polymer nanocomposites

Woodhead Publishing Ltd Abington Hall Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH England www.woodheadpublishing.com ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-969-7 ISBN-10: 1-85573-969-0 CRC Press LLC 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300 Boca Raton FL 33487 USA CRC order number WP9297 ISBN-10: 0-8493-9297-7 Polymer nanocomposites Edited by Yiu-Wing Mai and Zhong-Zhen Yu Polymer nanocomposites are a class of reinforced polymers with low quantities of nanometric-sized clay particles which give them improved barrier properties, fire resistance and strength. Such properties have made them valuable in components such as panels and as barrier and coating materials in automobile, civil and electrical engineering as well as packaging. Polymer nanocomposites provides a comprehensive review of the main types of polymer nanocomposite and their properties. Part I reviews the range of layered silicates and discusses such properties as flammability and thermal stability, barrier properties, wear resistance and biodegradability. Part II considers nanotubes, nanoparticles and inorganic– organic hybrid systems, and analyses elasticity and strength as well as magnetic and light-emitting properties. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Polymer nanocomposites will be a standard reference on this important new range of materials for research and development managers in such sectors as automotive and civil engineering. Professor Yiu-Wing Mai is University Professor, Australian Federation Fellow and Director of the Centre for Advanced Materials Technology at the University of Sydney, Australia. Dr Zhong-Zhen Yu is Australian Postdoctoral Fellow in the Centre for Advanced Materials Technology at the University of Sydney, Australia. Polymer nanocomposites Mai and Yu Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining 240 x 159 /Pantone 2756 & 423 3 m I The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining 38mm Polymer nanocomposites Related titles: Lightweight ballistic composites for military and law-enforcement applications (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-941-3; ISBN-10: 1-85573-941-0) Ballistic composites are materials with superior properties being lightweight and durable under environmental conditions (water and chemicals) with high performance (high strength, impact and ballistic resistance, damage tolerance). Lightweight ballistic composites are used in a wide range of lightweight vehicles, watercraft and aircraft armour giving high performance and lightweight protection against bullets and fragments. They also have exceptional insulating properties in high temperature environments. This major new book will be the first of its kind to give a comprehensive review of the current use of lightweight ballistic composites in both military and law-enforcement applications. Design and manufacture of textile composites (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-744-0; ISBN-10: 1-85573-744-2) This book brings together the design, manufacture and applications of textile composites. The term 'textile composites' is often used to describe a rather narrow range of materials, based on three-dimensional reinforcements produced using specialist equipment. The intention here though is to describe the broad range of polymer composite materials with textile reinforcements, from woven and non-crimp commodity fabrics to 3D textiles. Whilst attention is given to modelling of textile structures, composites manufacturing methods and subsequent component performance, it is substantially a practical book intended to help all those developing new products with textile composites. Green composites: Polymer composites and the environment (ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-739-6; ISBN-10: 1-85573-739-6) There is an increasing movement of scientists and engineers dedicated to minimising the environmental impact of polymer composite production. Life cycle assessment is of paramount importance at every stage of a product's life, from initial synthesis through to final disposal and a sustainable society needs environmentally safe materials and pro- cessing methods. With an internationally recognised team of authors, Green composites examines polymer composite production and explains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life cycle. This book is an essential guide for agri- cultural crop producers, governmental agricultural departments, automotive companies, composite producers and materials scientists all dedicated to the promotion and practice of eco-friendly materials and production methods. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books and journals, as well as materials books from Maney Publishing, can be obtained by: · visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com · contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodhead-publishing.com; fax: +44 (0) 1223 893694; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 891358 ext. 30; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AH, England) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; email: francisd@woodhead- publishing.com). Please confirm which subject areas you are interested in. Maney currently publishes 16 peer-reviewed materials science and engineering journals. For further information visit www.maney.co.uk/journals. Polymer nanocomposites Edited by Yiu-Wing Mai and Zhong-Zhen Yu Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC Woodhead Publishing Limited and Maney Publishing Limited on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AH, England www.woodheadpublishing.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2006, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2006 The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. 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Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Dunstable, Bedfordshire (macfarl@aol.com) Typeset by Godiva Publishing Services Ltd, Coventry, West Midlands Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, England Contributor contact details xiii Preface xvii Part I Layered silicates 1 Polyamide/clay nanocomposites 3 MKATO and A USUKI, Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc., Japan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH) 4 1.3 Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH) 4 1.4 Characterization of NCH 6 1.5 Crystal structure of NCH (Kojima, 1995) 12 1.6 Properties of NCH (Kojima, 1993a) 19 1.7 Synthesizing NCH using different types of clay (Usuki, 1995) 21 1.8 Improving the synthesis method of NCH 23 1.9 Other types of nylon 24 1.10 Conclusions 26 1.11 Future trends 27 1.12 References 27 2 Epoxy nanocomposites based on layered silicates and other nanostructured fillers 29 OBECKER and G P SIMON, Monash University, Australia 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites 31 2.3 Epoxy-nanocomposites based on other nanofillers 47 2.4 Ternary epoxy nanocomposite systems 48 2.5 Future trends 53 2.6 References 54 Contents 3 Bio degradable polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites 57 S SI N H A RA Y and M BO U S M I N A , Laval University, Canada 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Definition and categories of biodegradable polymers 58 3.3 Properties and drawbacks of biodegradable polymers 59 3.4 Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite technology 59 3.5 Structure and properties of layered silicates 62 3.6 Techniques used for the characterization of nanocomposites 63 3.7 Biodegradable polymers and their nanocomposites 64 3.8 Properties 86 3.9 Biodegradability 101 3.10 Melt rheology and structure-property relationship 106 3.11 Foam processing of biodegradable nanocomposites 115 3.12 Conclusions 117 3.13 Acknowledgements 119 3.14 References 119 4 Polypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites 130 K JA Y A R A M A N and S KU M A R , Michigan State University, USA 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Chemical compatibilization and compounding 131 4.3 Nanostructure 134 4.4 Performance 142 4.5 Conclusions 147 4.6 Acknowledgments 147 4.7 References 147 5 Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites 151 D-R YE I , H-K FU and F-C CH A N G , National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Organically modified clay 152 5.3 Surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) 155 5.4 Syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS)/clay nanocomposite 160 5.5 Properties of nanocomposites 163 5.6 Conclusions 169 5.7 References 169 vi Contents 6 Poly(ethyl acrylate)/bentonite nanocomposites 172 T TA N G , X TO N G , Z FE N G and B HU A N G , Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China 6.1 Introduction 172 6.2 Materials and characterization 174 6.3 Synthesis of PEA/bentonite nanocomposites through in situ emulsion polymerization 175 6.4 Preparation and microstructure of casting-film of PEA/ bentonite nanocomposites from emulsion 176 6.5 Performance of PEA/bentonite nanocomposites 179 6.6 Conclusions and future trends 184 6.7 Acknowledgments 185 6.8 References 186 7 Clay-acrylate nanocomposite photopolymers 188 C DE C K E R , Universite de Haute-Alsace, France 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Synthesis of clay-acrylate nanocomposites 190 7.3 Properties of clay-acrylic nanocomposites 195 7.4 Conclusions 202 7.5 References 203 8 Nano comp osites based on water soluble polymers and unmodified smectite clays 20 6 K E ST R A W H E C K E R , Veeco Instruments Inc, USA and E M A N I A S , The Pennsylvania State University, USA 8.1 Introduction 206 8.2 Dispersion of Na + montmorillonite in water soluble polymers 207 8.3 Crystallization behavior 211 8.4 Overview of nanocomposite structure and crystallization behavior 221 8.5 Materials properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Na + montmorillonite nanocomposites 222 8.6 Conclusions 231 8.7 References 231 9 Poly(butylene terephthlate) (PBT) based nanocomposites 234 C-S HA , Pusan National University, Korea 9.1 Introduction 234 9.2 Impact modification of PBT by blending 235 Contents vii 9.3 PBT/organoclay nanocomposite 239 9.4 EVA/organoclay nanocomposite 242 9.5 PBT/EVA-g-MAH/organoc lay ternary nanocomposite 247 9.6 Conclusions 251 9.7 Acknowledgments 254 9.8 References 254 10 Flammability and thermal stability of polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposites 256 M ZA N E T T I , University of Turin, Italy 10.1 Introduction 256 10.2 Nanocomposites and fire 257 10.3 Flame retardant mechanism 257 10.4 Nanocomposites and conventional flame retardants 265 10.5 Conclusion and future trends 267 10.6 References 268 11 Barrier properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites 273 A SO R R E N T I N O , G GO R R A S I , M TO R T O R A and V V I T T O R I A , University of Salerno, Italy 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Background on polymer barrier properties 273 11.3 Experimental methods 277 11.4 Permeation and diffusion models relevant to polymer nanocomposites 279 11.5 Polymer nanocomposites diffusivity 282 11.6 Polymer nanocomposites sorption 286 11.7 Polymer nanocomposites permeability 287 11.8 Conclusions and future trends 291 11.9 References 292 12 Rubber-clay nanocomposites 297 A MO H A M M A D and G P SI M O N , Monash University, Australia 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Overview of rubbers (elastomers) 297 12.3 Fillers predominantly used in the rubber industry 302 12.4 Rubber crosslinking systems 304 12.5 Types of rubber-clay nanocomposite structure 305 12.6 Comparison of properties achieved in rubber-clay nanocomposites 317 12.7 Conclusions 321 12.8 References 322 viii Contents Part II Nanotubes, nanoparticles and inorganic-organic hybrid systems 13 Single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites 329 K LI A O and Y RE N , Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and T X I A O , Shantou University, People's Republic of China 13.1 Introduction 329 13.2 Mechanical properties: elastic properties and strength 331 13.3 Carbon nanotube ± polymer interface 337 13.4 Long-term performance of unidirectional CNT/epoxy composites 346 13.5 Conclusions 353 13.6 References 354 14 Fullerene/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites 35 9 T KU Z U M A K I , The University of Tokyo, Japan 14.1 Introduction 359 14.2 Fabrication of the composite by the drawing process 362 14.3 Fabrication of the composite by ultra high-pressure sintering 372 14.4 Application potential 378 14.5 Conclusions 386 14.6 References 386 15 Filled polymer nanocompo sites containing functionalized nanoparticles 389 O OK PA R K , J H PA R K and T-H KI M , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea and Y T L I M , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korea 15.1 Introduction 389 15.2 Organic and polymer materials for light-emitting diodes 389 15.3 Luminescent polymer for device applications 391 15.4 Photo-oxidation of emitting polymers 393 15.5 Nanoparticles approaches to enhance the lifetime of emitting polymers 396 15.6 Conclusions and future trends 409 15.7 References 409 Contents ix [...]... 493 500 506 507 19 Polymer/ graphite nanocomposites 510 Introduction Features of graphite Structures of polymer/ graphite nanocomposites Preparations of polymer/ graphite nanocomposites 510 511 519 520 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Y ME N G , Sun Yat-Sen University, People's Republic of China Contents 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Properties Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20 Wear resisting polymer nanocomposites: preparation... polymers (Chapter 3), water soluble polymers (Chapter 8), acrylate photopolymers (Chapter 7) and rubbers (Chapter 12) In addition to synthesis and structural characterisation of polymer/ clay nanocomposites, their unique physical properties like flame retardancy (Chapter 10) and gas/liquid barrier (Chapter 11) properties are also discussed Furthermore, the crystallisation behaviour of polymer/ clay nanocomposites. .. applications of nanocomposites fabricated by using carbon nanotubes as the fibre and carbon 60 crystals as the matrix Three chapters are entirely devoted to functional polymer nanocomposites The design and fabrication of polymer nanocomposites filled with functional nanoparticles for specific functional properties (Chapter 15), the synthesis and characterisation of magnetic polymer nanocomposites (Chapter... conducting polymer/ graphite nanocomposites (Chapter 19) are discussed The wear characteristics of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanoparticles are studied in Chapter 20 The effect of different surface treatment techniques of nanoparticles on the wear behaviour is investigated In addition, the latest progress on surface modification of CaCO3 nanoparticles and their polymer nanocomposites. .. and electrical properties This book covers both fundamental and applied research associated with polymer- based nanocomposites, and presents possible directions for further development of high performance nanocomposites It has two main parts Part I has 12 chapters which are entirely dedicated to those polymer nanocomposites containing layered silicates (clay) as an additive Many thermoplastics, thermosets,... Contents Polymer/ calcium carbonate nanocomposites 412 Introduction Preparation and surface modification of nano-CaCO3 Fabrication of polymer/ CaCO3 nanocomposites Characterization Applications Conclusion and future trends References 412 413 417 420 433 434 435 X LU , Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore and T LI U , Institute of Advanced Materials, People's Republic of China Magnetic polymer. .. These flasks were then immersed in 6 Polymer nanocomposites an oil bath and stirred at 250ëC with nitrogen gas flow for 6 hours to polymerize the -caprolactam Water overflowed the flasks due to distillation halfway through this process Polymerization was terminated when the load on the stirrers increased to a certain level After the flasks were cooled, aggregated polymers were removed from the flasks... past decade, polymer nanocomposites have attracted considerable interests in both academia and industry, owing to their outstanding mechanical properties like elastic stiffness and strength with only a small amount of the nanoadditives This is caused by the large surface area to volume ratio of nanoadditives when compared to the micro- and macro-additives Other superior properties of polymer nanocomposites. .. Magnetic polymer nanocomposites A MI L L A N and F PA L A C I O , University of Zaragoza, Spain and E SN O E C K , V SE R I N and P LE C A N T E , CEMES-CNRS, France 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Introduction Classification of magnetic polymer nanocomposites Synthesis Characterization Magnetic properties Future trends References 18 Phenolic resin/SiO2 organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites C-L... Zhong-Zhen Yu Sydney, Australia Part I Layered silicates 1 Polyamide/clay nanocomposites M K A T O and A U S U K I , Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc., Japan 1.1 Introduction A typical polymer composite is a combination of a polymer and a filler Because compounding is a technique that can ameliorate the drawbacks of conventional polymers, it has been studied over a long period and its practical applications . and diffusion models relevant to polymer nanocomposites 279 11.5 Polymer nanocomposites diffusivity 282 11.6 Polymer nanocomposites sorption 286 11.7 Polymer nanocomposites permeability 287 11.8. characterisation of magnetic polymer nanocomposites (Chapter 17), and the conducting polymer/ graphite nanocomposites (Chapter 19) are discussed. The wear characteristics of polymer nanocomposites reinforced. order number WP9297 ISBN-10: 0-8493-9297-7 Polymer nanocomposites Edited by Yiu-Wing Mai and Zhong-Zhen Yu Polymer nanocomposites are a class of reinforced polymers with low quantities of nanometric-sized