of aquaculture, highlighting its significance and impact on fish sourcing and care.
Aquaculture refers to the farming of aquatic animals and plants, where individuals manage the production, raising, and care of these organisms in controlled environments like tanks, ponds, and offshore cages Fish farming encompasses the reproduction, raising, and harvesting of both saltwater and freshwater species in the United States, serving various purposes such as providing food, repopulating natural water bodies, and supplying the aquarium trade.
Finfish, including catfish, salmon, trout, and tilapia, along with shellfish such as oysters, clams, and shrimp, are commonly farmed for human consumption and serve as a vital source of animal protein globally.
Nearly 50% of the fish consumed worldwide comes from commercial aquaculture; however, not all aquaculture is commercially driven Various federal and state agencies cultivate numerous fish species, including trout, salmon, bluegill, largemouth bass, walleye, channel catfish, and redfish, to enhance wild fish populations.
Ornamental fish, such as tetras, barbs, and danios, are primarily cultivated for aesthetic purposes in home aquaria and garden ponds rather than for consumption In the United States, this vibrant sector of the pet industry generates millions of dollars annually through the trade of these decorative species.
2 How does CVM keep fish safe and healthy?
Fish can suffer from various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and poor water quality, which is a significant concern for fish producers and hatchery managers due to the potential for rapid fish loss The FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) plays a crucial role in ensuring that safe and effective medications are available for treating fish diseases, while also guaranteeing that treated fish are safe for human and animal consumption Collaborating with government agencies, aquaculture organizations, and fish health experts, CVM promotes the responsible use of approved drugs and encourages research to support the development of safe fish medications through educational outreach.
3 How are new animal drugs approved for aquaculture?