Giáo trình bảo vệ môi trường trong xây dựng cơ bản

5S TS PGS TS PGS TS PGS TS TRAN DLfC HA (Chu bien) L/NG QLJOC DONG - PGS TS NGUYEN DUY DONG VU CONG HOE - PGS TS LE VAN NAI N G UYiN TH| KIM THAI - PGS TS DAM THU TRANG ;■ < * v'.\ / GIAO TRINH BAO WE MOI TRUONG TRONG XAY DUNG CU BAN ■ h NHA XU A T BAN XAY DL/NG V PGS TS TRAN OQC HA (ChQ bien) PGS TS CTNG QUOC DUNG - PGS TS NGUYEN DUY DONG PGS TS VO CONG HOE - PGS TS LE VAN NAl PGS TS NGUYEN THI KIM THAI - PGS TS DAM THU TRANG G IA O TRINH BflO VE MOI TRlfffNG TRONG XAY DUNG COf BAN GIAO TRINH DUNG CHO CA C TRUC5NG DAI HOC VA CAO DANG NGANH XAY DUNG IRUNG DUNG KY THUAT vACdNGNGHEMOiTRlkmG ZKmfi fang, NHA XUAT BAN XAY DL/NG HA NOI -2010 l o in o id a u Trong nhitng nam gan day, cac nhu cau ve khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, sit dung nang luting cang tang S it phat trien kinh te xa hoi vdi sit xuat hien hang loat nha may xi nghiep, cac cong trinh xay ditng da tac dong manh me den he sink thai, moi trUdng xung quanh cung nhit dieu kien song cua ngUdi Tai nguyen co xu the can kiet dan, nhiem moi tritdng tang len Sit bien doi theo chieu hudng xau cua moi tritdng anh hitdng ngUtic trd lai doi vdi sit phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua moi mot Quoc gia Cung vdi qua trinh cong nghiep hod, toe do thi hod cang gia tang N hu cau tai nguyen va nang lilting phuc vu dan thi cang Idn Cac hoat dong kinh te xa hoi tao nen rat nhieu chat thai gay nhiem moi tritdng Vi vay van de bao ve moi tritdng va phat trien ben vvtng da trd moi quan tarn hang dau cua nhan loai Xay dung cti ban bao gom xay dung cac cong trinh cong nghiep va dan dung, cac cong trinh giao thong, thuy Itii, he thong tang cti sd, san xuat vat lieu xay ditng la mot nhitng hoat dong kinh te xa hoi tac dong manh me nhat doi vdi moi trtidng va nguon tai nguyen Viec xay ditng cac cong trinh nhu cang Cai Lan, khu cong nghiep che bien dau Dung Quat, cac thi vimg diem phat trien kinh te, cac nha may xi mang Nghi Son, Ha Tien va dac biet la cong trinh thuy dien San La da va se gay nen sit suy thoai moi trUdng d mot phqm vi Idn neu nhu khong co sit hieu biet va bien phap ngan ngita, giam thieu cac tac dong tieu cite Xay dUng cti ban la mot linh vyte co cac hoat dong tac dong manh me den moi trUdng va sit dung nhieu nguon tai nguyen thien nhien; mat khac mot nhitng nhiem vu cua xay ditng cti ban la xay ditng cac cong trinh tang, bao ve moi trUdng va sit dung htip ly tai nguyen Vi vay, cac ky sU xay dUng va ky thuat cao dang xay ditng can nam vitng cac kien thitc ve quan ly moi trUdng, cong nghe moi trUdng de itng dung no vao cong viec hang Hien ca nude ta co hang chuc trUdng dai hoc, cao dang va trung hoc chuyen nghiep dao tao ky sU va can bo ky thuat ve xay dUng cti ban Tit nam 1996, Bo Giao due va Dao tao da co yeu cau dUa mon hoc Con ngUdi va moi trUdng vao gidng day cac trUdng dai hoc Tuy nhien, noi dung mon hoc chUa dUtic thong nhat d cac trUdng dai hoc Mat khac nhitng khai niem va kien thitc cti ban ve bao ve moi trUdng va phat trien ben vitng dac thii linh vUc xay dUng cti ban chUa dUtic de cap hoac de cap chUa day dii qua trinh gidng day mon hoc Trong de an "Dita noi dung bao ve moi trUdng vao he thong giao due Quoc dan" Bo Giao due va Dao tao yeu cau xem xet, soat va bien soan lai chitting trinh va tai lieu giang day man hoc ve moi tritdng thong nhat cho tat ca cac tritdng dai hoc va cao dang, tat ca cac khoi nganh, co xdy ditng cti ban Viec bien soan lai chitting trinh giang day mdn hoc cung phii htip vtii chu fritting xdy ditng lai khung chitting trinh dao tao dai hoc cac khoi nganh Bo yeu cau M at khac, nhieu tritdng dai hoc va cao dang hien nay, dpi ngu CBGD ve bao ve moi tritdng han che Be co tai lieu giang day ve bao ve moi tritdng cung nhit tham khao de long ghep cac npi dung bao ve moi tritdng cac mdn hoc diitic giang day tai cac tritdng khoi nganh xay dung cti ban, can thiet phai nghien citu bien soan tai lieu giang day ve moi tritdng va xit ly nhiem moi tritdng cho cac tritdng N h it vtiy, tai lieu se dung: - Giang day mdn hoc "Bao ve moi tritdng" cho cac tritdng dai hoc va cao dang khoi xay ditng cti ban - Tham khao de long ghep cac noi dung giang day bao ve moi tritdng cac mdn hoc khac cua cac tritdng Tai lieu giang day la san pham cua nhiem vu khoa hoc cong nghe "Nghien citu xdy ditng chitting trinh va bien soan tai lieu phuc vu giang day ve linh vitc moi tritdng cho cac tritdng dai hoc va cao dang chuyen nganh xdy dying" (ma so: B200204-05) PGS TS tfng Quoc Dung chu tri Phan cong bien soan tai lieu giang day nhit sau: PG S.TS Tran Bite Ha, chu bien va bien soan cac chitting 2, chitting va muc 1.5 cua chitting 1; PG S.TS N guyin Thi Kim Thai bien soan chitting va cac muc 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 va 1.4 cua chitting 1; PG S.TS Nguyin B uy Dong bien soan chitting 3; PG S.TS Le Van Nai bien soan cac muc 5.1, 5.2 cua chitting va 7.1, 7.2 va 7.3 cua chitting 7; PG S.TS Vu Cong Hoe bien soan cac muc 7.4 va 7.5 cua chitting 7; PGS.TS Dam Thu Trang bien soan cac muc 5.3 va 5.4 cua chitting ThS Nguyen HQu Hoa trinh bay tai lieu va tham gia hoan thien mot so hinh ve Cac tac gia cung da nhan diitic sit gop y cua GS.TSKH Tran HQu Uyen, GS.TS Tran Hieu Nhue va cac thay co giao khac thuoc tritdng Dai hoc Xdy ditng, tritdng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi, tritdng Dai hoc Kien true Ha Noi, cho tai lieu giang day Viec bien soan tai lieu khong the tranh khoi cac thieu sot, chung toi rat mong nhan diitic y kien gop y cua cac thay co giao, cac em sinh vien va cac ban doc Moi thong tin xin giti ve: Vien Khoa hoc va Ky thuat moi tritdng, tritdng Dai hoc Xdy ditng, dia chi: so 55 ditdng Giai Phong, Ha Noi Cac tac gia DANH MUC CAC KY HIEU VIET TAT BOD Nhu cau dxy sinh hoa BVMT Bao ve m6i trudng COD Nhu cau 6xy hoa hoc DTM Danh gia tac ddng m6i trucmg EPA Cue Bao ve m6i truang My GWP Mang ltrofi corig tac vi nude toan cau HTTN He thong thoat nude ISO Td churc tieu chuan quoc te KCN Khu edng nghiep KSON Kiem soat nhifim QLMT Quan ly mdi trudng SS Ham luqng chat la lurng TCVN Tieu chu& Viet Nam TNN Tai nguyen nude XLNT Xu ly nude thai Chuang CAC KHAI NlfiM CO BAN \ f- BAO VE MOI TR U IN G VA p h At t r i e n b £ n YUNG 1.1 CO sd SINH THAI HOC - CAC KHAI NlfeM HE SINH THAI TIT NHIEN, HE SINH THAI DO THI 1.1.1 Khai niem ve sinh thai hoc Sinh thai hoc la khoa hoc tbng hop vb quan he tucmg h6 giCra sinh vat va moi trubng va giua cac sinh vat vbi Cac kien thbc cua sinh thai hoc tong hop bao g6m kien thirc cua nhibu mon nhu: di truyen hoc, sinh ly hoc, hau hoc, tho nhubng hoc Sinh thai hoc cung co moi quan he chat che vbi cac khoa hoc nghien cbu vb moi trucmg Sinh thai hoc duqc chia thanh: - Sinh thai hoc ca the: la doi tuqng nghien cun cua cac mon dong vat hoc, thuc vat hoc, vi sinh vat hoc - Sinh thai hoc quan the: la doi tuqng nghien cdu rieng cua sinh thai hoc Nhung nam gan day sinh thai hoc da trd khoa hoc toan cau Rat nhidu nguoi cho rang ngudri cung nhu cac sinh vat khac khong the song tach khoi moi trudng cu thd cua minh Tuy nhien, nguoi khac v6i cac sinh vat khac la co kha nang thay doi dieu ki6n m6i trucmg cho phu hop vdi muc dich ridng Mac dii the, thien tai, han han, dich bdnh, nhidm moi trucmg ludn luon nhac nhb chung ta rang, loai ngucri khong nen cho minh co mot sdc manh v6 song ma khong co sai lam Sai lam cua loai ngubi da nhidu lan dSn ddn nhung cube khung hoang sinh thai Tb thbi co xua, thung lung Cong Tigo va Ofrat phon vinh da bien hoang mac vi bi xoi mon va hoa man he thong tubi tieu bb tri khong hop ly Nguyen nhan sup db cua nbn van minh Mozopotami vi dai cung mot tai hoa sinh thai Mbt nhung nguyen nhan lam tan vb nen van minh Maja b Trung My va su diet vong cua tribu dai Khome tren lanh thb Campuchia la khai thac qua mute rung nhiet ddi Ro rang khung hoang sinh thai hien nhien khbng phai la phat kien cua thb ky XX, ma la bai hoc qua khu bi lang qubn Vi vay, neu chung ta muon dat duqc mbt su thoa man nao do, phan lbn trubng hop phai chap nhan nhung dieu kibn cua tu nhien Nhung dibu kien db phan anh thong qua nhung quy luat sinh thai co ban ma cac sinh vat phai phuc tung Sinh thai hoc la khoa hoc ca sd cho cong tac bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien va moi trudng Thuat ngu Sinh thai hoc: Ecology (bat nguon tb chft Hy Lap Oikos la nha, noi b) Heckel, nha bac hoc nguoi Dire d l xirdfng nam 1866 va dung no de xac dinh v6 m6'i quan he tuong h6 giffa sinh vat va moi trirdng, la tap hop tat ca nhung ve kinh te tu nhien Noi each khac, sinh thai hoc nghien cun moi quan hp tong tap ma Dac-uyn goi la cac dilu kien sinh da'u tranh sinh t6n Hoc thuyet tiln h o i cua Dac-uyn dupe hinh tren co sc1 nh&n thffc ve moi quan he chat che giffa sinh vat va moi truPng Ca'u true sinh thai hoc bao gom muc dp nilm chong len theo lop nam ngang tuong ling voi cac muc dp chffc sinh hoc khac nhau: tir ca the qua quSn the va quan xa din he sinh thai Lay nhung lat cat theo chilu thang dung di qua lop thi chia c£u true cac nhom tuong ffng vpi hinh thai, chuc nang, phat triln, dilu hoa va thich nghi Neu chffng ta quan sat t&'t ca cac nhom o muc dp quan xa thi o nhom hinh thai th i hipn cac thong sP co ban la cac dinh so lupng va mat dp tuong dPi cua loai Nhom chffc nang giai thich moi quan hp tuong h6 giua cac quan the, thu du va moi Nhom phat trien la qua trinh diPn the cua quan xa Nhom diPu hoa la su diPu chinh d l tien tori thP can bang Nhom thich nghi la qua trinh tien hoa, kha nang chon loc sinh thai, chong ke thu Neu nhu chon mpt nhom, vi du nhom chuc nang thi o muc dp hp sinh thai la chu trinh vat chat va chu trinh nang lupng, o miic dp quan xa la quan hp giua vat du, m6i va canh tranh giffa cac loai, o quan the la sinh san, tir vong, di cu, nhap cu, o mffc dp ca the la sinh ly va tap tinh cua ca the Nhu vpy, m6i mpt mffc dp to chffc sinh thai co dac diem ca'u true va chffc nang rieng biet cua minh M6i mpt nhom tr6n m6i mpt mffc d6 dupe dac trung beri tap hop co tinh thong nha't cac hipn tuong dupe quan sat Tap hop th i hipn bang tinh quy luat hinh tren co so cua cac hipn tuong Nhflng qui luat chinh la doi tuong nghien effu cua sinh thai hoc, nam cac don vi cu the cua tu nhien - hp sinh thai DPi tuong nghien effu cua sinh thai hoc la cac hp sinh thai (ecosystem) Hp sinh thai la mpt don vi bao gPm cac vat song va ngoai canh khPng sPng cua chung 1.1.2 Khai niem ve he sinh thai Sinh vpt co th i dupe nghien effu P sau mffc khac Mffc thff nha't la ca the tffc la mpt cay, mpt thupc mpt loai nha't dinh Tap hop cac ca th i thuoc cung mpt loai tao quan the Cac quan th i loai khac cung tin tai mpt quan xa Mpt vai quan xa khac chung song cung mpt khu vuc tao he sinh thai Cac hfi sinh thai khac cung tPn tai mpt vung dia ly, co chung dilu kien hau, tao mot quan xa sinh vat Toan bp cac quan xa sinh vpt khac tren trai dat cung tao mffc to chffc cao nhat goi la sinh quyln Sinh quyln la mpt lop mong co su sPng tao b l mat ngoai cua hanh tinh chung ta Nhu vay, hp sinh thai co th i dupe dinh nghla nhu sau: I Hp sinh thai la mpt hp thong bao gPm cac quan xa (co th i song) va cac mPi tnatag song cua chffng (cac phan v6 sinh) Trong hp sinh thai, cac phPn hffu sinh ^ 1 v6 sinh lu6n c6 su tac dong lln va tao he thong moi sinh cua he sinh thai de hop mot the thong nhat Trong sinh 'quyen ton tai cac loai he sinh thai chu yeu: - He sinh thai tie nhien "bao g im he sinh thai nguyen sinh nhir nhu rung nguyen sinh, s6ng, ho, dong co, bien hay he sinh thai tu nhien da dupe cai tao, nghia la da dupe tao dieu kien thuan lpi d i phat trien sue sinh san tiem nang cua he bang cac bien phap khoa hoc-ky thuat chuyen nganh, lien nganh nhu: Nong - Lam - Ngu nghiep - He sinh thai nhan tao la he sinh thai ngubi tao m6i hoan toan nhu he sinh thai d6 thi, h6 sinh thai cac cong trinh xir ly chat thai So mot he sinh thai tu nhien dupe bieu d iin nhu of hinh 1.1 \ / da xifly Hinh 1.1 So mot he sinh thai tu nhien V i cau true, he sinh thai gom cac phin co ban sau: Moi trU&ng (E): Bao gom tat ca cac nhan to sinh thai cua sinh canh nhu dat, nude, khong khi, tieng in M ii truemg dap ling tat ca cac yeu cau cua sinh vat he sinh thai Vat san xuat (P): Bao g im cac vi khuan hoa tong hop va cay xanh tuc la bao gim cac sinh vat co kha nang tong hop dupe chat huu co nhdf nang lupng mat trofi de tu xay dung lay co sdr cua mlnh Vat san xuat la cac sinh vat tu dudrng Vat tieu thu (C): Bao g im cac dong vat sir dung cac chat huu co lay true tiep hay gian tiep tir vat san xuat Vat tieu thu la cac sinh vat di duong Vat tieu thu dupe chia thanh: - Vat lieu thu cap (so cap): cac loai dbng vat an thirc vat - Vat tieu thu xap (thu cap): cac loai dong vat an dong vat va thuc vat Vat phan huy (D): Bao gom cac vi khuan va nam Chung phan huy cac phe thai va xac chet cua cac vat san xuat va tibu thu Hau het cac he sinh thai tu nhibn dbu gom bon phbn co ban nhu tren He sinh thai co hai churc nang co ban la vong tuan hoan vat chat va dong nang lupng giua cac phan Hai chdc nang bibu thj hai dac trung co ban cua he sinh thai la: Can bang giua ca thb - m6i trubng va tinh thfch nghi sinh thai He sinh thai thi la he sinh thai nhan tao bao gom co ngubi va cac loai sinh vat vdi mbi trubng xung quanh tren lanh tho db thi He sinh thai thj bao gom cac phan sau: - Thanh phan huu sinh: Con ngubi va cac loai sinh vat m6i trubng thi - Thanh phan vo sinh: Moi trubng db thi, dat, nubc, khong khi, cac yeu to khac - Thanh phan cong nghe: Cac nha may, rap hat, co quan, xf nghiep - Thanh phan cong nghd quyet dinh va chi phoi dong nang luong qua h6 sinh thai Moi trubng thj la mot phan cua moi trubng vung xung quanh, no la ket qua cua hoat dong vat chat cua ngubi qua trinh tac dbng tbi thibn nhibn Mbi trubng db thj luon van dong va phat trien theo quy luat dbng hoc phuc tap, va tuan theo cac quy luat cua tu nhien cung nhu quy luat nhan tao ngubi tao Xet tren quan di£m sinh thai hoc, mot cung giong nhu nhung he sinh thai khac, co cau true va churc nang dac trung, vbi nhung yeu to sinh vat va phi sinh vat, vdi chu ky chuyen doi va quay vong nang lupng va vat chat C) cung co mot td chdc khong gian rieng biet va nhung bien doi theo thbi gian co the anh hubng den cac mb hinh hanh vi cu xrr, den sir phan bd cac loai, den hoat dong cua cac cong dbng dan cu Tuy nhien, nhin chung van co nhung net dac trung nhat djnh, lam nen tinh doc dao cua mot he sinh thai db thj Co the tom tat nhung dac thu cua he sinh thai cbng nghiep nhu sau: - He sinh thai thi la mot he thong mo dac biet, neu xet ve dbng chay, su tuong tac, su trao doi, dac biet la mbi quan he vdi cac he sinh thai khac • Xet tren quan diem xa hbi va dan cu, hb sinh thai db thj tao mot lupng ldn thbng tin, tri thde, sang kibn, van hoa, cbng nghe, cbng nghibp va co thb ap dung chung cho nhung he sinh thai khac • Xet trbn quan dibm sinh hoc, hb sinh thai db thj thuoc loai hb phi san xubt va do chung phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac vung phu can - He sinh thai thi thudng tieu thu rat nhieu nang lucfng Them vao do, nhu cau nang lupng cua mbt db thj tang Ibn nhanh chong may moc dupe dung thay the cho sure lao dong cua ngubi, dan db'n tang lupng vat chat can thib't, dac biet la nude 10 - He sinh thai thi tao mot lugng chat thai khong lo, bubc cac vung phu can - ncri von da phai chiu M u qua cua tinh rang khan hiem nang luong va nguyen lieu - phai hdng chiu Do do, he sinh thai d6 thi gay nhung tac dong nghiem doi vdi mbi trudng sdng cua ngudi va pham vi anh hudng cua chung bao g6m tit nhungvung ngoai libn kb den nhung khu virc each xa hang nghin kilomet - He sinh thai thi co tinh bien dong va khong ngitng phat trien Su phat trien cua cac d6 thi thudng keo theo nhung thay dbi lbn ve tinh hinh sot huu va sir dung da't dai Nhung thay doi mau thuSn lin va co y nghTa nha't dinh vb mat kinh te cung nhu nhung tac d6ng doi vbi moi trucmg va tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi, dac biet la o cac vung ndng th6n va nhung khu vuc duac bao ve Su phu thuoc va mb hinh cung - cau noi tren khien cho cac he thong dd thi, dac biet la cac lom trot nen bat on dinh va d6 bi anh hucmg neu xet tren quan diem kinh te - xa hoi va m6i trucmg - Dac diem noi bat nha't cua he sinh thai thi la khia canh ngued bao g6m ta't ca cac mat nhu van hoa, xa hoi, tarn ly, kinh te, chinh tri - xa h6i Dac biet, khia canh ngucri bao g6m nhi6u diem mot h6, kho dinh nghTa va cang kho dinh lucmg VT du nhu: tmh sang tao, y thuc an ninh, su hai long vod cong viec, muc tieu phan dau, tham my Neu chung ta khong dd y den nhung khia canh lien quan mat thiet vdi chat lucmg m6i trucmg cung nhu chat lucmg cuoc song thi chung ta co the se mac phai nhung sai lam dan dbn viec quy hoach va quan ly lech hubng 1.2 KHAI NlfiM MOI TRlTClNG VA TAI NGUYfiN 1.2.1 K hai niem ve moi truerng Mbi trucmg la khai niem dung de chi t6ng the cac yeu to vat chat, tu nhien va nhan tao bao quanh ngucri co quan he mat thiet den su t6n tai cua ngucri va xa hbi loai ngucri Trong Luat bao vd mbi trucmg cua nude ta ban hanh 10-1-1994 thi mbi trucmg duorc dinh nghTa nhu sau: “Mbi trucmg bao gbm cac yeu tb tu nhien va yeu tb' vat cha't nhan tao quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, bao quanh ngucri, co anh hucmg tori dcri song, san xuat, su tbn tai, phat tridn cua ngudi va thien nhien” Nhu vay, khai niem mbi trucmg a day khbng phai la the gidri tu nhien noi chung,bat ki, ma la the gidri tu nhien dat mbi quan he mat thibt vdi su tbn tai va phat trien cua ngudi va xa hbi loai ngudi noi chung Quan diem tren ve mbi trudng nhan manh ybu tb mang tmh ban chat cua mbi trudng bao gbm cac ybu tb bao quanh ngudi, dd ca'u true cua no cung ducrc the hibn la ybu tb tu nhibn va ybu tb vat chat ngudi tao nen Xet mot each khai quat, mbi trudng bao gbm: mbi trudng tu nhibn, mbi trudng xa hbi va mbi trudng nhan tao Tuy nhien, pham vi giao trinh chi tap trung vao nhung vbn de co libn quan tdi mbi trudng tu nhibn 11 PHUONG PHAP XAC DINH 3.1 Lay mau: Mau lay de xac d|nh du lugng hoa chat bao ve thirc vat dat duoc lay suot tang dat mat, theo TCVN 5297: 1995 - Chat lugng dat - Lay mau - yeu cau chung va TCVN 7538-2: 2005 - Chat lirong dat - Lay mau - Phan 2: Huong dan ky thuat l4y mau 3.2 Phuong phap phan ti'ch xac djnh du luong hoa chat bao ve thirc vat dat theo hudng dan cua cac tieu chuan quoc gia hien hanh Truong hop cac thong so quy djnh Quy chuan chua co cac tieu chuan quoc gia huong dan phuong phap phan tich, ap dung cac tieu chuan phan tich tuong ung cua cac to chuc quoc te hoac theo hudng dan cua nha san xuat hoa chat bao ve thirc vat duoc phep su dung d Viet Nam 244 Phu luc III CAC QUY CHUAN VA TIEU CHUAN TIENG ON VA MOl TRITC)NG KHI TCVN 5949- 1998: AM HOC- TIENG ON KHU VUC C0NG VA DAN Clf A MUC ON TOI DA CHO PHEP Gidi han toi da cho phep tieng on khu vuc cong cong va dan cu (theo muc am tuomg ducmg) dBA Thori gian TT Khu vuc Khu vuc cfin dac biet yen tlnh: Benh vien, thu vien, nha dieu dudng,nha tre, trucmg hoc 50 45 40 Khu dan cu: Khach san, nha a, ca quan hanh chinh 60 55 45 75 70 50 T£r6h-18h Khu vuc thuofng mai, dich vu Khu san xuat nSm xen ke khu dan cu Tit 18h-22h Tit 22h-6h B TIEU CHUAN TIENG ON Cl CAC GIAI 1/1 OCTAVE (Tieu chuan tarn thcfi vi M6i trirang cua Bo Khoa hoc, C6ng nghe va Moi trirdfng nam 1993) Mite ap am b cac dai octa, dBA Mure am tuemg ducmg, dB 63 125 250 500 Hz Hz Hz Hz KHz KHz KHz KHz Ch6 lam viec cua cong nhan, vung co c6ng nhan lam vi6c cac cdng xubng va pham vi nha may 85 99 92 86 83 80 78 76 74 Cac phong chuc nang hanh chmh, ke toan ke hoach thong ke 65 83 74 68 63 60 57 55 54 07h-19h 19h-07h 55 45 75 67 66 57 59 49 54 44 50 40 57 37 45 35 43 33 Benh vi6n, vien 07h-19h dieu ducmg 19h-07h 35 25 59 51 48 39 40 31 34 24 30 20 27 17 25 14 23 13 Dia dilm Khu dan cu 245 Mdc ap am a cac dai 6cta, dBA Muc am tuang duong, dB 63 125 250 500 Hz Hz Hz Hz KHz KHz KHz KHz Khach san, ky 07h-19h tuc xa 19h-07h 45 35 67 59 57 48 48 40 44 34 40 30 37 27 35 25 33 23 Nha tre 07h-19h 19h-07h 40 30 63 53 52 44 45 35 39 29 35 25 32 22 30 20 28 18 Trong nha a 07h-19h 19h-07h 40 30 63 53 52 44 45 35 39 29 35 25 32 22 30 20 28 18 Dia diem CAC TIEU CHUAN MOI TRl/CfNG KHI 2.1 TCVN 5937:2005 - CHAT LU'ONG KHONG KHI - TIEU CHUAn CHAt LUONG KHONG KHI XUNG QUANH (AIR QUALITY - AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS) Gia trj gioi han cac thong so co ban khong khl xung quanh dirge qui dinh bang: Tieu chuan chat luong khong xung quanh D an vi: M icrogam tren m et khdi (pig/m^) Thong so Trung binh gia Trung binh gia Trung binh 24 gia Trung binh nam (Trung binh so hoc) S02 350 - 125 50 Parasosalin hoac huynh quang cue tim CO 30000 10000 - - Quang hong ngoai khong phan tan (NDIR) no2 200 - - 40 Huynh quang hoa hoc pha o3 180 120 80 - Bui la lung (TSP) 300 - 200 140 Lay mau the tich lan Phan tich khoi luong Bui < 10pm (PM 10) - - 150 50 Phan tich khoi luong hoac tach quan tinh - - 1,5 0,5 Lay mau the tich lan va quang hap thu nguyen tu Pb Phirong phap xac djnh Trac quang tu ngoai Chi thich: PM 10: Bui la lung co klch thuac dong hoc nhd han hoac bang 10 pun; Dau gach ngang (-): khong quy dinh 246 2.2 TCVN 5938: 2005- CHAT LUONG KHONG KHI - NONG DO TOI DA CHO PHEP CUA MOT SO CHAT DOC HAI TRONG KHONG KHI XUNG QUANH Air quality - Maxmum allowable concentration of hazardous substances in ambient Dan vi: Microgam tren met khoi (pig/cm ) TT Thong so Cong thuc hoa hoc Thai gian trung binh Nong cho phep gia 0,033 Nam 0,0055 gia 0,033 Nam 0,055 Cac chat vo ca Asen (cac chat vo ca tinh theo As) As Asen hydrua (Asin) AsH Axit clohydric HC1 24 gia 60 Axit nitric HNO gior 400 24 gia 150 gidr 600 24 gia 50 Nam gia 150 24 gid 50 gid gid gid Nam soi/m3 0,17 gid gid 42 c h 3sh 24 gid C6h c h = c h tuan Nam 30 phut 20 260 190 Axit sunfuric H2S0 Bui co chua cac oxyt silic > 50% Bui co chua amiang: Chrysotil Cadimi (Khoi gom oxit va kim loai) theo Cd Mg3Si20 3(0H) Cd 0,4 0,005 Cac chat huru ca Hydrosunfua Methyl mecarptan Styren Toluen Xylen H2S c 6h 5c h C6H4(CH3 )2 50 1000 gid Nam 500 gid Nam 1000 190 950 247 2.3 TCVN 5939: 2005 - CHAT LU'0NG KHONG KHI - TIEU CHUAn KHI THAI CONG NGHIEP DOI V0I BUI VA CAC CHAT VO CO Air quality - Industrial emission standards - Inorganic substances and dusts ' *) - Dan vi: Miligam tren met khoi that chuan (mg/Nm ) Gidi han toi na TT Thong so A B Bui khoi 400 200 Bui chira silic 50 50 Amoniac va cac hop chat amoni 76 50 Antimon va hop chat, tinh theo Sb 20 10 Asen va hap chat, tinh theo As 20 10 Cadmi va hop chat, tinh theo Cd 20 Chi va hap chat, tinh theo Pb 10 CO 1000 1000 Clo 32 10 10 E)ong va hap chat, tinh theo Cu 20 10 11 Kern va hop chat, tinh theo Zn 30 30 12 HC1 200 50 13 Flo, HF, hoac cac hop chat vo ca cua Flo, tinh theo HF 50 20 14 H2S 7,5 7,5 15 S0 1500 500 16 NOx, tinh theo N 1000 850 17 NOx (ca sa san xuat axit), tinh theo N 2000 1000 100 50 18 Hai H2S0 hoac S03, tinh theo S0 19 Hoi HN0 (ca sa san xuat axit), tinh theo no2 2000 1000 20 Hai HN0 (cac nguon khac), tinh theo N 1000 500 248 2.4 TCVN 5940:2005 CHAT LUtJNG KHONG KHI - TIEU CHUAN KHI THAI CONG NGHIEP DOI VCil MOT SO CHAT HUU CO Air quality - industrial emission standards - organic substances Dan vi: Miligam tren met khoi that chuan0 (mg/Nm2) TT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ten So CAS2) Cong thurc hoa hoc Gio'i han toi da Axetylen tetrabromua Axetaldehyd Acrolein 79-27-6 75-07-0 CHBr2CHBr2 CH3CHO 14 270 107-02-8 CH2 = CHCHO 2,5 Amylaxetat 628-63-7 CHjCOOQH,, 525 Anilin 62-53-3 Benzidin Benzen 92-87-5 71-43-2 C6H5NH2 n h 2c 6h 4c 6h 4n h Benzyl clorua 1,3 - Butadien n - Butyl axetat Butylamin Creson 109-73-9 1319-77-3 Clorbenzen Clorofom P - clopren Clopicrin 108-90-7 67-66-3 126-99-8 76-06-2 Cyclohexan 110-82-7 Cyclohexanol 19 20 21 19 KPHD c 6h 100-44-7 c 5h 5c h 2ci 106-99-0 c 4h 123-86-4 c h 3c o o c 4h 108-93-0 QHp_ QH„OH 2200 950 15 22 350 240 90 0,7 1300 410 Cyclohexanon 108-94-1 C6HioO 400 Cyclohexen 110-83-8 c 6h ,0 1350 Dietylamin 109-89-7 (C2H5)2NH 75 22 Diflodibrommetan 75-61-6 CF2Br2 860 23 o-diclobenzen 95-50-1 C6H4C12 300 24 1,1 - Dicloetan 75-34-3 c h c i 2c h 400 25 1,2- Dicloetylen 540-59-0 CICH = CHC1 790 26 1,4 - Dioxan 123-91-1 C4H80 360 27 Dimetylanilin 121-69-7 C6H5N(CH3)2 25 28 Dicloetyl ete 111-44-4 (CICH2CH2)20 90 29 Dimetylfomamit (CH3)2NOCH 60 30 Dimetylsinfat 68- 12-2 77-78-1 (Ch 3)2so 0,5 31 Dimetylhydrazin 57-14-7 (CH)2NNH2 CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 c h 3c 6h 4o h c 6h 5ci c h c 13 CH2 = CCICH = CH, CC13NO-, 249 2.5 QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT: QUY CHUAN KY THUAT QUOC GIA VE KHI THAI LO DOT CHAT THAI RAN Y TE National technical regulation on the emission of health care solid waste incinerators Gioi han cho phep cac thong so nhiem thai Id dot chat thai ran y te Thong so Cong thuc va ky hieu hoa hoc Bui Don vi Gioi han cho phep mg/Nm3 115 Axit flohydric HF mg/Nm3 Axit clohydric HC1 mg/Nm3 100 Cacbon monoxyt CO mg/Nm3 100 N ito oxyt NO* mg/Nm3 250 Luu huynh dioxyt so2 mg/Nm3 300 Thuy ngan Hg mg/Nm3 0,55 Cadimi Cd mg/Nm3 0,16 Chi Pb mg/Nm3 1,2 10 Tong Dioxin/ Furan Dioxin Furan CuHs-n* c in.o2 Ci2H8.„*Cln*0 ng - TEQ/Nm3 2,3 Chit thich: n: So nguyen tCr clo va < n < TEQ la tong doc tirong dirang theo 2,3,7,8-tetraclo dibenzo-p-dioxin dira vao he so doc tirong dirang quoc te (TEFs), 1969 QUY D|NH HE S LUU LlTONG NGU6N THAI (Kp), HE S VUNG (Kv) VA PHUONG PHAP TINH NONG DO TOI DA CHO PHEP CUA CAC CHAT NHIEM TRONG KHI THAI CONG NGHIEP (Ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh so 22/2006/QD-BTNM T 18 thang 12 nam 2006 cua Bo tr u in g Bo Tai nguyen va M oi trir&ng) Cong thin: tinh nong toi da cho phep cua cac chat nhiem thai cong nghiep Nong toi da cho phep cac chat nhiem thai cua cac co so san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu thai moi truong khong dirge tinh nhir sau: Cniax= C x Kp x Kv Trong do: CnBXla nong toi da cho phep cua chat nhiem thai cua co so san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu thai moi truong khong khi, tinh bang miligam tren met khoi thai b dieu kien tieu chuan (ing/Nm3); 250 C la gia trj nong toi da cho phep cua chat nhiem quy djnh Tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 5939:2005; Kp la he so theo luu lugng nguon thai; Kv la he so vung, khu vuc, nai co ca sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu Gia trj he so Kp Gia trj he so Kp dugc quy djnh tai Bang 1A dudi day Bang 1A: Gia trj he so Kp irng voi liru lirgng nguon thai cua co1sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu thai vao moi trirdng khong Luu lugng nguon thai Dcm vi tinh: met khoi/gid (m3/h) Gia trj he so Kp P < 20.000 20.000 < P 100.000 0,8 P la tong luu lugng cac nguon thai cua mot co sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu thai vao moi trirdng khong Gia trj he so Kv Gia trj he so Kv dugc quy djnh tai Bang 2A dudi day Bang 2A: Gia trj he so Kv irng voi cac vung, khu vac co ca sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu Phan vung Gia trj he sd Kv ’ 0,6 Vung Noi thr loai dac biet (l) va thj loai (l); rung dac dung (2); di san thien nhien, di tich ljch su, van hoa dugc xep hang(3); co sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu co khoang each den ranh gidi cac khu vuc dudi 02 km Vung Noi thanh, noi thj thj loai II, III, IV (l); vung ngoai thj loai dac biet, thj loai I co khoang each den ranh gidi noi ldn hon hoac bang 02km; co sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu co khang each den ranh gidi cac khu vuc dudi 02 km 0,8 Vung Khu cong nghiep; thj loai V (1); vung ngoai thanh, ngoai thj thj lo^i II, III, IV co khoang each den ranh gidi noi thanh, noi thj Ion han hoac bang 02 km; co sd san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, djch vu co khoang each den ranh gidi cac khu vuc dudi 02 km