1. Objective Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province. Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district. Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in Ho Bon commune. 2. Research Methods The method of data collection: + Collecting secondary data: Collecting from Decisions, Resolutions, reports... + Primary data collection: Through surveys and interviews in 4 villages Analytical and processing methods: Including economic statistics method, participatory monitoring and evaluation method, synthesis method. 3. Research results Assess the current situation of poverty reduction and the poverty reduction programs implemented in the locality. Analyze the factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune. Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Na Ri district in the period of 2021 2026. 4. Conclusion The thesis reflects the reality of poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province; Evaluate and analyze factors affecting poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities, causes leading to poverty for ethnic minorities, thereby proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune.
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUTURE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT & SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION POLICY FOR ETHNIC MINORITY HOUSEHOLDS IN HO BON COMMUNE, MU CANG CHAI DISTRICT, YEN BAI PROVINCE UNDERGRADUATE THESIS OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANOI – 6/2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SUMMARY Objective - Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province - Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune - Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district - Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in Ho Bon commune Research Methods - The method of data collection: + Collecting secondary data: Collecting from Decisions, Resolutions, reports + Primary data collection: Through surveys and interviews in villages - Analytical and processing methods: Including economic statistics method, participatory monitoring and evaluation method, synthesis method Research results - Assess the current situation of poverty reduction and the poverty reduction programs implemented in the locality 2 - Analyze the factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune - Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Na Ri district in the period of 2021 - 2026 Conclusion The thesis reflects the reality of poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province; Evaluate and analyze factors affecting poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities, causes leading to poverty for ethnic minorities, thereby proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 6 PART INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study Vietnam is a country with 54 ethnic groups, in the Vietnamese ethnic community, compared to the Kinh people, the poverty level of ethnic minorities is more serious and profound According to statistics, ethnic minorities account for only 15% of the population, but account for 47% of the country's poor and 68% of the extreme poverty In particular, the density of ethnic minorities in the group of poor households tends to increase: if as in 1993, poverty was widespread and EM poor households only accounted for 20% of the total number of poor households In 2010, ethnic minority poor households accounted for about 47% of total poor households (Dam Huu Dac, 2001) Therefore, poverty reduction for ethnic minorities is a top goal in the guidelines, guidelines and policies of the Party and State Ho Bon is a commune with an important strategic position in terms of politics, economy, security and defense of Mu Cang Chai district, with National Highway 32 running through, bordering Lao Cai and Lai Chau provinces, quite convenient to the gate Lao Cai international export It is a commune with many potentials and advantages for economic development However, paradoxically, this is one of the communes with the highest poverty rate in the district Especially ethnic minorities Ho Bon commune has a total area of 53.75 km², the total population in 1999 was 1613 people, the population density corresponds to 30 people/km² Ho Bon has 437 households, 331 households are poor; out of 2,410 people, 95% are Hmong, of which 79% are poor households, with per capita income of 5.4 million VND/year, including support from the State Stemming from that important meaning, we have chosen the topic: "Sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province" as the research topic, in order to properly evaluate the reality status and find effective solutions to promote poverty reduction for ethnic minorities households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province in the coming time 1.2 Objectives 1.2.1 General Objective Apply theoretical and practical studies on poverty and poverty reduction to analyze the poverty situation and its effects, and at the same time propose measures to reduce poverty for ethnic minority households in the direction of: sustainable in accordance with local circumstances 1.2.2 Specific Objectives - Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province - Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune - Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district - Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in Ho Bon commune 1.3 Research question Hint: Based on the specific objectives to develop research questions that can help you to solve the research problem 1.4 Object and scope 1.4.1 Object a- Research object: Ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province b- Survey object: - Authorities, managers in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province - Daily life and income of people in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai Province 1.4.2 Scope of the study a- Geographic scope: The study was carried out in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province b- Timing scope: + Primary data collection: Actual survey in the period of 2021 + Secondary data collection: From the period of 2021 c- Content scope: The thesis focuses on studying the current situation of poverty in the localities and the poverty reduction policies of the district, province and central level for Ho Bon commune, studying the poverty reduction situation and the effectiveness of poverty reduction policies for the rural areas poverty households of ethnic minorities in the communes of Ho Bon commune PART THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Sustainable poverty reduction 2.1.1 The concept of poverty “Poor is the condition of a part of the population not being able to enjoy and satisfy basic human needs, which are recognized by society depending on the level of socio-economic development and social customs of each locality.” (Nguyen Thi Binh and cs, 2006) More specifically, poverty is a state in which a part of the population has a minimum standard of living that does not satisfy basic human needs The basic need here is the essential, the minimum to maintain human existence Needs for food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, travel, communication,… “Hunger is a concept expressing the human condition that people not eat enough, not have enough minimum energy needed to maintain daily life, so they not have enough energy to work and reproduce labor power; is the situation of a poor part of the population whose living standards are below the minimum and the income is not enough to meet the material needs to sustain life.” In other words, hunger is the lowest rung of poverty Poverty is also identified in four aspects: Time,space, spatial and environment Time: The majority of the poor have a standard of living below what is defined as the lowest acceptable standard over a long period of time (it is also necessary to add to this number of people the situation of unemployment due to natural disasters, risks, caused or caused by humans) (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012) Gender: Most of the poor in countries are women Although men are the head of the family, women still bear more of the burden of poverty (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012) Spatial: Poverty occurs mainly in rural areas, mountainous areas, remote areas, etc No matter how developed the economy is, people in the 10 VND Poor (Rural area) Under 700,000 VND or from 700,000 VND to million VND 2016 - 2020 Poverty (urban area) Under 900,000 VND Near-poor (agricultural area or from village) 900,000 VND to 1.3 Near poverty (urban area) million Source: Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (2015) 2.1.4 Multidimensional poverty 2.1.4.1 Concept Most countries around the world define poverty as the lack of money However, the poor themselves consider their experience of poverty much more broadly A person who is poor can suffer multiple disadvantages at the same time – for example they may have poor health or malnutrition, a lack of clean water or electricity, poor quality of work or little schooling Focusing on one factor alone, such as income, is not enough to capture the true reality of poverty Multidimensional poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture They reveal who is poor and how they are poor – the range of different disadvantages they experience As well as providing a headline measure of poverty, multidimensional measures can be broken down to reveal the poverty level in different areas of a country and among different sub-groups of people 2.1.4.2 Aspects of multidimensional poverty Income: Most of the poor have a very difficult life and have a low income This is due to the nature of their work The poor often simple jobs, manual labor, hard work but low income Jobs are often precarious, unstable, seasonally dependent and have risks related to weather (rain, sun, drought, flood, earthquake ) Occupations belonging to agriculture, forestry, and fishery are examples of this problem Due to low income, living expenses of the poor limit most of their daily living needs, which are met to a low level or even not enough This leads to a series of other 13 problems such as reducing health, reducing labor power, thereby reducing income, creating a vicious cycle of poverty Health - education: The poor often suffer from diseases such as flu, joint pain because they have to work hard In addition, they also have to live in areas with limited sanitary and medical conditions They not have access to clean water, not have closed structures, leading to an increase in the number of malnourished children and anemic pregnant women The reason is due to unequal treatment in society, the poor not have access to social security services compared to the rich Besides the awareness level of the poor, they often not care about their health, subjectively making the disease worse Living conditions: The poor often live in areas with low sanitation and health conditions, with many limitations, for example, they not have access to clean water sources, and not have hygienic auxiliary facilities solutions to help them have access to clean water and reasonable sanitation Access to information: Using a measure of access to information to improve access to information and communication for the poor is very important because their access to information is very limited and outdated From there, suggest ways to fix it Housing: Not living and living in sustainable houses, they always have to live in fear of material and spiritual deprivation, so it greatly affects daily production, and then offer solutions to overcome (Chính phủ, 2011) 2.2 Research contents about sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province 2.2.1 Assess the poverty situation of ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune 2.2.2 Analysis of the causes of poverty for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune 2.2.3 Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities Ho Bon commune 14 2.2.4 Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for the district's ethnic minorities Ho Bon next time 2.3 Factors influencing sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province 2.3.1 Objectivity - Natural conditions: harsh climate, natural disasters, storms, floods, droughts, pests and diseases, barren land, complicated terrain, polluted environment, little arable land, households have to rent land about farming Unfavorable weather conditions affect earnings - The influence of the macro-economy affects people, unstable prices, and precarious incomes - Unfavorable economic environment, unstable market - The mechanisms and policies on poverty reduction implemented in recent years have actually been multi-dimensional, such as policies on housing assistance, health care, education, water for daily life, and information However, the policy system is still overlapping and fragmented The policy-making process is still top-down and has not yet mobilized the participation of the community and people Mode of organization and implementation overlapping, scattered, not clearly decentralized to the locality, so the initiative has not been promoted Mobilization of resources is not commensurate with the potential and is still limited - Applying rigid policies from the top down, not suitable and not suitable for each audience - Policy on investment in infrastructure is poor, incomplete and not guaranteed in community activities and production development - Unfinished policies to encourage production development, selfemployment, poverty alleviation (taxes, credits, incentives), lack of supportive policies for families and society 15 - Lack of close attention from local authorities and social organizations, policies on education, health care and employment are not synchronized and overlapped 2.3.2 Subjective We need to investigate to find out 2.4 Practical Framework/Experiences 2.4.1 Experience in poverty reduction in some countries in the world It is a fact that most of the poor are concentrated in rural areas, because this is a very difficult area in all aspects such as electricity, domestic water, roads, medical stations In developing country's economy is mainly producing the success of poverty reduction programs depends on the State's policies for agricultural development programs and rural states Reality shows that Asian dragons such as: Korea, Singapore, Taiwan; ASEAN countries and China both pay great attention to agricultural and rural development See it is not only the task of building the foundations for industrialization and modernization process, but also the guarantee for sustainable development of the national economy 2.4.1.1 China’s experience If under the poverty line by PSO Central China is the income of 100 yuan/person/year, the number of poor people in rural areas in 1978 was 250 million people (30% of the population), in 1985 there were only 125 million people and in 1998 there were only 43 million people China has taken many measures to limit the gap between the rich and the poor and carry out the work of hunger eradication and poverty reduction Measures implemented to reduce poverty in China can be classified into two groups: the group of general measures and the group of direct measures of poverty alleviation Lessons from poverty reduction experiences from countries around the world Firstly, poverty and income disparity among income groups, between rich and poor are global issues Solving the problem of poverty is not only the task of each country, but must be a common concern and responsibility of countries and the world, of which developed countries have the greatest responsibility 16 Secondly, poverty is a problem that has an integrated relationship with many factors such as politics, society, population, geographical location, environmental resources, management apparatus, development policies of the country Each country, etc Therefore, poverty reduction and sustainable poverty reduction must be an integrated program, highly strategic, with an appropriate approach, and urgent at the same time but also long term Third, economic globalization is an inevitable trend that all countries must participate in, especially poor countries However, the downsides, the consequences of the globalization process are huge and uncontrollable Therefore, finding a way to actively integrate to get out of poverty is a very difficult challenge for poor countries (ĐH Kinh tế Quốc dân, 2010) 2.4.1.2 Experience of Tuyen Quang province Since 1991, Tuyen Quang has been a province with a relatively high poverty rate, the number of poor households being ethnic minorities accounts for over 70%, in some communes the poverty rate is over 80% In 2005, the number of poor households in the province was 55,447 households, accounting for 35.6% of the total population In 2010, Tuyen Quang reduced the number of poor households to 16.65%, an average decrease of 7.1%/ year Tuyen Quang has well implemented the solutions: - To step up agricultural and forestry extension, guide farming techniques, select crops and livestock with comparative advantages in the market - To focus on investing in building rural infrastructure such as roads, electricity, schools, medical stations, solidifying canals, strengthening equipment, tools and instruments for agricultural production - To step up the development of education, raise the people's intellectual level and well the family planning work Lessons learned from sustainable poverty reduction for Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai provinces Reality has shown that, through many activities, movements and forms of propaganda and advocacy by donors at all levels in the province, it has contributed to helping many poor households develop their economy, 17 escape poverty, and gradually get rich value, improving the material and spiritual life of the people In recent years, with the efforts of the households themselves combined with the State's programs to support the poor, the economy of the agricultural and rural areas of Yen Bai has improved significantly The process of economic restructuring, new production methods, and newly established and developed businesses have in fact brought positive effects to the process of "attacking poverty" Lessons Learned - It is necessary to have specific mechanisms and policies in order to rationally and effectively use investment capital, prioritizing investment in infrastructure, science and technology, and agricultural production and protect the environment - Pay attention to invest in education - training, especially vocational training for employees This has the effect of improving labor quality, developing human resources, and increasing labor productivity - In poverty alleviation, the State plays an important role, but this must be considered as a task of society, first of all, of the poor people themselves, who must rise up on their own 2.4.2 Related studies Up to now, there have been many research works on poverty reduction in general, proposing mechanisms and policies as well as organizing the implementation of poverty reduction programs Some of the projects are as follows: Solutions to improve the income of poor farmers in the Red River Delta, PhD thesis of graduate student Le Thi Nghe, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, defended in 1995 at Hanoi National Economics University Contribution: Proposed the first regional poverty reduction solutions in our country Some key solutions to hunger eradication and poverty alleviation in the Northwest region in the period 2006 - 2010, Master thesis by graduate student Ngo Xuan Quyet, defended at National Economics University, 2006 18 Contribution: Proposed regional poverty reduction solutions PART RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Characteristics of the study area 3.1.1 Natural characteristics - Geographical characteristics: Ho Bon commune is a mountainous commune, located in the northwest of Mu Cang Chai district, with a natural area of 53.75 km2, a population density of 30 people/km2 Located in geographic coordinates 21˚34'33" North to 103˚56'22" East It borders Lao Cai province to the North, Lai Chau province to the West and South, and Khao Mang and Lao Chai communes to the east - Climatic characteristics: The climate here is very fresh with rich vegetation, in the vicinity there are also forest flowers such as azaleas, red maple trees and some other flowers 3.1.2 Social and economic characteristics - Land use situation: Land of Ho Bon is mainly formed by the direct weathering of the parent rock and partly formed by the alluvial deposition of river and stream systems - Population and labor situation: The total population in 1999 was 1613 people, the population density corresponds to 30 people/km² Ho Bon has 437 households, 331 households are poor; out of 2,410 people, 95% are Hmong, of which 79% are poor households, with per capita income of 5.4 million VND/year, including support from the State - Economic achievements: Currently, the road system (National Highway 32) has been renovated, upgraded, invested and completed, creating favorable conditions for the transportation and trade of goods The national grid system and communication system are invested in all communes and towns - Cultural and social characteristics: Full of the identity of minorities here Preserve cultural traditions of ethnic Hmong 19 - Infrastructure situation: Ho Bon is a commune with high terrain, many mountain ranges, many waterfalls and caves Interwoven are the rivers, the hills, forests, natural areas of industrial plants interwoven with rice fields create diverse natural scenery, rich In addition, there are historical relics, natural attractions, and typical villages and villages of highland ethnic people 3.2 Research methods 3.2.1 Site selection and sampling method Select study villages that fully represent the topographical, economic, social and cultural conditions in the commune The commune consists of villages that can be divided into different regions in terms of topographical conditions and development level of the commune Region is the villages with quite favorable traffic conditions and the average economy of the commune I chose Trong La and Pao Lau as the representative of region Region is an area with difficult traffic and underdeveloped economy I chose the village of Trong Cho, Hang A representing region to study Sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune not only contributes to improving the material and spiritual life of the people, contributes to the implementation of social security, but also has the effect of preserving preserve landscape, environment and develop eco-tourism 3.2.2 Data collection method a- Secondary data: - Secondary data are exploited from the following sources: Directives and Resolutions of the Party, the State, Ministries and branches of the Central Government, Yen Bai province; documents on hunger eradication and poverty reduction, regimes and policies for implementation of hunger eradication and poverty reduction; data reported by departments, divisions and branches of the district, Statistical Yearbook of Mu Cang Chai district - Statistical documents have been published on the status of poverty, the situation of single- and multi-dimensional poverty reduction in the district, in the country and in the world 20 - Sources of information on land, population, labor, infrastructure, economic development results from Sub-Department of Statistics, Division of Labor Invalids and Social Affairs, Department of Finance - Planning Blind Cang Chai, statistical yearbook of Mu Cang Chai district, reports of the People's Committee of Mu Cang Chai district, decisions of the People's Committee of Yen Bai province Books, magazines, research works of experts and scientists; information on websites of units and organizations related to poverty and poverty reduction b- Primary data: With a sample size of 120 households, select poor and near-poor households to conduct the survey: 30 households in Trong La village, 30 households in Trong Cho village and 30 households in Pao Lau village and 30 households in Hang A village The selection of households is completely random, on the basis of secondary data from the commune divided into groups of poor and near-poor households + Questionnaires on poverty status according to commune poverty + Interviews with district and commune managers and households 3.2.3 Data processing method The data was classified and processed, and the research criteria were calculated using Microsoft Excel software 3.2.4 Data analysis methods - Descriptive statistics method Descriptive statistical methods to pass statistical data that can reflect the actual situation, the actual situation of poverty reduction in the study area + Description by statistical tables: On the basis of statistical tables arranged in a two-dimensional system of data, statistical indicators, information about objects, contents, and responsibilities for implementation in management on rows and column + Description by data: Use relative and absolute data to describe indicators of poverty status: education, access to information, health care, housing and living conditions - Comparative method 21 Using the method of comparing both absolute and relative numbers, compare the criteria to see the good, average, near-poor and poor households according to poverty criteria 3.2.5 System of Research indicators 3.2.5.1 The group of indicators reflects resources and economic development - Size and structure of land area by purpose of use and by locality in the district - Size and structure of population and labor of the district - Production value and economic structure of the district - Economic growth in general and each branch of the district 3.2.5.2 The group of indicators reflects the reality of multidimensional poverty - Education - Health - Housing - Living conditions - Information access 22 PART 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Situation of poverty in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province in the period 2015 – 2020 4.1.1 Situation of poverty reduction in Ho Bon commune, Bac Kan province 4.1.2 Multidimensional poverty status of the studied households 4.1.3 Evaluation of the implementation of sustainable poverty reduction solutions in Ho Bon commune 4.2 Analysis of factors affecting poverty reduction policy in Ho Bon commune 4.2.1 Causes of poverty of the surveyed households 4.2.2 Analysis of causes affecting multi-dimensional poverty reduction 4.3 Proposed solutions/policy recommendations to Sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune 23 PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion The topic "Sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minorities in Ho Bo commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province" with the aim of clarifying theoretical and practical issues of sustainable poverty reduction in Ho commune Four in the past time, thereby proposing solutions to sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune in the coming time 5.2 Policy Recommendation 24 REFERENCES Bình, N T (2006) Giảm nghèo Việt Nam - 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