Nhân giống vô tính và trồng rừng dòng vô tính

VIEN KHOA HOC LAM NGHIEP VIET NAM NGUYEN HOANG NGHIA NHAN GIONG VO TINH VA TRONG RUNG DONG VO TINH VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND CLONAL FORESTRY NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP VIEN KHOA HOC LAM NGHIEP VIET NAM NGUYEN HOANG NGHIA NHAN GIONG VO TINH VA TRONG RUNG DONG VO TINH VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND CLONAL FORESTRY NHA XU AT BAN NONG NGHIEP h A n Oi , 2001 Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban LE VAN THINH Bien tap va sira bai Manh Ha - Thanh Huyen Trinh bay bia D6 Thinh In 500 ban khd 19 x 27, tai xubng in Nha xua't ban Nong Nghiep Giay chap nhan dang ky ke hoach xuat ban so 4/1074, Cue xuat ban cap 8-8-2001 In xong va nop lufu chieu thang 9-2001 L&\ GICJITHieU Nhan giong vo tinh ma chu yeu la nhan giong sinh dudng dang dirge dura vao sir dung mot nhieu va dong mot vai tro quan trong cong tac cai thien giong cay rimg d nhieu nude trbn the gidi va ca d nude ta Trudc day, nhan giong sinh dudng dupe dung de luu giu cac genotip cac nha bang gen va de xay dung vudn giong dong vo tinh Mot so nam gdn day, cac nha nghien cuu va san xuat da dua nhan giong sinh dudng vao phuc vu cac chuong trinh trdng rung cho mot so loai cay rung quan Mac du co mot so' kho khan can phai nghien chu giai quyet, song nhung nam gan day, viec ap dung cac bien phap nhan giong sinh dudng vao thuc tidn san xuat lam nghiep da dat dude nhieu tien bo dang ke va hua hen nhi6u tuu mdi, phai ke den cac loai cay rimg quan nhu cac loai bach dan (Eucalyptus) va bach dan lai d Bradin, Conggo va Trung Quo'c; van sam (Picea) b chau Au; thong radiata (Pin us radiala) b Niu Dilan; thong caribe (Pimis caribaea) va thong lai P caribaea x P elliottii b Oxtraylia; thong P taeda va P elliottii b chau My Mot so' loai cay khac cung dang duoc ting dung d dien hep hoac d tarn quo'c gia nhu phi lao d Trung Quo'c va Thai Lan, mot so loai tre true d Thai Lan va An Do, Hien tai da co mot so' don vi cua Vien Khoa hoc Lam nghiep Viet Nam, Cong ty Gio'ng lam nghiep trung uong, Trung tarn nghien cuu cay nguyen lieu giay Phil Ninh (Phu Tho), Lam trudng thuc nghiem Yen Lap (Quang Ninh) la co co so v |t chat du ldn, cong nghe hien dai cho san xuat cay mb va cay horn Cac don vi khac d dia phuong, cac lam trudng rimg cung co the xay dung cac khu giam horn don gian, re ti6n, db quan ly nham phuc vu san xuh't hang loat cay horn chat luong cao phuc vu cho chuong trinh trdng rimg san xuat Cac chuong trinh nhan giong phai gan ket chat che vdi chuong trinh chon giong va chi sir dung cac dong vo tinh tot nhat vao san xuat dai tra Nhhm giup cho cac co so nghien chu va san xuat co them nhung thong tin can thiet, quyen sach da thu thap cac ket qua nghien cuu va trdng rimg dong vo tinh va ngoai nude, tap hop theo trinh tu de tien tham khao Hy vong quyen sach gop phan tfch cue vao cong cube rung cay mo hom cung nhu- vao chuong trinh moi trieu rung cua nuoc ta Tac gia xin chan cam on cac co quan va dong nghiep da nhiet tinh giup qua trinh thuc hien nghien cuu va bien soan cuo'n sach Rat mong ban doc dong gop y kien bd sung Tac gia MUCLUC PH A N M dD A U * PHAN I: NHAN GIONG VO TINH 11 Muc ti6u cua nhan gid'ng v6 tmh 1.1 Muc tieu khoa hoc 1.2 Muc tieu kinh te 13 13 14 Cac 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 17 17 17 18 20 23 23 31 phircmg phap nhan giting v6 tfnh Sir tiep hop vo tfnh Nhan giong bang rd Chiet Ghep Horn la Nhan giong bang horn than va horn canh Nudi cay mo Su thuc va cac bi6n phap tre hoa 3.1 Sir thuc la gi 3.2 Ung dung thuc tibn cua su thuc 3.3 Cac bien phap tre hoa PHAN II: TRONG RUNG DONG VO TfNH 33 34 36 36 38 Dac tnmg cua tr6ng rhng dong v6 tfnh 38 Lei fch cua tr6ng rihig dong v6 tfnh 2.1 Kha nang nhan dupe tang thu 16m 2.2 Kha nang tao cac rung dong deu 2.3 Kha nang dua nhanh ket qua chon giong vao san xuat 2.4 Nhan nhanh vat lieu hiem 2.5 Lai dung cac uu diem cua su thuc 2.6 Cac lai fch khac 39 42 43 43 45 46 47 Di6u ki6n ca ban cua tr6ng riimg dong v6 tfnh 3.1 An toan sinh hoc 3.2 Tfnh kha thi 3.3 Lam tang dang ke tang thu di truyen 48 48 51 52 Nhtrng kho khan trdr ngai 52 4.1 Nhan giong, chon giong va da dang di truydn 4.2 Chi phi va quan ly rirng 52 54 4.3 So sanh cay hat va cay dong vo tmh 4.4 Bien di ben dong vo tmh Chon loc dong vd tmh 5.1 Dong vo tinh 5.2 Chon loc dong vo tmh PHAN III: THANH TUU TREN THE G l6l 56 57 57 57 58 63 K6t qua nhan gi6ng sinh ducfng 1.1 Cac loai bach dan Eucalyptus 1.2 Cac loai cay la kim 1.3 Cay la rong chau Au 1.4 Cay tech 1.5 Cay phi lao 1.6 Mot so ket qua vd nuoi cay mo 63 63 65 67 67 69 70 K£t qua tr6ng rfrng dong v6 tinh tr6n thd gicri 2.1 Trong rung dong vo tinh Bradin 2.2 Tr6ng rung dong vo tmh a Conggo 2.3 Tr6ng rung dong vo tmh Colombia 2.4 Trong rung dong vo tmh a Nam Phi 2.5 Mot so ket qua An Do 2.6 Cay la rong nhiet ddi khac 2.7 Mot so ket qua vdi cac loai la kim 2.8 Giam horn san xuat cay thong No-en My 2.9 Str dung cac dong vo tinh vao bao ton nguon gen 71 71 74 75 76 77 78 78 81 82 PHAN IV: TRIEN VONG VIET NAM 84 M6t sd kdt qua nh^n gidng sinh duong cr Viet Nam 1.1 Ghep 1.2 Giam horn 86 86 87 M6t sd k6't qua budc ddu khao nghidm dong v6 tinh 2.1 Nghien cun tuyen chon cac dong keo lai 2.2 Khao nghiem tuyen chon cac dong bach dan 98 98 99 Y KIEN DE XUAT 103 TAl LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 107 PHAN Md DAU Tren hanh tinh cua chung ta, rung chang nhung c6 y nghTa cue ky quan ve mat kinh te ma vdi toe phat trien nhir vu bao cua khoa hoc cong nghe cung nhu toe pha rung dang bao dong nhu nay, rung cang co y nghTa rat ldn ve mat sinh thai, moi trudng Chi rieng chau A - Thai Binh Duong, vdi dien tfch rung trai rong 500 trieu ha, chiem mot phan tu tai nguyen rtrng cua the gidi, muc dp mat rung vung dat 1,8 trieu ha/nam Mat rung da gay nen nhung hau qua vo cung nghiem trong, la: ■ Giam dp che phu cua rirng, la phoi xanh khong the thieu cua Trai Dat, ■ Dat bi thoai hoa nghiem va trd nen kho edn, sa mac hoa, ■ Mat rirng phong ho dau nguon lam giam kha nang giu nude va tac dong xau den san xuat nong nghiep, ■ Chay rung, mat rirng gay bien dong ldn den khl hau toan cau, ■ Mat moi trudng song cho dong vat hoang da, ■ Giam manh da dang di truyPn, mat mot so' loai cay co y nghTa doi vdi ndn kinh te cua mdi qude gia, ■ Cung cap gd giam, anh hudng den nen cong nghiep che bien gd v.v Cac co gdng trdng lai rung dang dupe khich le a nhidu nude khu vuc cung nhu tren toan cau, song theo mot bao cao cua FAO nam 1980 thi tong so' rung trdng da thong bao, co tdi 30% dien tfch chua he dupe trdng cay, 30% trdng that bai hoac rirng co chat lupng kem, chi co khoiing 40% dien tfch dupe coi la cong (Davidson, 1990) Hai yeu to quyet dinh tdi cong va nang suat rung trdng hien dang dupe cac nha nghien cuu quan tarn giai quyet, la: ■ Giong khang benh co nang suat cao, ■ Cac bien phap tham canh dong bo va quan ly rung trdng Hang nam, vung chau A - Thai Binh Duong cung sir dung tdi hang ty cay vao trdng rirng va neu ctr tinh mdi cay gia nua dola thi co the dd dang nhan tha'y so tien danh cho giong da lbn nhir the nao Song dibu dang dupe quan tam hon ca la co bao nhieu so hang ty cay co chat lirqng cao nhir mong muon? Nhb co qua trinh nghien cuu va thu nghiem suot may thap men qua de tim cac giai phap ky thudt hop ly ma rung dong vo tfnh - rung bang cay mo horn - da mb mot hudng di mbi day trien vong cho nhieu loai cay trbng rirng chu chot b nhieu nude Nhan giong vo tfnh (Vegetative Propagation) ma chu yeu la nhan giong sinh dubng dang dupe dua vao sir dung mot nhibu va dong vai tro quan trong cong tac cai thien giong cay rung b nhieu nubc tren the gibi va ca b nubc ta Trudc day, nhan giong sinh dubng dupe dung de luu giu cac genotip cac nha bang gen (ngan hang gen - Genebank) va de xay dung vubn giong dong vo tfnh (Clonal Seed Orchard) Mot so nam gan day, cac nha nghien cuu va san xuat da dua nhan giong sinh dubng vao phuc vu cac chuong trinh trbng rung cho mot so loai cay rung quan Tir nhieu the ky nay, nhung ngubi lam vubn va ngubi cay canh da sir dung rat cong cac bien phap nhan giong sinh dubng (ma chu yeu la chiet va ghep) vao cong viec cua minh Cac ky thuat va kinh nghiem cua ho da dupe ap dung rong rai vao cac chuong trinh cai thien giong cay rirng Ngay tir the ky 12, ngubi ta da phan loai thuc vat theo hinh thde sinh san, tuc la phan biet cay sinh san huu tfnh va cay sinh san vo tfnh, va bang phan loai cua ho co tbi 50 loai cay gb Nhieu loai cay canh quan b cac vung nong thon va thi b chau Au da du'pc nhan giong bang cac dong vo tfnh (horn) tu nhieu the ky nay, chang han nhu cac dong vo tfnh cua lieu, dong duong Lombardy, dong ngo dong London la nhung dong vo tinh co nhat, dupe tao tir khoang 300 nam trubc Tir nam 1828, cay horn van sam (Picea abies) rb dau tien da dupe ngubi tao ra, song tuu da khong dupe dua vao thu'c tibn san xuat lam nghiep Phai chb 120 nani sau, cong ve nhan giong bang horn cay van sam mbi dupe sir dung de phuc vu cho cac muc tieu chon giong, dung cho xay dung vubn giong la chinh chu chu'a phai dupe dua thang vao rirng cay horn Co thd noi nganh Lam nghiep, nhan giong sinh dudng da dupe dira vao ap dung tir tren 100 nam Vao nam 1840, mot ngudi Phap ten la Marier de Boisdyver vung rung Phongtenoblo da ghep tren 10 nghin cay thong den xuat xu Korzika (Pinus nigra ssp Lariciot) len goc ghep thong den non tre nhSm nhan rong xuat xh co gia tri va de’ san xuat hat giong phuc vu rung Sau nay, vao nam 1880, ngudi Ha Lan da xay dung cac vudn giong dong vo tfnh dao Giava (Indonexia) nham lam tang ham luong kinin cua cay canhkina ( Cinchona ledgeriana) Ngudi ta cung xhy dung cac vudn giong dong vo tlnh vao nam 1919 Malaixia de lam tang luong mu cao su cay cao su (Hevea brasiiiensis) Tir the ky 19 va dau the ky 20 Nhat Ban da co mot so tai lieu noi v6 viec su dung horn r6 cua loai cay lidu sam (Cryptomeria japonica) vao rung Nam 1882, mot ngudi Nhat Ban co ten ia M Ono da co bai viet nhan dd “Cay tir hat hay cay horn sinh truong nhanh hon?” vao nam 1919, mot ngudi khac la K Kanoo lai viet ve “Phuong hudng rung loai Cryptomeria bang cay horn” Nhu vay rd rang la viec tao horn rd da dupe thir nghiem va hoan thien tir trude va thuc tidn rirng kinh te cua loai c4y d Nhat Ban, tir nhieu nam nay, cay horn da dong mot vai tro rat quan Vao nam 1948, nha nghien cdu ndi tieng ngudi Dire la R Kleinschmit da bat dau chuong trinh nhan giong horn cay van sam Cong hoa Lien bang Dire, Ruden cung bat dau chuong trinh NaUy Ban dau cac co gang cua ho tap trung vao viec tim hieu cac ky thuat giam horn, trude het la cho chy 10 tuoi, sau cho cac cay co dp tuoi ldn hon Dan dan ky thuat giam horn da dupe giai quyet, song vhn ton tai hai kho khan co ban cua ca chuong trinh, la: ■ Cay cang ldn tuoi, nhan giong horn ciing kho khan hon, ■ Cay horn co nguon goc tir cay ldn tuoi mang tfnh brio luu cue bo (Topophysis) suot mot thdi gian dai va kho khde phuc: chy horn sinh truong ngang chu khong ldn cay thdng ddng Chinh vi vay ma cac nha nghien cuu da sdm gdn chuong trinh nhan giong horn vdi mot chuong trinh chon lpc sdm (Early Selection) cac cay non sinh truong nhanh tir cac khao nghiem xuat xu va khao nghiem hau the Cac dong vo tfnh dupe dua vao trdng rirng bang cay horn, dupe tiep tuc khao nghiem, theo doi va tia bo tren co so cac bude chon lpc tiep theo, va TAI LIEUTHAMKHAO CfflNH Ahuja M.R and W.J.Libby, 1993 Clonal Forestry I and II SpringerVerlag, Berlin Bonga J.M and D.J Durzan, 1987 Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry V ol.l, 2, Nijhoff Publishers Davidson, J., 1993 Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Recent Advances in Mass Clonal Multiplication of Forest Trees for Plantation Programmes December 1992, Bogor, Indonesia Eldridge K, J Davidson, C Harwood and G van Wyk, 1993 Eucalypt Domestication and Breeding Oxford 288 p Gibson G.L., A.R Griffin and A.C Matheson, 1989 Proceedings of a Conference on Breeding Tropical Trees Thailand, 1988 Hartney V.J., 1980 Vegetative Propagation of Eucalypts Aust.For.Res., 10,191-211 ICFRE Mass Propagation Protocol for Bamboos Lars Schmidt, 1993 Vegetative Propagation Le Dinh Kha, Nguydn Dinh Hai, Tran Ctr, 1995 Chon loc va khao nghiem dong vo tfnh keo lai tai Ba Vi Thong tin KHKT va KTLN, so 2-1995 Nguydn Hoang Nghla, 1990 Tuyen chon giong so co nang suat cao cho vung Lang Son Vien KH Lam nghiep VN, Ha Noi, 31 trang Nguydn Hoang NghTa, 1991 Nhan giong vo tfnh va rung dong \b tfnh (tong luan) Bo Lam nghiep, Ha Noi, 74 trang Nguydn Hoang NghTa, 1993 Trong rung dong vo tfnh mot huong di nhieu trien vong Tap chf Lam nghiep, 12/1993, 16-18 Nguydn Hoang NghTa, Doan Thi Bfch, 1995 Tuydn chon giong so co nang suat cao cho vung Lang Son Ket qua nghien ciiru ve chon giong 107 cay rting, Trung tam Giong, Vien KHLN VN Nha xuat ban nong nghiep, Ha Noi, 60-78 Nguybn Hoang Nghia, Tran Cu, 1996 Ket qua bucfc dau giam horn thong b Viet Nam Thong tin KHKT va KT Lam nghiep, 2/1996, 18-19 Nguy6n Hoang Nghia, 1995 Trong rtfng bang cay mo horn : dinh hudng va trien vong (t6ng luan) B6 Lam nghiep, Ha Noi, 33 trang Pham Van Tuan, Nguydn Van Chien, 1995 Chon chy troi, nhan giong va btrdc dau trdng khao nghiem dong vo tinh bach dan va keo lai a Dong Nam Bo Thong tin KHKT va KTLN, so 2-1995 Trung tam nghien cdu giong chy rung, 1994 Nhan giong sinh duong mot so loai cay rung Bao cao khoa hoc Ha Noi UNDP/FAO RAS/88/025, Propagation of Dipterocarp Species 108 Hlnh 5: Cac cdng doan cua chiB't canh Ken vo canh dlnh chiet tren mot doan dai 20 - 35 mm Boc bang gia the thfch hop Bao kin bang tui nilong, de cho cay re vong - tuan Cat canh da re khoi cay de dem di Hmh 6: Cacgiai doan chmh cua cdyghep Chon mdm dSghep m im 1 Hinh 7: Horn canh cho gi£m hom Vi tri cat hom va cac kieu hom canh Hom canh cay ho Dau cat giap dot va bdt la Hom canh mot dot Cac cM tkich thich r i 2,4-D (do tfnh doc nen hien da bi loai bo) 2,4,5 - T (do tfnh doc nen hien da bj loai bo) 12 Horn giam true tiep tren luong Khu khao nghieni dong vo tinh 113 Cay hom H6ng quang Cay horn xa xi Cay hom Hong tung Cay hom Cinnamomum Panthenokylon Cay hom pamu (Fokienia hodginsii) Horn dau canh Takus w allichiana Cay hom bach xanh (Cal'o cedrus m acrolepis) Hom canh thong H im alaya 115 Horn canh thong giam tren cat a Lam D ong Hien tirong bao liru cue bo (Topophysis) O cay hom thong Chy non tit hat (ben trai) va cay hom tir canh thong 116 cay horn thang ba la Horn samu Da Lat Cay hom hoa tra 117 :