K10865_cover 11/17/10 11:31 AM Page 1 Composite C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites w w w.crc p r e s s . c o m an informa business 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK K10865 w w w . c r c p r e s s . c o m Leng • Lau Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites The novel properties of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites make them useful for a broad range of applications in fields as diverse as space exploration, bioengineering, car manufacturing, and organic solar cell development, just to name a few. Presenting an overview of polymer nanocomposites, how they compare with traditional composites, and their increasing commercial importance, Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites conveys the significance and various uses of this new technology for a wide audience with different needs and levels of understanding. Exploring definitions, architectures, applications, and fundamental principles of various functions of multifunctional polymeric smart materials—from bulk to nano— this book covers the use of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites in— •carbon nanotubes •electroactive and shape memory polymers •magnetic polymers •biomedical and bioinformation applications •fire-resistance treatments •coating technologies for aeronautical applications •ocean engineering A practical analysis of functional polymers, nanoscience, and technology, this book integrates coverage of fundamentals, research and development, and the resulting diversity of uses for multifunctional polymers and their nanocomposites. Quite possibly the first reference of its kind to explore the progress of polymer nanocomposites in terms of their multifunctionality, it covers both theory and experimental results regarding the relationships between the effective properties of polymer composites and those of polymer matrices and reinforcements. This book is a powerful informational resource that illustrates the importance of polymer nanomaterials, examining their applications in various sectors to promote new, novel research and development in those areas. It will be a welcome addition to the libraries of not only engineering researchers, but senior and graduate students in relevant fields. MATERIALS SCIENCE Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Edited by Jinsong Leng Alan kin-tak Lau CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1683-7 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com v © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface vii About the Editors xi Contributors xiii 1. Introduction 1 Jinsong Leng, Jianjun Li, and Alan kin-tak Lau 2. Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Nanocomposites 19 Alan kin-tak Lau 3. Multifunctional Polymeric Smart Materials 47 Jinsong Leng, Xin Lan, Yanju Liu, and Shanyi Du 4. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites: Fabrication, Processing, Property Analysis, and Applications 135 Suying Wei, Jiahua Zhu, Pallavi Mavinakuli, and Zhanhu Guo 5. Carbon-Nanotube-Based Composites and Damage Sensing 159 Chunyu Li, Erik T. Thostenson, and Tsu-Wei Chou 6. Natural Fiber Composites in Biomedical and Bioengineering Applications 283 Karen Hoi-yan Cheung 7. Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites 309 Jihua Gou and Yong Tang 8. Polyurethane Nanocomposite Coatings for Aeronautical Applications 337 Hua-Xin Peng 9. Surface Modication of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Composites 389 Joong Hee Lee, Nam Hoon Kim, N. Satheesh Kumar, and Basavarajaiah Siddaramaiah 10. Ocean Engineering Application of Nanocomposites 423 Yansheng Yin and Xueting Chang vii © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface A nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material in which one of the phases has one, two, or three dimensions smaller than 100 nanometers, or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material (Nanocomposite Science and Technology, Wiley, 2003). Nano inorganic or organic powders or lms with special physical properties are combined with polymers to form polymer nanocomposites whose physical properties and mechanical performance differ from those of the component materials signicantly. A primary purpose of producing polymer nanocom- posites is to impart the composites with multifunctional properties. There has been a rapid development of multifunctional polymer nanocompos- ites and a number of achievements have been reported. Due to their novel properties, multifunctional polymer nanocomposites can be used in a broad range of applications from outer space to automobiles, and to address chal- lenges in organic solar cells, and biological technologies. The book is aimed at audiences at different levels to provide a compre- hensive discussion of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Both the- oretical work and experimental results on the relationships between the effective properties of polymer composites and the properties of polymer matrices and reinforcements are discussed. Chapter 1 presents the over- view of the development from bulk to nano for academics and industries, the importance of understanding the role of the nano and multifunctional polymer composites in denition, fabrication, design, nanotechnology, and nano products, and the increasing trend of using nano and multifunctional polymer composites. Chapter 2 gives a comprehensive review on the structural properties of nanotubes and their related polymer composites. Many key factors such as dispersion, interfacial bonding characteristics, novel types of nanotubes in relation to the resultant mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the composites are discussed and analyzed through theoretical and computa- tional studies. Chapter 3 provides some recent advances in multifunctional polymeric smart materials, including electroactive polymers and shape mem- ory polymers and their composites. A comprehensive discussion is devoted to the denitions, architectures, applications, and fundamental principles of various functions of multifunctional polymeric smart materials. viii Preface © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter 4 reviews the development of magnetic polymer nanocomposites. Their fabrication, processing, and physicochemical property analyses are taken into account. The effect of magnetic oxide nanoparticles on the chemi- cal polymerization of polymer matrices is investigated. The morphology (size and shape) and other physicochemical properties of the polymer matrix are signicantly inuenced by the magnetic oxide nanoparticles. Chapter 5 focuses on the nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and modeling of carbon nanotube-based composites. This chapter introduces the atomistic modeling technique, the modeling of electromechanical coupling behaviors of carbon nanotubes, and the modeling of electrical conductiv- ity of nanotube-based composites. Furthermore, the relevant experimental studies are also introduced. Chapter 6 presents the development of conven- tional biomaterials to the state-of-the-art biocomposites for biomedical and bioengineering applications. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of biomaterials, their material properties, structures, biodegradability and biocompatibility to the host body, and applications of the biocomposites are given. Chapter 7 provides the advances in synthesis, processing and test- ing of condensed phase ame retardant polymer nanocomposites. The mor- phologies, thermal stability, ammability, and char formation of polymer composites coated with carbon nanopaper are studied. The re retardant mechanism of carbon nanopaper is discussed. Chapter 8 follows the nanomaterials through engineering to applications and focuses on the recent development of polymer nanocomposites coatings for aeronautical applications. This provides an informative account of the challenges and opportunities for nanocomposite coatings in aeronautical operations under conditions such as lightning strike, erosion, ice accretion, and environmental corrosion. Chapter 9 describes the surface modication of carbon nanotubes for composites, which includes chemical modica- tion, substitution reaction, electrochemical modication, and photochemi- cal modication. Chapter 10 describes the ocean engineering application of nanocomposites, dealing with deformation, damage initiation, damage growth, and failure and corrosion in nanopaticles. Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites provides the reader with the latest thinking on polymer nanocomposites by the scientists and researchers actu- ally involved in their development. This book will be a useful reference not only for engineering researchers, but also for senior and graduate students in their relevant elds. We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the contributors for their hard work in preparing and revising the chap- ters. We also wish to thank and formally acknowledge all the members of our Preface ix © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC team, as well those who helped with the preparation of this book. Finally, we are indebted to our families and friends for all their patience and support. Jinsong Leng Cheung Kong Scholars Professor, SPIE Fellow Editor-in-Cheif: International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials Centre for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology, PR China Alan K. T. Lau Professor and Executive Director Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites Faculty of Engineering and Surveying University of Southern Queensland Australia Department of Mechanical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR China [...]... ratio For example, reinforced polymer composite is used in the automotive industry to make automobiles lighter 1.5╇ Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites The purpose of producing polymer nanocomposites is to give the composite multifunctional properties, so nano inorganic or organic powders or films with special physical properties are combined with polymers to form polymer nanocomposites Long ago, people... and control the properties of polymer nanocomposites Experimental results have revealed that the reinforcement size and morphology of polymer and reinforcement play a very important role in determining the performance of polymer nanocomposites Also, the properties of polymer nanocomposites will depend on the nature of dispersion and aggregation of the reinforcements In the polymer composite, there exists... optimization of polymer composite formulations, optimization of polymer composite forming processes, improvement of polymer composites performance, and reduction of the cost 1.7╇ Future Trends There have been many achievements in the field of polymer nanocomposite technology We can easily see the potential for applications of polymer nanocomposites in the civil and military fields For example, polymer nanocomposites. .. their performance Carbon nanotube-reinforced nanocomposites, multifunctional polymeric smart materials, and new functional polymer nanocomposites are being explored for unusual behaviors in order to fulfill more than one task in automotive, biological, aerospace, marine, manufacturing, and defense technologies It is believed that multifunctional polymer nanocomposites will dominate our lives in future... know that the polymer composites with designed structures have the properties of a polymer matrix and inorganic or organic reinforcement In multifunctional polymer composites, the reinforcements impart their special mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties to the composite The polymer matrix holds the reinforcements and retains the properties of polymer; for example, polymer matrix... According to the type of matrix, nanocomposites can be classified into ceramic matrix nanocomposites, metal matrix nanocomposites, and polymer matrix nanocomposites In ceramic matrix nanocomposites, the main volume is occupied by ceramics including oxides, nitrides, borides, and silicides In most cases, a metal as the second component is combined into ceramic matrix nanocomposites Ideally, the metal... some novel multifunctional SMPs or nano SMP composites have also been proposed 1.6╇ Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite It is a challenge to fabricate polymer matrix nanocomposites with good performance Several processing techniques including melt mixing and in situ polymerization have been applied in the laboratory Melt mixing as a method of dispersing carbon nanotubes into thermoplastic polymers... [22] In polymer chemistry, in situ means “in the polymerization mixture.” The in situ polymerization is an effective method applied to prepare polymer nanocomposite material In this method, the nanoreinforcement is fixed with a structure that is impregnated with a monomer and the monomer polymerized Usually, the monomer is very fluid and will not disturb the nanoreinforcement arrangement After polymerization,... CONTENTS 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials and Nanostructure .2 1.3 Nanomaterials from Academia to Industry .4 1.4 Nanocomposites 6 1.5 Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites .7 1.6 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite 14 1.7 Future Trends 17 References 17 1.1╇ Overview The nano era, similar to the mid-industrial... ways of introducing nanotubes into polymer matrices In the first case, commercially available master batches of nanotube or polymer composites are diluted by the pure polymer in a subsequent melt mixing process (master batch method), which means that the starting materials are already preformed polymer composites However, in the other case, nanotubes as reinforcement and polymer as matrix are used as the . r c p r e s s . c o m Leng • Lau Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites The novel properties of multifunctional polymer nanocomposites make them useful for. students in relevant fields. MATERIALS SCIENCE Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Edited by Jinsong Leng Alan kin-tak