An investigation into “affect”, “judgement” and “appreciation” in english lectures by

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA Da Nang, 2020 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made on the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for been awarded another degree of diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Da Nang, June 2020 Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao ABSTRACT Appraisal Theory is first put forward by linguistic scholars Martin & White in the 1990s and now used worldwide Appraisal Theory is the development of functional grammar in terms of interpersonal meaning This study aims at examining the linguistic features of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” namely “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation”in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates (ELNPLs) The data for analysis are 395 samples of ELNPLs collected from the official website of the Nobel Prize in the period from the beginning of the 21 st century to 2019 The methods mainly used in this study are qualitative and quantitative combined approaches which include the descriptive methods This study focuses on analyzing syntactic realizations and semantic features of the three subcategories “Attitude” in ELNPLs in the light of Appraisal Theory In terms of the syntactic aspect, the “Attitude” sub-categories can be recognized in various groups in which Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups are more noticeable than Verbal Groups, Adverbial Groups and Preposition Phrases In terms of the semantic aspect, the findings obtained from both positive and negative values were shown in ELNPLs; however, the positive values were demonstrated more commonly than the negative ones With regard to theory, the findings of the study can make a minor contribution to a better understanding of discourse features and language used in ELNPLs With regard to practice, the findings will provide university students with an insight into the linguistic features of the three subcategories of “Attitude” as well as help to raise their awareness of the important function of evaluative category of “Attitude” TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.1 REFERENCES DATA SOURCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản sao) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS EL English Lectures ELNPLs English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates NP Nobel Prize SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics (+) Positive Attitude (-) Negative Attitude LIST OF TABLES No 2.1 Name of Tables Page Grammatical Realization of “Affect” (Martin & White, 13 2005:46) Main subclasses of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:48-51) 13 Types of “Judgement” (Martin & White 2005:53) 16 2.4 Types of “Appreciation” (Martin & White, 2005:56) 18 2.5 Points of Differences/Borders (Martin & White, 2005:57-60) 20 2.6 3.1 Clauses for Clearing Differences (Martin & White, 2005:58-59) Statistic list of the number of ELNPLs and their coding 20 25 4.1 “Affect” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 31 4.2 “Affect” in the structure of Verbal Groups 32 4.3 “Affect” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 33 4.4 “Affect” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 34 4.5 “Judgement” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 36 4.6 “Judgement” in the structure of Verbal Groups 37 4.7 “Judgement” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 38 4.8 “Judgement” in the structure of Adverbial Groups 39 4.9 “Judgement” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 40 4.10 “Appreciation” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 42 4.11 44 4.12 “Appreciation” in the structure of Verbal Groups in passive forms “Appreciation” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 4.13 “Appreciation” in the structure of Adverbial Groups 46 4.14 “Appreciation” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 47 4.15 Summary of types of groups expressing “Appreciation” 48 2.2 2.3 45 subcategory in terms of syntactic realizations in ELNPLs 4.16 Distribution of types of groups in the “Attitude” sub-categories 49 No Name of Tables Page 4.17 Un/happiness by means of “Affect” Markers 4.18 Dis/satisfaction by means of “Affect” Markers 4.19 In/security by means of “Affect” Markers 54 4.20 Dis/inclination by means of “Affect” Markers 55 4.21 Occurrence Frequencies of “Affect” Semantic Values 56 4.22 Social Esteem by means of “Judgement” Markers 59 4.23 Social Sanction by means of “Judgement” Markers 60 4.24 Occurrence Frequencies of “Judgement” Semantic Values 4.25 Reaction by means of “Appreciation” Markers 61 64 4.26 Composition by means of “Appreciation” markers 4.27 Valuation by means of “Appreciation” Markers 66 67 4.28 Occurrence Frequencies of “Appreciation” Semantic Values 67 4.29 Summary of Semantic Features of “Attitude” sub-categories 69 4.30 Distribution of Positive and Negative of “Attitude” sub- 72 categories in terms of semantic features 52 53 LIST OF FIGURES No Name of Figures 2.1 3.1 Overview of Appraisal Resources [Martin & White, 2005:38] 4.1 Occurrence Frequencies of the “Attitude” sub-categoriesin Data processing interface of the Sketch Engine tool Page 11 28 49 terms of Syntactic Realizations 4.2 Sub-systems of Attitude (Martin & White, 2005) 51 4.3 Occurrence Frequencies in terms of semantic items of “Affect” 56 4.4 Occurence Frequencies in terms of Semantic items of 62 “Judgement” 4.5 Occurrence Frequencies in terms of Semantic items ofthe 68 subcategory “Appreciation” 4.6 Occurrence Frequencies of Positive and Negative Evaluations of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” 72 10 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY Today, millions of prizes are offered in many various fields around the world but only a few are internationally renowned However, there is only one prize recognized around the world as the pinnacle of achievement in making the world a better place and the Nobel Prize is one of them Alfred Nobel had a vision of a better world He believed that people are capable of helping to improve society through knowledge, science and humanism This is why he created a prize that would reward the discoveries that have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, while a memorial prize in economic sciences was added in 1968 The Nobel Prize is an annual international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden The Nobel Prize is bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace One of the most important fields to be concerned is the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded annually to an author from any country that has the most outstanding work in the field of peace Each Nobel Prize is regarded as the most prestigious award in its field According to Lundestad (2019:1), the Nobel Peace Prize is the most prestigious prize in the world It has probably never been in a stronger position than it is today The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History describes it as “the world's most prestigious prize.” Moreover, Jay Nordlinger, an American conservative writer published a book about the Peace Prize in 2012, entitled '“Peace, They Say A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World”, had not received the Peace Prize but he also came to admire the Peace Prize and concluded that no prize, not even the Oscars, had greater prestige than the Nobel account for the largest proportion They all have a tendency in expressing as well as evaluating things positively and negatively It implies that the reality of the social issues in ELNPLs are full of attractive, interesting things with high values Up to now, semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories have been clarified in the frame of Appraisal Theory Their occurrence frequencies have been analyzed to show the semantic distinctive features of ELNPLs Hereby is the summary of semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories Table 4.29 Summary of Semantic Features of “Attitude” sub-categories Attitude Semantic Examples SubFeatures categories Happiness (+) The International Atomic Energy Agency and I are humbled proud delighted and above all strengthened in our resolve by this most worthy of honours We must continue to unite in sisterhood to turn our tears into triumph our despair into Unhappiness (-) determination and our fear into fortitude Satisfaction (+) Affect Disatisfaction (-) Security (+) We are pleased to extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to the Nobel Peace Prize Committee and the Norwegian Parliament who by giving us this award have highlighted the Tunisian experience to the whole world We were not content to be victims We refused to wait for an immediate fiery end or the slow poisoning of our world I am confident that these developments will have a decisive influence in the advancement of peace on the Korean peninsula I am afraid that the day is not very far away Insecurity (-) when the cumulative result of this failure will culminate in unprecedented violence and that will be suicidal for humankind Inclination (+) These revolutions were ignited by young men and women who are yearning for freedom and dignity I have looked into their frightened and Disinclination (-) exhausted eyes I have held their injured bodies and felt their broken spirits Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples Normality (+) I took my first trip abroad at the age of 19 My children were even more fortunate than I Capacity (+) Capacity (-) Tenacity (+) Judgemen t Tenacity (-) Veracity (+) Propriety (+) We wanted to celebrate that so we introduced scholarships for talented students Grameen Bank now gives 30.000 scholarships every year And we cherish the fundamental rights of those who are the most vulnerable and hold the future in their hands: the children of this world We must be bold we must be ambitious and we must have the will Throughout our political campaign we heard the cry of our young population that they are impatient for their lives to improve It was perhaps my good fortune to have gotten to know this sincere honest conscientious and kind correctional officer during my time at Beikan I accept the award on my behalf and on behalf of the Yemeni and Arab revolutionary youth who are leading today's peaceful struggle against tyranny and corruption with moral courage and political wisdom Propriety (-) Reaction Impact (+) Nuclear weapons like chemical weapons biological weapons cluster munitions and land mines before them are now illegal Their existence is immoral The genius of the west was to create the organizations a remarkable accomplishment that has greatly advanced the history of humankind Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples The World is well aware that you still endure the Reaction Impact (-) Reaction Quality (+) horrific sexual violence that is the nature of the endless and senseless war in DRC Human beings are a wonderful creation embodied with limitless human qualities and capabilities But that unwelcome verdict also brought a Reaction Quality (-) precious if painful gift: an opportunity to search for fresh new ways to serve my purpose Composition - Yet in the face of such adversity the response at Balance (+) every level of public and private Norwegian life has been consistentwith your historic Appreciatio n adherence to the values of openness integrity and justice Composition Balance (-) Composition Complexity (+) By giving their institution the most prestigious prize in the world you give them unparalleled honour Poverty begins when even one child is denied his or her fundamental right to education But in a world in which threats are more diffuse Composition - and missions more complex America cannot act Complexity (-) alone I know the honour also gives adeep sense of Valuation (+) pride to our men both old and young Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples This is the proud genesis of our identity and today we struggle as an imperfect movement Valuation (-) but strong in thousands of volunteers and national staff and with millions of donors who support both financially and morally the project that is MSF Last but not least, the Table 4.30 presenting the distribution of positive and negative evaluations of three “Attitude” sub-categories will be shown as follows: Table 4.30 Distribution of Positive and Negative of“Attitude” sub-categories in Attitude Affect Judgement Appreciation terms of semantic features Occurrence Percentage Positive 46 64.8% Negative 25 35.2% Positive 69.8% Negative 88 38 Positive 154 77.8% Negative 44 22.2% 30.2% ■ P os iti Figure 4.6 Occurrence Frequencies of Positive and Negative Evaluations of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” According to Figure 4.6, both sub-categories of “Attitude” like “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” have positive and negative ratios approximately the same However, positive evaluations in the three sub-categories of “Attitude” prevail overnegative ones While positive evaluations are more prominent up to 77.8% and the negative ones are only approximately 22.2% It may see that ELNPLs seem to have quite a negative view rather than the positive one because they want to use positive perspectives to talk about the social issues that have happened around people's lives and they also want to contribute to the best of humanity and the world 4.3 SUMMARY This chapter has presented syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories based on the framework suggested by Martin & White (2005) and Downing & Locke (2006) In terms of syntactic realizations, “Attitude” subcategories have been described and analyzed in group structures namely Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases appear in ELNPLs as well as the occurrences of its subsystems In the semantic aspect, the sub-categories have been investigated based on the meaning criteria of Appraisal It can be seen that most Appraisal semantic criteria occur in the selected samples However, the positive evaluative attitudes which were reflected through the selected samples are superior to the negative ones Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this chapter, based on the discussion of the data collected about syntactic realizations and semantic features used in ELNPLs, the suggestions to improve the situation are put forward The first section is to give a summary of the study The second section is related to some implications to improve the situation Finally, the limitations and recommendations for further study are presented 5.1 CONCLUSIONS This thesis “An Investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates” examined syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories The findings presented below are inferred from the analysis of collected data Syntactically, the sub-categories of “Attitude” can be recognized in forms of Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases regardless of their unequal distribution among sub-categories of “Attitude” Most of the syntactic group structures such as Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups can be realized more frequently than Verbal Groups Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases in all three sub-categories of “Attitude” Nominal Groups have the maximum percentage in all “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” Adjectival Groups rank the second Verbal Groups were found the third in both active forms and passive forms in ELNPLs Interestingly, complex Nominal Groups used more than basic Nominal Groups are the prevalent structures of Nominal Groups expressing in both “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” Semantically, the category “Attitude” of the Appraisal theory is realized through its subsystems, namely, “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” The values are also presented positively and negatively After the study was implemented, there are some remarkable points found Firstly, the category “Attitude” through its subsystems is shown off clearly Both the positive and negative values are used in the ELNPLs However, the positive values are used more commonly than the negative ones In addition, all ELNPLs have a tendency with describing and evaluating things that happening around the world rather than assessing the feelings or emotions of people and their behavior towards social issues occurred in the world especially peace issues Interestingly, the “Appreciation” valuation plays an important role in the “Attitude” system In most of the samples of “Appreciation” Valuation accounts for the highest percentage (35.8%) 5.2 IMPLICATIONS In this thesis, the findings provide the language lecturers and learners with both syntactic and semantic knowledge of attitudinal evaluation in the light of Appraisal Appraisal Theory is specialized linguistic disciplines that provide language lecturers and learners with a profound understanding of the language nature in use Therefore, this thesis, which employed one of those facets, is expected to be helpful for lecturers and learners themselves to a certain extent to increase their ability to communicate and fully employ the beauty of language with its diversity and variety 5.2.1 To the Lecturers The findings may be some help for the teaching language Firstly, this thesis will help lecturers have knowledge of syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” With the result of the investigation lecturers have an opportunity to explore more phrases or sentences containing “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” to support their teaching Lecturers can improve their general knowledge and can help learners distinguish and comprehend the three subcategories of “Attitude” clearly as well as avoid using wrong sub-categories in a particular context Secondly, this thesis also provides lecturers the knowledge about structures and meaning of groups and phrases of three subcategories of “Attitude” in the light of Appraisal Theory They also have well preparations of sub-types of “Attitude” meaning in a particular context Lecturers can design exercises about “Attitude” to help learners understand and use it well, especially the lecturers can apply this category “Attitude” and its subcategories to teach English reading for learners In order to carry out this thing the lecturers can introduce to their students through the texts by analyzing the sub-categories, namely, “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” and their variables to their students through the text 5.2.2 To the University Students With the findings, the study will provide students with an insight into the linguistic features of three sub-categories of “Attitude” as well as help to raise their awareness of the important function of evaluative category of “Attitude” Accordingly, it is very necessary for language learners to enrich their ability in comprehending and using the language in order to enhance their communicative ability If learners have a chance to research Appraisal Theory, many of them may have some difficulties in acquiring the comprehension of content and structures of “Attitude” sub-categories Learners may get confused in understanding “Attitude” sub-categories that speakers/writers mentioned This limitation may be due to the unawareness of different types of “Attitude” sub-categories and how to use it effectively Through the study of the study, learners may have knowledge of understanding “Attitude” sub-categories that speakers/writers use to express their intention, their opinion, their feeling, their emotion and their attitude when they use “Attitude” sub-categories in their reviews Learners are required to have a particular selection of the lexical structures of “Attitude” sub-categories including simple and complex sentences, but also basic and complex phrases in making “Attitude” subcategories effectively Also they should focus on meaning types of “Attitude” such as Un/happiness, Dis/satisfaction, In/security, Dis/inclination, Normality, Capacity, Propriety, Reaction, Composition and Valuation meaning As a result, learners may also interpret a discourse effectively in view of Appraisal Theory 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY There are some limitations in this study that future studies are expected to address due to the limited time, knowledge and references Firstly, the thesis is limited in the scope of syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories group and phrase levels in the ELNPLs while syntactic and pragmatic features of “Attitude” sub-categories have not been touched upon The results of the investigation, to a certain extent have met the set goals of the study However, weaknesses are inevitable in the thesis Due to the limited time and lack of material sources relating to the problem under investigation, we have not been able to explore the problem as deeply as we had desired Secondly, on account of the researcher’s narrow knowledge about the significance of Appraisal Theory, about the world in the digital technology era and economic, sociologic, and politic principles, especially issues to safeguard peace in the world We have not been able to highlight the profound evaluative values of lectures by laureates that they want to convey to humanity Therefore, the thesis has not achieved a satisfactory depth as expected 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further research can focus on the following topics: - An investigation into Pragmatic features of “Attitude” in ELNPLs - A study of “Engagement” and “Graduation” in ELNPLs REFERENCES Books, Journals, Articles and Theses An-si Dong A (2008) The Language of Design Springer Science & Business Media Bednarek M (2009) Language patterns and Attitude Functions of Language 16/2: 165-192 Brown G & Yule G (1983) Discourse Analysis Cambridge University Press Cheng C (2008) A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Reviews on Linguistics: Perspective of Attitudinal Meanings Quzho China: Academy Publisher Manufactured in Finland Cook G (1989) Discourse Oxford 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Căn Quyết định số 709/QĐ - TTg ngày 26 tháng năm 2002 Chính phủ việc thành lập Trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ, thuộc Đại học Đà Nang; Căn Thông tư số 08/2014/TT-BGDĐT ngày 20 tháng năm 2014 Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo việc ban hành Quy chế tổ chức hoạt động Đại học vùng sở giáo dục đại học thành viên; Căn Thông tư số 15/2014/TT-BGDĐT ngày 15 tháng năm 2014 Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo việc ban hạnh Quy chế đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ; Căn Quy định nhiệm vụ, quyền hạn Đại học Đà Nằng, sở giáo dục đại học thành viên đơn vị trực thuộc ban hành kèm theo Quyết định số 6950/QĐĐHĐN ngày 01 tháng 12 năm 2014 Giám đốc Đại học Đà Nang; Căn Quyết định số 975/QĐ-ĐHNN ngày 04 tháng 11 năm 2016 Hiệu trưởng Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nằng việc ban hành Quy định Đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ; Căn Biên họp hội đồng bảo vệ đề cương chi tiết luận văn tốt nghiệp thạc sĩ chuyên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh khóa 36 ngày 19/7/2019; Theo đề nghị Trưởng phịng Phòng Đào tạo, QUYẾT ĐỊNH: Điều Giao cho học viên cao học Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo, lớp K36.NNA.ĐL, chuyên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh, thực đề tài luận văn “An Investigation into "Affect”, "Judgement" and "Appreciation" in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates”, hướng dẫn PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nang Điều Học viên cao học người hướng dẫn có tên Điều hưởng quyền lợi thực nhiệm vụ theo Quy chế đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo ban hành Quy định đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nằng Điều Thủ trưởng đơn vị liên quan Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nằng, người hướng dẫn luận văn học viên có tên Điều Quyết định thi hành./ Nơi nhận: - Hiệu trưởng (để b/c); Như điều 3; Lưu: VT, P.ĐT ễn Văn Long ... opinion on people and things By using this theory, language is used to express “Attitude”, “Affect”, “Judgement”, and “Appreciation”, especially in ELs, it can be realized with understanding and. .. is mainly concerned with an investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in ELNPLs in terms of their syntactic realizations by Angela 14 Downing & Philip Locke (2006)’s view and. .. entitled ? ?An Investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates” I attempted to apply an Appraisal Theory to analyze this study in terms