Functional Grammar COHESION DISCOURSE

Slides COHESION DISCOURSE Group 6 K18 Nguyễn Thị Hương Đặng Phương Mai Vũ Thị Mẫu Hoàng Trà My Bùi Thị Nga Functional Grammar MAIN CONTENTS Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The concept of cohesion Reference The creation of texture 1 2 3 4 5 6 MAIN CONTENTS Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The concept of cohesion Reference The creation of texture 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 The concept of Cohesion 1 1 Text 1 2 Texture 1 3 Ties 1 4 Cohesion 1 5 Types of cohesi.

Functional Grammar COHESION & DISCOURSE Group - K18: Nguyễn Thị Hương Đặng Phương Mai Vũ Thị Mẫu Hoàng Trà My Bùi Thị Nga MAIN CONTENTS The concept of cohesion Reference Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The creation of texture MAIN CONTENTS The concept of cohesion Reference Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The creation of texture The concept of Cohesion 1.1 Text 1.2 Texture 1.3 Ties 1.4 Cohesion 1.5 Types of cohesion 1.1 Text  Any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole A unit of language in use, not a grammatical unit  A semantic unit: a unit not of form but of meaning  REALIZATION relation with a clause or sentence (Halliday & Hasan, 1976:1) 1.2 Texture  “Property of being a text”  A text has texture A text is characterized by texture  A text that has a texture functions as a unity with respect to its environment  (Halliday & Hasan, 1976: 2) 1.3 Ties  A single instance of cohesion  One occurrence of a pair of cohesively related items  different kinds of cohesive ties: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion 1.4 Cohesion  Semantic concept relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text  Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another The one PRESUPPOSES the other 1.4 Cohesion (cont)  Actualization of cohesion depends on both selection of some option from systematic resources (reference, ellipsis, etc) and the presence of some other element which resolves the presupposition that this sets up  Grammatical cohesion  Lexical cohesion 1.4 Cohesion (cont)  Did I hurt your feelings? I didn’t MEAN to  Lexical cohesion: Ellipsis: I didn’t mean to presupposes hurt your feelings  Grammatical cohesion: Conjunction: Tone: the rising-falling tone: “but” 10 Without necessary identity of reference  Meronymy (part - whole):  E.g Then they began to meet vegetation – prickly cactus-like plants and coarse grass…  E.g The chessmen were walking about, two and two! “Here are the Red King and the Red Queen,” Alice said… 92 5.2 Synonymy A special case of synonymy is its opposite, antonymy  E.g He fell asleep What woke him was a loud crash 93 Lexical cohesion Repetition Repetition Synonymy Synonymy Collocation Collocation Lexical Lexical cohesion cohesion forms forms 94 5.3 Collocation  Collocation is known as ‘co-occurrence tendency’  E.g1 A little fat man of Bombay Was smoking one very hot day But a bird called a snipe flew away with his pipe, Which vexed the fat man of Bombay  E.g2 Why does this little boy wriggle all the time? Girls don’t wriggle 95 MAIN CONTENTS The concept of cohesion Reference Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The creation of texture 96 The Creation of Texture  Texture involves more than Cohesion Texture components - Structural: Thematic structure: Theme and Rheme Information structure and focus: Given and New - Cohesive: Reference Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical Cohesion 97 The Creation of Texture  Texture components can be grouped under headings: Theme and Focus Lexical Cohesion and Reference Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Text structure 98 6.1 Theme and Focus  Choice of theme: carries forward the development of the whole text  Choice of focus: expresses the main point of the information unit  Combination of Theme and Focus: two kinds of prominence are complementary The Theme is speakeroriented prominence The New, which culminates in the Focus is listener-oriented prominence 99 6.2 Lexical Cohesion and Reference Combination of lexical cohesion and reference produces referential chain which is important in text, typically in narrative A little boy called John…John…he…the lad…him Interaction between chains is called interlocking chain Tokens in one chain relate to the tokens on another chain by some grammatically definable relation (relation in transitivity) cohesive Referential chain and their interlocking  Coherence 100 6.3 Ellipsis and Substitution  Typical in dialogue where the typical sequence is based on pairs, triads, or longer structures that are related by interpersonal meaning more than ideational meaning    Request-assert Question-answer-acknowledgement Statement-challenge-justification-qualified acceptance  Maintain “same but different” semantic relation between referents: same process but different polarity or modality; same class of entity but different member, deixis, so on 101 6.4 Conjunction   - Conjunctive relations are essentially relations between messages or between larger complexes  distinguish from others types: External/Ideational Conjunction: relation between processes First (this happened) Next (that happened) Finally (the other happened)  Phenomenon, experience - Internal/ Interpersonal Conjunction: relation between proposition or proposals First (I say this) Next (I say that) Finally (I say the other) argument 102 6.4 Conjunction  Distinction between internal and external conjunction is important to the creation of texture  Different registers vary both in overall use of conjunction and in orientation of an internal or external kind 103 Text Structure  Over larger domains than the clause complex, semantic relations are manifested in lexicogrammatical items and patterns  Above the clause complex, there is semantic structure, but not grammatical structure A syllable A clause A text    phonological structure grammatical structure semantic structure 104 References  Halliday, M (1997) Cohesion in English London and New York: Longman Singapore Publisher  Halliday, M (1999) An introduction to functional grammar (2nd edition) London and New York: Routledge 105 Thanks for your cooperati on! 106 ... Grammatical cohesion  Lexical cohesion 1.4 Cohesion (cont)  Did I hurt your feelings? I didn’t MEAN to  Lexical cohesion: Ellipsis: I didn’t mean to presupposes hurt your feelings  Grammatical cohesion: ... a text  Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another The one PRESUPPOSES the other 1.4 Cohesion (cont)  Actualization of cohesion. .. Ellipsis and Substitution Conjunction Lexical cohesion The creation of texture The concept of Cohesion 1.1 Text 1.2 Texture 1.3 Ties 1.4 Cohesion 1.5 Types of cohesion 1.1 Text  Any passage, spoken