Giáo trình hệ cơ sở dữ liệu phân tán và suy diễn

NGUYEN VAN HUAN - PHAM VIET BINH POAS SMB Ly thuyet va thuc hanh Database Server Application N HA X U A T BA N KH O A HOC VA K Y TH U A T N G U Y E N V A N HU A N - P H A M V IE T B I N H GIAO TRINH HE CO S d DtT LIEU • • PHAN TAN VA SUY DIEN (Ly thuyet va thirc hanh) t=XD NHA XU AT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT Ha Noi - 2009 M il D A U Cdc he co’so dir lieu (CSDL) ddu fieri diroc xdy dimg theo cue mo h'mh phdn cap vd mo h'mh mang vdo nhimg ndm 1960, diroc xem Id the he thir nhdt cua cdc he quan tri co so dir lieu (QTCSDL) Tiep theo Id the he thir hai cdc he QTCSDL quan he, diroc xdv dung theo mo h'mh dir lieu quan he E.F Codd de xudt vdo nhimg ndm 1970 Cdc he QTCSDL nham muc lieu to chirc, luv trir dir lieu, truy cap vd cap nhdt nhimg khoi hcpng Ion dir lieu mot each thuan Ipi, an loan vd hieu qua Hai the he ddu cua cdc he QTCSDL da dap img dupe nhu cdu thu thdp vd to chirc cdc dir lieu cua cdc co quan, xi nghiep vd to chirc kinh doanh Tuy nhien, vdi sir phdt trien nhanh chdng cua cong nghe truyen thong vd sir bung no mqnh me cua mang Internet cung vdi xu the todn cdu hod moi Unh vuv, due biet Id ve thuong mai, da lam sinh nhieu img dung mdi phdi quan ly nhimg doi tirpng co cdu true phirc tap (van ban, dm thanh, h'mh anh) vd dong (cdc chuong tr'inh, cdc mo phong) Trong nhimg ndm 1990 da xuat hien mot the he thir ba cdc he QTCSDL - cdc he “huimg doi tirqng", co kha ndng ho trp cdc img dung da phirong lien (multimedia) Tririrc nhu cdu ve tdi lieu vd sdeh gido khoa cua sinh vien chuyen nghdnh cong nghe thong tin, nhdt Id cdc tdi lieu ve CSDL phdn tan, CSDL suy dien, CSDL huimg doi tirpng, chiing tdi hien soqn gido tr'mh man hoc He eff sir dir lieu phdn tun vd suy dien - Ly thuyet vd thirc hdnh Muc dich cua gido tr'mh "He co' so dir lieu phdn tun suy dien - Ly thuyet vd Ihue hdnh" nham tr'mh bay cdc khdi niem vd thudl todn co so' cua CSDL bao gdm: cdc md h'mh dir lieu vd cdc he CSDL tuong img, cdc ngdn ngir CSDL, thiet ke cdc CSDL, to chirc liru trir vd dm kiem, xir ly vd tdi iru hod cdu hoi, quan ly giao dich vd dieu khien tuong tranh, thiet ke cdc CSDL Trong qua tr'mh bien soqn, cluing tdi dd dira vdo noi dung chuong tr'mh cua man hoc hien dang dupe giang day tqi cdc trudng Dai hoc nude, dong thin cing cd gang phan dnh mot so tuu mdi cua cong nghe CSDL Cuon gido tr'mh se tr'mh bay mol each chi liet ve ly thuyet cung nhu cdc bdi thue hdnh img dung, giup cho ngudi hoc de tiep can nhimg kien thirc mdi Gido tr'mh gdm cd chuong: Chuimg I: Gidi thieu chung ve co so dir lieu ( ’huong 2: ( 'o so dir lieu phdn tan Chuong 3: Co so dir lieu suy dien Chuong 4: Co so dir lieu intdng doi tuong Chuong 5: Thirc hanh mot so img dung Tac gid xin chan thdnh cam on PCS, TS Do Nang Todn - Truong phdng Thirc tqi ao Vien Cong nghe thong tin - Vien KH&CN Viet Nam, TS Bui The Hong - Vien Cong nghe thong tin - Vien KH&CN Viet Nam, ThS Vii Dire Thai - Truong phdng Dao tao, KH&QHQT - Khoa Cong nghe thong tin - DH Thai Nguyen da ddnh nhieu thoi gian doc ky ban thao va cho nhieu y kien quy bau qua trinh tac gid bien soqn cuon gido trinh Tac gid cung bay to long biet on doi voi Ban Lcinh dao Khoa Cong nghe thong tin - Dai hoc Thai Nguyen, Hoi dong Khoa hoc - Dao tao da tao mqi dieu kien de gido trinh dupe mat ban doc Trong qua trinh gidng day cho sinh vien Khoa Cong nghe thong tin (Dai hoc Thai Nguyen) va Khoa CNTT, Khoa Todn - Tin, Khoa DTVT cua ede truong DH, CD khde chung toi'da due ket gido trinh Tuy da co gang nhimg gido trinh khong the khdng co nhung thieu sot Rat mong nhan duerc y kien dong gap cua doc gid de Ian tdi ban sau gido trinh se hodn chmh horn Thu gop y xin giii ve: Nguyen Van Huan, Khoa Cong nghe thong tin Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Xa Quyet Thang, Tp Thai Nguyen Dien thoai: 0987118623 Email: nvhuan@ictu.edu.vn Thai Nguyen, thang 04 ndm 2009 Cac tac gid M yc Ly c MCfDAU M yc L yc CHlTONG I G lO l T H iyU CHUNG VE CO SO DU* LI$U 1.1 KHAl NI$M CO BAN VE CAC HE CO SO DU" LIEU 1.1.1 Co so dft lipu la gi 1.1.2 S\r can thiet cua cac hp ca so dir li$u 1.1.3 Mo hinh kien true t6ng quat ca so dir li$u mure 1.1.4 Myc tieu cua cac hy ca sa du1lipu 1.1.5 Hp quan trj CSDL & nguai quan trj CSDL 1.1.6 Rang huge dO lipu 1.1.7 Cac mo hinh truy xult dO lipu 1.1.7.1 Mo hinh ca sa dir lipu Client Server 1.1.7.2 Mo hinh Client/Server nhilu lap 1.1.7.3 Ky thuat lap trinh ca sa du- lipu - Web dpng 1.1.7.4 Kiln true hp thong Server (Server System Architecture) 1.1.7.5 Cac mo hinh kien true ung dyng 1.2 CAC MO HiNH CO SO DU- LIEU 1.2.1 Madau 1.2.2 Mo hinh du1lipu (Data Model) 1.2.2.1 Phan bipt gifta cac mo hinh du- lipu 1.2.2.2 Cac hf thong CSDL doi tirpng va tri thurc 1.2.3 Mo hinh CSDL phan cap (Hierarchy Data Model) 1.2.3.1 Cau true bilu dien dtr lipu phan cap 1.2.3.2 Ngon ngu thao tac tren CSDL phan cap 1.2.4 Mo hinh CSDL myng (Network Data Model) 1.2.4.1 Cau true bieu dien du- Iipu myng 1.2.4.2 Ngon nett du lipu thao tac tren CSDL myng 1.2.5 Cach tiep can mo hinh CSDL quan hp CHUONG II CO SO DU* l i e u p h a n t a n 2.1 HE CO SO DU* LI$U PHAN t AN 2.1.1 D}nh nghTa CSDL phan tan 2.1.2 Phan loyi ca sa du lipu phan tan 2.1.3 Cac dac diem chinh cua ca sor du1lipu phan tan 2.1.5 Xu ly dQ- lipu phan tan 2.1.5 LTu nhupc diem cua vipc su dyng ca sa du lipu phan tan 2.1.6 Ca sa dQ: liyu phan tan va ca sa du lipu typ trung 2.1.7 Kien true ca ban cua CSDL phan tan 2.1.8 H? quan trj CSDL phan tan 2.2 CAC MO HINH X\S LY PHAN t AN 2.2.1 Mo hinh xu ly Master - Slave 2.2.2 Cac hf khach/dai ly 2.2.3 Cac hf phan tan ngang hang 2.2.4 Moi trufimg da tang 2.3 THIET KE CO SO DU- LI$U PHAN t AN 2.3.1 Cac chien luge thiet ke 9 10 11 14 15 17 18 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 28 28 30 30 33 33 33 35 36 38 39 4Q 41 42 45 45 45 47 47 48 48 2.3.1.1, Qua trinh thiet ke tir tren xuong (top-down) 2.3.1.2 Qua trinh thiit k£ tvr dudi len (bottom-up) 2.3.2 C&c van de thiet ke 2.3.2.1 Ly phan manh 2.3.2.2 Cac quy tic phan manh dung din 2.3.2.3 Cac yeu cau thong tin 2.3.3 Phan manh ngang 2.3.3.1 Hai kieu phan manh ngang 2.3.3.2 Yeu cau thong tin cua phan manh ngang 2.3.3.3 Phan manh ngang nguyen thuy 2.3.3.4 Phan manh ngang din xuat 2.3.3.5 Kiem djnh tinh dung din 2.3.4 Phan manh dpc 2.3.5 Phan manh hdn hop 2.3.6 Cipphat 2.3.6.1 Bai toan cap phat 2.3.6.2 Cach tiep c$n 2.3.6.3 Cach tiep c$n 2.4 X C LY V A N TIN 2.4.1 Bai toan xu ly van tin 2.4.2 Phan vin tin 2.4.3 Cpc bp h6a d& lipu phan tan 2.4.4 Toi mi hoa van tin phan tan 2.5 QUAN LY GIAO DJCH 2.5.1 Giao dich (Transaction) ' 2.5.2 Giao djch phan tan 2.5.3 Tinh kha tuan t\r cua c£c ljch bieu va vipc su dyng chung 2.5.4 Cac ky thu£t dieu khien tuong tranh bing khoa 2.5.4.1 Mo hinh kh6a ca ban 2.5.4.2 Mo hinh khda dpc V&khoa ghi 2.5.4.3 Thu^t toan dieu khien tucmg tranh bing nhSn thdi gian CHlTQNG III CO SCT Dir LIEU SUY DIEN 3.1 GlOl THI$U CHUNG 3.2 CO SO DU- LIEU SUY DIEN 3.2.1 Mo hinh ca sd dir li#u suy diin 3.2.2 Ly thuyet mo hinh doi vdi ca sd du lipu quan h$ 3.2.2.1 Nhin nh$n ca sd dftlipu theo quan diem logic 3.2.2.2 Nhin l^i ca sd dft lipu quan hp 3.2.3 Nhin nh£n ca sd dft lipu suy diin _ 3.2.4 Cac giao tac tren ca sd dft iipu suy diin 3.3 CO SO DC LI$U DCA TREN LOGIC 3.3.1 Cuphap 3.3.2 NgftnghTa 3.3.3 Cau true caban 3.3.4 Cau true cua clu hoi 3.3.5 So sanh DATALOG vdi dai sd quan h? 3.3.6 Cac h? ca sd dft li|u chuyen gia 3.4 MOT SO VAN DE KHAC 48 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 54 60 62 62 71 71 72 72 75 80 81 84 91 101 104 104 109 115 116 119 121 123 129 129 129 129 131 131 131 132 133 133 133 134 134 137 138 142 142 CHUONG IV CO SO Dtf LI$U HUONG D l TlTgfNG 4.1 NGUYEN TAC CUA CAC MO HINH HUONG DOI TUONG 4.1.1 Mo hinh hoa cac doi tugmg 4.1.2 Phuongphap 4.1.3 Ldp (Class) 4.1.4 Cac lien ket thCra ke giOa cac lop 4.1.5 LugrcdSldp 4.2 TINH BEN VUNG CUA CAC DOI TU0NG 4.2.1 Co so d& lifu huomg doi tugng 4.2.2 Quan ly tinh ben virng CHUONG V TH y C HANH M 0T SO UNG DUNG 5.1 THIET KE MOT HE CO SO DU LIEU KE TOAN 5.1.1 D$t van de bai toan 5.1.2 ChiSn lugrc 5.1.3 Phantich 5.1.4 Thiltke 5.1.5 Mo ta thiet ke hf co sd du lifu phan tan cho heth6ng ke toan 5.1.6 So phan cap chuc n&ng cua hf th6ng 5.2 TH1/C HANH VOI MQT SO THUAT TOAN DIEU KHIEN TUONG TRANH TRONG QUAN LY GIAO DICH PHAn TAN M 0T S Dfc DA THI ‘[)SO’(DT) - Viet cac phan manh ngang cua quan he SD theo cac manh ngang cua quan he DT - Ve cay toan tur (goc, trung gian, rut gon) bieu dien sir cue bo hoa dir lieu phan tan tren cac manh cua quan he DT, SD, vai cau hoi: Cho biet TenDT, KetQuaTT cua cac SV co #MaDT < ’D9’ Cau 3: Gia sir co luge quan he: Quanly(Tennhancong, Tennguoiquanly) Lirgc the hien moi quan lie ngirdi quan ly va nhan cong Gia sir Quanly la mot quan he theo mo hinh tren: Tennhancong Tennguoiquanly Mo Me Hoa Mo Mai Mo Lan Mo Chen Hoa Tich Hoa Cau hoi: 1) Tim ten cua nhung ngirdi lam viec true tiep dirdi quyen ciia ong Mo, tire phu thuoc mire I, viet nhir sau: Hoi(X)