An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES E TH U IV N TRẦN MỸ QUỲNH TY SI ER AN INVESTIGATION INTO PROCESSES IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES IN LIGHT OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR F O Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 8220201 A D N MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES (A SUMMARY) G AN Da Nang, 2022 This thesis has been completed at University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang TH E Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA U N Examiner 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền IV Examiner 2: Dr Ngũ Thiện Hùng SI ER The thesis was orally defended at the Examining Committee TY Time: 11th August 2022 O Venue: University of Foreign Language Studies F A D -The University of Da Nang N AN G This thesis is available for the purpose of reference at: - The University of Da Nang – The Center for Learning Information Resources and Communication - Center for Information Technology and Learning Resources, University of Foreign Language Studies, The University of Da Nang Chapter INTRODUCTION E TH 1.1 RATIONALE Life is full of challenges that sometimes seem insurmountable In fact, no one grows up without facing at least one challenge in life, through which we also learn and become stronger The challenging times that we all face may be common situations such as medical diagnosis, divorce, job loss, disappointments in love, or financial crises, etc When we accidentally encounter one of them, we may let ourselves get depressed and be not sure how to move forward and even small challenges may build up over time and turn into bigger ones Whatever the case, some words of wisdom or challenges quotes sometimes can give us extra mental motivation we need to keep going in order to overcome such obstacles and improve our future life situations Most overcoming challenges quotes are taken from literature or speech, even scenes from a movie, elements of a painting, a passage of music, etc These kinds of quotes are displayed through all forms of media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the internet, etc Quotes are sayings repeated exactly as written or spoken without changing any of the words compared to the original Therefore, language used in challenge quotes still keeps their author‟s language characteristics In general, challenge quotes may consist of one or more sentences, complete or incomplete ones, but they are still successful in conveying the message of authors and giving motivation to others Good challenge quotes must draw the attention of the readers by creating a desire to overcome the obstacles in life Actually, feelings of depression or sadness IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH during tough times are very normal, but problems may get worse when we become stuck in those emotions At such times, reading one or two meaningful challenge quotes absolutely helps us to stay resilient and positive in order to cope with any difficulty In other words, good challenge quotes remind us that we are capable of learning how to overcome and grow no matter the obstacles we face Challenge quotes are usually given in the form of single sentences or short paragraphs that are found on a number of online websites Besides, to understand challenge quotes more deeply, from the linguistic perspective, quotations can be analyzed which attempts to describe language in actual use and their contexts, to facilitate learners‟ interpretation in light of functional grammar According to Halliday in “Halliday‟s Introduction to Functional Grammar”, there are six types of processes: Material, Relational, Mental, Behavioural, Verbal and Existential It is obvious that these processes play a vital part in functional grammar The process is considered as the main organized form of the clause as representation and used as a procedure to describe a figure of happening, doing, sensing, saying, being or having In addition, process can be analyzed in both written and spoken discourses, and quotations are the combination of both content and organization Hence, studying processes, especially in the English challenge quotes can be useful to users of English majoring in English as Foreign Language For all the reasons presented, the researcher decided to choose “An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar” as the topic of the master thesis Last not but least, the findings of the paper are expected to illustrate the processes in functional grammar and provide some useful knowledge of lexico-grammatical features of English Challenge Quotes for people who are interested in this field IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims of the Study The study is aimed at illuminating the linguistic characteristics of Processes used in English Challenge Quotes The findings of the study can assist the researcher in gaining a clear understanding of the language value of English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study This research is intended to deal with the following objectives: - To identify and describe the Processes found in English Challenge Quotes - To find out and describe the verbs involved in the Processes in English Challenge Quotes - To describe and analyze the Participants and Circumstances involved in English Challenge Quotes 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions for this study are: What types of processes are manifested in English Challenge Quotes? What verbs are involved in the processes in English Challenge Quotes? What participants and circumstances are involved in the processes in English Challenge Quotes? 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY As stated above, the research is restricted to analyzing the linguistic features of Processes used in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar Therefore, the central concept in this study is exploration and discussion on the frequency of six types of Processes applied in English Challenge Quotes In addition, each Process comprises three typical parts namely the IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH Process itself, the Participant, and Circumstances and the process is realized by a verb (Halliday, 1994) For that reason, in this study, the researcher concentrates on types of verbs, Participants and Circumstances involved in the Processes with the hope that it will discover how the use of Processes in English Challenge Quotes is effective in convincing and motivating readers to confidently deal with obstacles in life 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To the extent, the researcher expects that the results of the investigation can help to illustrate the role of six Processes and their elements in the clause for representing experience in light of Functional Grammar, especially the clauses in English Challenge Quotes Additionally, it is hoped that the study enables to illustrate the processes in functional grammar and provide a practical reference source for people who are interested in this field 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The study includes five chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Research Methodology Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion Chapter 5: Conclusions IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N AN G Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Functional Grammar In Functional Grammar there are three distinct although closely related sense: in its interpretation (1) of text: in the sense that it is designed to account for how language is used, everything E TH that is said or written Over tens of thousands of generations of constant use, language has shaped into a system which can satisfy human needs Therefore, “A functional grammar is essentially a „natural‟ grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained, ultimately, by reference to how language is used” (Halliday, 1994) (2) of the elements of linguistics structures: each elements in a language is explained by reference to its function in the total linguistics system Accordingly, “a functional grammar that all that construes all the units of a language-its clauses, phrases, and so on In the other words, each part is interpreted as functional with respect to the whole” (Halliday, 1994) (3) of the system: the fundamental components of meaning in language are functional components They are Ideational (to understand the environment), Interpersonal (to act on the others in it) Combined with these two is a third component, the „Textual‟, which breathes relevance into the other two These three generalized meanings are termed „Metafunctions‟ 2.1.2 Ideational Metafunction In this research, Ideational Meaning plays a vital role to represent a clear explanation since this study explores and analyzes the clausal grammar from a perspective of FG, construing our experiment of the world, enacting our social roles and relations and enable the creation of text To put it into technical terms, the study will closely examine the network of the Ideational Metafunction and their lexico-grammatical realization 2.1.3 The Process According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the Transitivity System construed the world of experience into a manageable set of Process Types Each Process Type has its own model or schema for construing a particular domain of experience IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH as a figure of a particular kind-a model such as the one illustrated above for construing signification: Token (usually) + Process (means) + Value (mostly) For Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), a Process often consists of three elements: the Process itself, Participant associated with the process, and Circumstance 2.1.4 Types of Process 2.1.4.1 Material Process When the Process in the clause is used to represent the experience of events and actions, it is called Material Process (Halliday and Matthiessen) There are two Participants involved in Material Processes: The Actor and the Goal Material Process can also consist of four other Participants, namely Beneficiary or Recipient, Scope, Client, and Attribute 2.1.4.2 Mental Process While external experience is represented by Material Processes, the internal experience is represented through the Mental Process (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) Two Participants in this Process are Senser and Phenomenon Halliday and Matthiessen divided the Mental Processes into four types namely Perceptive, Cognitive, Desiderative and Emotive 2.1.4.3 Relational Process Thirdly, Relational Processes are Processes of being in the world of abstract relations (Thompson, 2004) Bloor and Bloor (2004) explain that Relational clauses are typically realized by the verb “be” or some verb of the same class For instance, “seem”, “become”, “appear” and etc Usually, there are three types of Relational Processes named Intensive, Possessive, and Circumstance IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) found that Participants of Relational Process are categorized into four subtypes These are: Carrier, Attribute, Token and Value 2.1.4.4 Behavioural Process Behavioural Processes are processes of human physiological and psychological behavior (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) The important participant labeled as Behaver, which is typically like Senser, but the process functions more like the one of doing 2.1.4.5 Verbal Process Verbal Process is the process of saying, and it falls between the Mental Processes and the Relational Processes (Thompson, 2004) Just like saying and meaning, the Verbal Process is mixed between the ideas constructed in human consciousness and the ideas enacted in the form of language 2.1.4.6 Existential Process Existential Process represents that things exists and happens (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004) The sentence pattern is normally started with "there" as Subject or with a copular verb "exist" 2.1.5 Circumstances Circumstance is the third part of a sentence It can be a word, a group, or a clause They often come before or after the Processes They appear freely on any type of Processes as well as carry the same meaning wherever they are However they are not able to stand alone and not have any meaning when being alone 2.1.5.1 Extent The Circumstance of Extent explicates the extent of the unfolding of spatial and temporal The spatial and temporal are the sub-categories of the Circumstance of Extent and the IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN E TH interrogative forms for Extent are “how far?, how long?, how many” (measure units)? “How many times?” 2.1.5.2 Location The Circumstance of Location construes the location of the unfolding of the process in spacetime (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004) 2.1.5.3 Cause According to Halliday and Matthiessen, (2004) “The Circumstantial element of Cause construes the reason why the process is actualized” 2.1.5.4 Matter Matter mentions “what” or “with reference to what” and is probed by “what about?” The interrogative form is “what about?” 2.1.5.5 Manner The fifth Circumstantial Element is the Circumstance of Manner and it construes the way where the process is actualized 2.1.5.6 Role Role refers to the meanings of “be” and “become” 2.1.5.7 Accompaniment Accompaniment refers to “with” or “without who” or “what” and is can be probed by “who” or “what else?” 2.1.5.8 Contingency Contingency states on which the actualized of the process depends on what, which includes three subcategories: Condition, Concession and Default 2.1.5.9 Angle The last Circumstantial Element is Angle that shows either to the Sayer of a Verbal clause, with the sense of “as… says” or to the Senser of a Mental clause, with the sense of “as … thinks” IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 10 E TH 2.2 PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES Functional Grammar has been the fundamental for many studies over a wide range of fields Lavid, Arús and ZamoranoMansilla (2010) in the book namely “Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish: A Contrastive Study with English” devoted their effort to contribute to recent descriptive accounts of the clause grammars of different languages from the systemic functional perspective They also showed how meaning is construed by lexico-grammatical patterns in text in different textual and contextual environments Likewise, Li (2019) in the article “Analysis of Discourse from Perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar” discussed the main theoretical aspects of the systemic functional grammar: levels of language and the relationships among them and illustrated the value of systemic functional grammar in terms of discourse analysis In the research entitled “Systemic Functional Grammar and its pedagogical implications”, Ning (2008) focused on the application of systemic Functional Grammar to language study and illustrated how this approach can be helpful to language teaching Besides the works of Functional Grammar theory mentioned above, the theory of Process and related elements has been attracting the considerable number of researchers For instance, Adjei (2015) in the journal article “Transitivity in Political Discourse – A Study of the Major Process Types in the 2009 State-of-the-Nation Address in Ghana” used the transitivity model to analyze how President John Evans Attah Mills manipulates language in his first State-of-the-Nation address to express his political message to his people She collected 536 clauses in the State-of-the-Nation address to use for the analysis and found out that material processes dominate the speech among the major process types In Viet Nam, the number of well-known researchers who IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 11 E TH have shown their passion for Functional Grammar is also significant Typically, Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) with “Tiếng Việt: Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng” presented the results of a Vietnamese research process from the point of view of Functional Grammar The book was considered as an important milestone in the history of Vietnamese language studies Another author who should be mentioned is Hoàng Văn Vân (2002) with “Ngữ pháp kinh nghiệm cú Tiếng việt – Mô tả theo quan điểm chức hệ thống” The book was under the English title “An Experiential Grammar of the Vietnamese Clause: A Functional Description” He emphasized basic concepts of the transitivity system as well as the the processes in Vietnamese grammar In 2012, he published a book entiled “An Experiential Grammar of the Vietnamese Clause” He focused on the description of the experiential grammar of the clause and the system of transitivity in Vietnamese based on Halliday‟s Functional Grammar‟s framework Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh, Phan Văn Hòa, Trần Hữu Phúc (2017) made some suggestions on how to identify and classify Behavioral Processes in English and Vietnamese by analyzing 200 behavioural clauses in English and Vietnamese collected from short stories and novels In the article entitled “The Language of Vietnamese School Science Textbooks: A Transitivity Analysis of Seven Lessons (Texts) of Biology 8”, Hoàng Văn Vân (2020) made his attempts to explore the transitivity features of seven lessons (texts) of a Vietnamese science textbook and showed that the very high frequency of material and relational processes was employed in constructing biological knowledge in Science textbooks However, to the best of the researcher‟s knowledge, there IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 12 E TH has not been any study into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar Therefore, the researcher chose to the research entitled “An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar” with the hope that it will be a small contribution to this particular field 2.3 SUMMARY This chapter illustrated an overview of FG and main aspects of Process as well as a review of previous studies related to the study The theoretical framework of the thesis is built up from the influential authors‟ models, namely Halliday (1984) and Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) Three of the main elements were discussed, namely, Participant, Process and Circumstance Additionally, verbs involved in the Processes as well as their features were also mentioned The next chapter is devoted to exploring research method that is important and critical to this study Chapter RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The study design followed the qualitative method with the support from quantitative information 3.2 RESEARCH METHODS The study was conducted by two different methods: The descriptive method and the quantitative method combined with qualitative information - The descriptive method was used to give a detailed description of some lexico-grammatical features of English Challenge Quotes -The quantitative method was useful in gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical findings and making conclusions IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 13 E TH 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 3.3.1 Samples The data for this research is collected from the official website namely https://www.brainyquote.com BrainyQuote was originally published in 2001 It is considered as the oldest and most popular website which has been providing inspirational quotes about a variety of topics to our worldwide community With the aim of educating and entertaining audiences of all ages, BrainyQuote has been updating more and more meaningful quotes of famous authors from all over the world with the top quality and accuracy 3.3.2 Sampling Criteria According to Halliday (2004), Process is the term which is used to refer to “going-on” verbs such as doing, happening, seeing, feeling, thinking, being and having A Process often consists of three elements: The Process itself, Participant associated with the process, and Circumstance Typically, a Process is realized by a verbal group Therefore, two criteria were set up for choosing samples as follows: - Firstly, the sample must be clauses containing linguistics expressions which match the definition of Process mentioned before (2.1 Theoretical background) - Secondly, the clause must be taken from English Challenge Quotes Below is some relevant information about English Challenge Quotes: - Quotes: In the study, a quote is regarded as a text with communicative function used to convey a certain message to readers The quotes were selected from the large quote website namely https://www.brainyquote.com In addition, the quotes' IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 14 E TH authors must be native English speakers coming from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia - Challenge quotes are texts which contain the word: “challenge” These quotes denote challenges, convey the message of authors and give motivation to others to overcome obstacles in life With such criteria, in the first attempt, a total of 120 texts of English Challenge Quotes were collected from https://www.brainyquote.com All these quotes are presented in the appendix 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS The data collected are mainly analyzed on the basis of the following points: Firstly, the researcher identifies clauses in English Challenge Quotes Secondly, the clauses were classified into the types of the verb as the main part of the Processes They were classified into the six types of Processes namely Material Process, Mental Process, Verbal Process, Relational Process, Behavioural Process, and Existential Process After classifying into the types of the Processes, the researcher analyzes the Participants and Circumstances involved in Engish Challenge Quotes Finally, the researcher describes the dominant Process found in the English Challenge Quotes and the Participants involved in the Process 3.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURE The procedure of researching is presented as follows: - Collecting and classifying data: collecting texts of English Challenge Quotes from the large quote website namely https://www.brainyquote.com In addition, the quotes' authors must be native English speakers coming from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia - Analyzing data to point out of those collected texts in term IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 15 E TH of types of processes, types of participants and circumstances as well as verbs involved in English Challenge Quotes - Synthesizing the findings and drawing out conclusion - Mentioning some implications for teaching and learnings as well as making suggestions for further researchers 3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY In respect of validity, this study must follow these criteria: The first thing is that all data have to be collected from reliable source: official website namely BrainyQuote with authors from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia The second thing is that the data will be analyzed based on the mentioned theoretical background Chapter FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 PROCESS TYPES FOUND IN ENGISH CHALLENGE QUOTES An examination of English Challenge Quotes in terms of Processes shows many results that deserve more consideration The distribution of the Process Types characterized in English Challenge Quotes can be seen in the Table 4.1: Table 4.1 Types of Processes Used in ECQs Frequency of Process Percentage (%) Occurrence Material 1242 71.75 Relational 382 22.06 Mental 68 3.92 Verbal 26 1.50 Existential 12 0.69 Behavioural 0.05 Total 1731 100 IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 16 E TH 4.1.1 Material Process In this research, the Material Process is found as the most used processes in ECQs As mentioned before, Material clauses explain the process of “doing” 4.1.2 Mental Process The Mental Process occurs 68 times in the texts In addition, Mental clauses give a virtual experience to be experienced which will definitely help the targeted readers to understand and encourage them to overcome the problems 4.1.3 Relational Process The Relational Process are the second most commonly used process types in these texts on English Challenge Quotes There are two sub-types of Relational Process which are very complicated, known as the Attributive and Identifying The Relational Process has 382 occurrence and comprises 22.06 % of the total Process Types It is supported by the number of Carrier (195) and Attribute (212) as the Participants 4.1.4 Behavioural Process The Behavioural Process is very closely within the Material Process and Mental Process Behaver is the participant for Behavioural Processes There is just Behavioural Process which is found in these texts It occurs time in the texts with Behaver as the Participant 4.1.5 Verbal Process Verbal clauses are clauses of „saying‟ according to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 252) It usually has a Sayer as the main participant Sometimes, many clauses contain implicit Sayer The other Participants in Verbal Process are Receiver and Verbiage Receiver occurs times and Verbiage occurs times IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 17 E TH 4.1.6 Existential Process The Existential Process is another unique process that has only one participant known as the Existent In the texts, the Existential Process has 12 occurrence and accounts for 0.69% of the total Thus, the Existent also occurs 12 times 4.2 VERBS AS PART OF PROCESSES Table 4.2 Verbs Used in Processes in ECQs Material Mental Relational IV sound, have, be, need, mean, seem, remain Verbal Behavioural Existential say, tell, talk, explain, admit look, watch be TY SI ER strike, face, go, reach, find, get, change, etc N U believe, like, think, see, love, view, want, prefer F O 4.2.1 Verbs as Part of Material Process Table 4.3 Distribution of Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs in ECQs Total Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs 1242 928 314 100(%) 74.72% 25.28% 4.2.2 Verbs as Part of Mental Process Table 4.6 Distribution of Four Classes of Verbs in Mental Process in ECQs Total Perceptive Cognitive Desiderative Emotive 68 32 12 17 100% 10.29 47.05 17.64 25 A D N G AN 18 E TH 4.2.3 Verbs as Part of Relational Process Relational Process is the second type of Process found in the English Challenge Quotes The data categorised into Relational Process is 382 data The Relational Processes are classified into Attributive and Identifying Relational Processes 4.2.4 Verbs as Part of Behavioural Process Halliday and Matthiessen (2014, p.302) discussed and finds out the five kind of verbs serving as process in behavioural clauses 4.2.5 Verbs as Part of Verbal Process Verbal Process can be identified as the processes of saying which are represented by verbs “tell”, “say”, “ask”, “suggest”, etc 4.2.6 Verbs as Part of Existential Process Existential Process represents experience by positing that “there was/is something” because the function of Existential Processes is to construe being as simple existence Unlike other processes, there is only one participant known as Existent in existential process The Existential Process is the last type of processes found in the English Challenge Quotes From the data collected, there are 12 data From the 12 data, there is one verb involved, it is verb “be” 4.3 PATICIPANTS USED IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES There are 2106 Participants found in this investigation The result of the Participants that are characterized in the ECQs can be seen in the table 4.12 IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 19 E TH Table 4.12 Participants Used in ECQs Frequency of Participant Percentage (%) Occurrence Actor 524 23.86 Goal 852 38.79 Recipient 45 2.04 Scope 121 5.51 Attribute 22 Client 11 0.50 Senser 52 2.36 Phenomenon 42 1.91 Carrier 134 6.10 Attribute 174 7.92 Token 96 4.37 Value 79 3.59 Behaver 0.04 Behavior 0.04 Existent 12 0.54 Sayer 21 0.95 Receiver 0.22 Verbiage 0.18 2196 100 (Sum) IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N 4.3.1 Participants Associated with Material Process The Material Process involves Actor (23.86%) and Goal (38.79%) as Participants Besides, there are other Participants in the Material Process namely Recipient (2.04%), Client (0.50%), Attribute (1%), and Scope (5.51%) 4.3.2 Participants Associated with Mental Process The Mental Process has Senser and Phenomenon as the Participants Senser occurs 52 times (2.36%) and Phenomenon occurs 42 times (1.91%) G AN 20 E TH 4.3.3 Participants Associated with Relational Process There are two forms of Relational The first type is Attributing It is supported by the number of Carrier (6.10%) and Attribute (7.92%) as the Participants 4.3.4 Participants Associated with Behavioural Process The Behavioural Process has a Behaver and a Behavioral as Participant Behaver and Behavioral both occur time (0.04%) 4.3.5 Participants Associated with Verbal Process The Verbal Process usually has a Sayer as the main participant The other Participants in Verbal Process are Receiver and Verbiage Receiver occurs times (0.22%) and Verbiage occurs times (0.18%) 4.3.6 Participants Associated with Existential Process The Existential Process has a participant named Existent It occurs 12 times (0.54%) 4.4 CIRCUMSTANCES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSES IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES Table 4.13 Circumstances Involved in the Processes in ECQs Circumstantial Frequency of Percentage Elements Occurrence (%) Distance 0.11 Extent Duration 0 Frequency 97 11.13 Place 234 26.86 Location Time 156 17.91 Means 45 5.16 Manner Quality 50 5.74 Comparison 11 1.26 Degree 27 3.09 Reason 45 5.16 Cause Purpose 44 5.05 Behalf 42 4.82 IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 21 Circumstantial Elements Accompanim ent Frequency of Percentage Occurrence (%) Comitative Additive E TH Matter Role Contingency IV N U Angle Guise Product Condition Default Concession Source Viewpoint 96 11.02 20 0 1 2.29 0.11 0 0.11 0.11 ER TY SI 871 100 Total 4.4.1 Circumstance of Extent 4.4.2 Circumstance of Location 4.4.3 Circumstance of Cause 4.4.4 Circumstance of Matter 4.4.5 Circumstance of Manner 4.4.6 Circumstance of Role 4.4.7 Circumstance of Accompaniment 4.4.8 Circumstance of Contingency 4.4.9 Circumstance of Angle 4.5 COMBINATION OF PROCESS TYPES FOUND IN ENGLISH CHALLENGE QUOTES There are three main structures of the combination of processes discovered in the data: Relational Process + Material Process; Mental Process + Material Process and Existential Process + Material Process F O A D N G AN 22 E TH Table 4.30 Combination of Process Types Used in ECQs Frequency of Percentage Structure Occurrence (%) Relational Process + Material 302 81.62 Process Mental Process + Material 56 15.13 Process Existential Process + Material 12 3.24 Process Total 370 100 4.6 SUMMARY In summary, this chapter has discussed the findings of the investigation into Processes in ECQs The discussion consists of the IV N U SI ER TY six types of Processes namely Material Process, Relational Process, Mental Process, Behavioural Process, Verbal Process and Existential Process In addition, this section looks into verbs as part of Processes in ECQs Participants as well as Circumstances which are involved in ECQs have been also represented Finally, combination of process types found in English Challenge Quotes F O A D G AN Chapter CONCLUSIONS N has been mentioned in this chapter 5.1 CONCLUSIONS This study has analyzed six types of Processes in ECQs namely Material Process, Relational Process, Mental Process, Behavioural Process, Verbal Process and Existential Process as 23 E TH well as related aspects The findings clearly answered the research questions posed in this study According to the result of the investigation, it is concluded that all six types of Process were used in the texts in English Challenge Quotes, namely Material, Relational, Mental, Verbal, Existential and Behavioural The dominant Process type is the Material process, it consists of a significant proportion of the total processes The authors have used Material Process widely in ECQs The reason is, these texts aim to help people to stay resilient and positive in order to cope with any difficulty to overcome and grow no matter the obstacles they face Therefore, the authors came up with simple sayings using a Material Process and Goal together with the Circumstances In addition, the representative Participant of English Challenge Quotes is the Participants associated with Material Process named Actor, Goal, Scope, Recipient, Attribute, and Client The typical Circumstance of English Challenge Quotes is Location, particularly PlaceLocation It contributes more than a quarter of the total Circumstance It explains Place and Time when the process happens This is not a surprising result because they play an important part to complete the process by demonstrating in detail about the exact location as well the time Finally, there are three main structures of combination of processes discovered in the data: Relational Process + Material Process; Mental Process + Material Process and Existential Process + Material Process The distribution of these structures helps to convey authors‟ wishes successfully IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN 24 E TH 5.2 IMPLICATIONS It is expected that the study can contribute minor assistance to illustrate six Processes and their elements in the clause for representing experience in light of Functional Grammar, especially the clauses in English Challenge Quotes Additionally, analyzing these Process Types could help readers to have deeper understanding of the purposes and messages the authors want to convey through their quotes Lastly, it is hoped that the study enables to provide a practical reference source for teachers and students to design lesson plans and exercises of the Processes so that they could apply in the process of teaching and learning Functional Grammar 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Due to the researcher‟s lack of specialized knowledge and research experience, the analysis process and results are not deep and detailed enough as expected by the researcher Furthermore, the sample size consisted of 120 quotes with 1731 clauses This number is still modest and therefore, the findings from this research might not be sufficient to support for the qualitative information and characteristics in order to make major generalizations 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES With premises and consciousness of the limitations of the study, some suggestions are put forward for further researchers as follows: - An Investigation into Pragmatic Features and Semantic Features of English Challenge Quotes - A Discourse Analysis of Texts on Challenge in English and Vietnamese IV N U TY SI ER F O A D N G AN ... manifested in English Challenge Quotes? What verbs are involved in the processes in English Challenge Quotes? What participants and circumstances are involved in the processes in English Challenge Quotes? ... study can assist the researcher in gaining a clear understanding of the language value of English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study This research is intended... decided to choose ? ?An Investigation into Processes in English Challenge Quotes in light of Functional Grammar? ?? as the topic of the master thesis Last not but least, the findings of the paper are