An investigation into “affect”, “judgement” and “appreciation” in english lectures by

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA Da Nang, 2020 ii ABSTRACT Appraisal Theory is first put forward by linguistic scholars Martin & White in the 1990s and now used worldwide Appraisal Theory is the development of functional grammar in terms of interpersonal meaning This study aims at examining the linguistic features of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” namely “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation”in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates (ELNPLs) The data for analysis are 395 samples of ELNPLs collected from the official website of the Nobel Prize in the period from the beginning of the 21st century to 2019 The methods mainly used in this study are qualitative and quantitative combined approaches which include the descriptive methods This study focuses on analyzing syntactic realizations and semantic features of the three sub-categories “Attitude” in ELNPLs in the light of Appraisal Theory In terms of the syntactic aspect, the “Attitude” sub-categories can be recognized in various groups in which Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups are more noticeable than Verbal Groups, Adverbial Groups and Preposition Phrases In terms of the semantic aspect, the findings obtained from both positive and negative values were shown in ELNPLs; however, the positive values were demonstrated more commonly than the negative ones With regard to theory, the findings of the study can make a minor contribution to a better understanding of discourse features and language used in ELNPLs With regard to practice, the findings will provide university students with an insight into the linguistic features of the three subcategories of “Attitude” as well as help to raise their awareness of the important function of evaluative category of “Attitude” iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii Chapter One INTRODUCTION .1 1.1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims of the Study .4 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .5 1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 PREVIOUS RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE STUDY .7 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .9 2.2.1 Appraisal Theory by Martin & White (2005) 2.2.2 The notion of “Attitude” and realizations of its sub-systems 11 2.2.3 Differences among “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” 19 2.2.4 Syntactic Elements of Groups by Downing & Locke (2006) 21 2.2.5 Overview of English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 22 2.3 SUMMARY .24 Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .25 iv 3.2 RESEARCH METHODS 25 3.3 DATA COLLECTION .25 3.3.1 Sampling 27 3.3.2 Instrument of Data Collection 28 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 28 3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY .29 3.6 SUMMARY .29 Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 30 4.1 SYNTACTIC REALIZATIONS OF “ATTITUDE” SUB-CATEGORIES 30 4.1.1 Syntactic Realizations of “Affect” 30 4.1.2 Syntactic Realizations of “Judgement” 35 4.1.3 Syntactic Realizations of “Appreciation” 41 4.2 SEMANTIC FEATURES OF “ATTITUDE” SUB-CATEGORIES 50 4.2.1 Semantic Features of “Affect” .51 4.2.2 Semantic Features of “Judgement” 57 4.2.3 Semantic Features of “Appreciation” .62 4.3 SUMMARY .73 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS .74 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 74 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 75 5.2.1 To the Lecturers 75 5.2.2 To the University Students .76 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .76 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 77 REFERENCES DATA SOURCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản sao) v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS EL English Lectures ELNPLs English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates NP Nobel Prize SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics (+) Positive Attitude (-) Negative Attitude vi LIST OF TABLES No Name of Tables Page 2.1 Grammatical Realization of “Affect” (Martin & White, 13 2005:46) 2.2 Main subclasses of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:48-51) 13 2.3 Types of “Judgement” (Martin & White 2005:53) 16 2.4 Types of “Appreciation” (Martin & White, 2005:56) 18 2.5 Points of Differences/Borders (Martin & White, 2005:57-60) 20 2.6 Clauses for Clearing Differences (Martin & White, 2005:58-59) 20 3.1 Statistic list of the number of ELNPLs and their coding 25 4.1 “Affect” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 31 4.2 “Affect” in the structure of Verbal Groups 32 4.3 “Affect” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 33 4.4 “Affect” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 34 4.5 “Judgement” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 36 4.6 “Judgement” in the structure of Verbal Groups 37 4.7 “Judgement” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 38 4.8 “Judgement” in the structure of Adverbial Groups 39 4.9 “Judgement” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 40 4.10 “Appreciation” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups 42 4.11 “Appreciation” in the structure of Verbal Groups in passive forms 44 4.12 “Appreciation” in the structure of Adjectival Groups 45 4.13 “Appreciation” in the structure of Adverbial Groups 46 4.14 “Appreciation” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases 47 4.15 Summary of types of groups expressing “Appreciation” 48 subcategory in terms of syntactic realizations in ELNPLs 4.16 Distribution of types of groups in the “Attitude” sub-categories 49 vii No Name of Tables Page 4.17 Un/happiness by means of “Affect” Markers 52 4.18 Dis/satisfaction by means of “Affect” Markers 53 4.19 In/security by means of “Affect” Markers 54 4.20 Dis/inclination by means of “Affect” Markers 55 4.21 Occurrence Frequencies of “Affect” Semantic Values 56 4.22 Social Esteem by means of “Judgement” Markers 59 4.23 Social Sanction by means of “Judgement” Markers 60 4.24 Occurrence Frequencies of “Judgement” Semantic Values 61 4.25 Reaction by means of “Appreciation” Markers 64 4.26 Composition by means of “Appreciation” markers 66 4.27 Valuation by means of “Appreciation” Markers 67 4.28 Occurrence Frequencies of “Appreciation” Semantic Values 67 4.29 Summary of Semantic Features of “Attitude” sub-categories 69 4.30 Distribution of Positive and Negative of “Attitude” sub- 72 categories in terms of semantic features viii LIST OF FIGURES Name of Figures No Page 2.1 Overview of Appraisal Resources [Martin & White, 2005:38] 11 3.1 Data processing interface of the Sketch Engine tool 28 4.1 Occurrence Frequencies of the “Attitude” sub-categoriesin 49 terms of Syntactic Realizations 4.2 Sub-systems of Attitude (Martin & White, 2005) 51 4.3 Occurrence Frequencies in terms of semantic items of “Affect” 56 4.4 Occurence Frequencies in terms of Semantic items of 62 “Judgement” 4.5 Occurrence Frequencies in terms of Semantic items ofthe 68 subcategory “Appreciation” 4.6 Occurrence Frequencies of Positive and Negative Evaluations of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” 72 68 40 35.8 35 30 25 20 15.7 11.6 15 10 9.1 5.6 1.5 8.6 3.5 Positive Negative Figure 4.5 Occurrence Frequencies in terms of Semantic items of the subcategory “Appreciation” From Figure 4.5 it is obvious that the positive “Appreciation” are higher than the negative ones The positive values account for 77.8% while the negative values only account for 22.2% Among the meaning sets, both the Valuation positive and negative account for the largest proportion They all have a tendency in expressing as well as evaluating things positively and negatively It implies that the reality of the social issues in ELNPLs are full of attractive, interesting things with high values Up to now, semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories have been clarified in the frame of Appraisal Theory Their occurrence frequencies have been analyzed to show the semantic distinctive features of ELNPLs Hereby is the summary of semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories 69 Table 4.29 Summary of Semantic Features of “Attitude” sub-categories Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples Happiness (+) The International Atomic Energy Agency and I are humbled proud delighted and above all strengthened in our resolve by this most worthy of honours We must continue to unite in sisterhood to turn Unhappiness (-) Satisfaction (+) our tears into triumph our despair into determination and our fear into fortitude We are pleased to extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to the Nobel Peace Prize Committee and the Norwegian Parliament who by giving us this award have highlighted the Tunisian experience to the whole world We were not content to be victims We refused to wait for an immediate fiery end or the slow Affect Disatisfaction (-) Security (+) poisoning of our world I am confident that these developments will have a decisive influence in the advancement of peace on the Korean peninsula I am afraid that the day is not very far away when the cumulative result of this failure will Insecurity (-) culminate in unprecedented violence and that will be suicidal for humankind Inclination (+) These revolutions were ignited by young men and women who are yearning for freedom and dignity I have looked into their frightened and exhausted eyes I have held their injured bodies Disinclination (-) and felt their broken spirits 70 Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples Normality (+) I took my first trip abroad at the age of 19 My children were even more fortunate than I Capacity (+) We wanted to celebrate that so we introduced scholarships for talented students Grameen Bank now gives 30.000 scholarships every year And we cherish the fundamental rights of those who are the most vulnerable and hold the future Capacity (-) in their hands: the children of this world Tenacity (+) We must be bold we must be ambitious and we must have the will Throughout our political campaign we heard the Judgement Tenacity (-) cry of our young population that they are impatient for their lives to improve Veracity (+) It was perhaps my good fortune to have gotten to know this sincere honest conscientious and kind correctional officer during my time at Beikan Propriety (+) I accept the award on my behalf and on behalf of the Yemeni and Arab revolutionary youth who are leading today's peaceful struggle against tyranny and corruption with moral courage and political wisdom Propriety (-) Reaction – Impact (+) Nuclear weapons like chemical weapons biological weapons cluster munitions and land mines before them are now illegal Their existence is immoral The genius of the west was to create the organizations a remarkable accomplishment that has greatly advanced the history of humankind 71 Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Reaction – Impact (-) Examples The World is well aware that you still endure the horrific sexual violence that is the nature of the endless and senseless war in DRC Reaction – Human beings are a wonderful creation Quality (+) embodied with limitless human qualities and capabilities Reaction – Quality (-) Appreciation But that unwelcome verdict also brought a precious if painful gift: an opportunity to search for fresh new ways to serve my purpose Composition – Yet in the face of such adversity the response at Balance (+) every level of public and private Norwegian life has been consistentwith your historic adherence to the values of openness integrity and justice Composition – Balance (-) By giving their institution the most prestigious prize in the world you give them unparalleled honour Composition – Poverty begins when even one child is denied his Complexity (+) or her fundamental right to education Composition – Complexity (-) But in a world in which threats are more diffuse and missions more complex America cannot act alone I know the honour also gives adeep sense of Valuation (+) pride to our men both old and young 72 Attitude Subcategories Semantic Features Examples This is the proud genesis of our identity and today Valuation (-) we struggle as an imperfect movement but strong in thousands of volunteers and national staff and with millions of donors who support both financially and morally the project that is MSF Last but not least, the Table 4.30 presenting the distribution of positive and negative evaluations of three “Attitude” sub-categories will be shown as follows: Table 4.30 Distribution of Positive and Negative of“Attitude” sub-categories in terms of semantic features Attitude Affect Judgement Appreciation Occurrence Percentage Positive 46 64.8% Negative 25 35.2% Positive 88 69.8% Negative 38 30.2% Positive 154 77.8% Negative 44 22.2% 77.8 80 70 69.8 64.8 60 50 40 35.2 Positive 30.2 Negative 22.2 30 20 10 Affect Judgement Appreciation Figure 4.6 Occurrence Frequencies of Positive and Negative Evaluations of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” 73 According to Figure 4.6, both sub-categories of “Attitude” like “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” have positive and negative ratios approximately the same However, positive evaluations in the three sub-categories of “Attitude” prevail overnegative ones While positive evaluations are more prominent up to 77.8% and the negative ones are only approximately 22.2% It may see that ELNPLs seem to have quite a negative view rather than the positive one because they want to use positive perspectives to talk about the social issues that have happened around people's lives and they also want to contribute to the best of humanity and the world 4.3 SUMMARY This chapter has presented syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories based on the framework suggested by Martin & White (2005) and Downing & Locke (2006) In terms of syntactic realizations, “Attitude” sub-categories have been described and analyzed in group structures namely Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases appear in ELNPLs as well as the occurrences of its subsystems In the semantic aspect, the sub-categories have been investigated based on the meaning criteria of Appraisal It can be seen that most Appraisal semantic criteria occur in the selected samples However, the positive evaluative attitudes which were reflected through the selected samples are superior to the negative ones 74 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this chapter, based on the discussion of the data collected about syntactic realizations and semantic features used in ELNPLs, the suggestions to improve the situation are put forward The first section is to give a summary of the study The second section is related to some implications to improve the situation Finally, the limitations and recommendations for further study are presented 5.1 CONCLUSIONS This thesis “An Investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates” examined syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories The findings presented below are inferred from the analysis of collected data Syntactically, the sub-categories of “Attitude” can be recognized in forms of Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases regardless of their unequal distribution among sub-categories of “Attitude” Most of the syntactic group structures such as Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups can be realized more frequently than Verbal Groups Adverbial Groups and Prepositional Phrases in all three sub-categories of “Attitude” Nominal Groups have the maximum percentage in all “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” Adjectival Groups rank the second Verbal Groups were found the third in both active forms and passive forms in ELNPLs Interestingly, complex Nominal Groups used more than basic Nominal Groups are the prevalent structures of Nominal Groups expressing in both “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” Semantically, the category “Attitude” of the Appraisal theory is realized through its subsystems, namely, “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” The values are also presented positively and negatively After the study was implemented, there are some remarkable points found Firstly, the category “Attitude” through its subsystems is shown off clearly Both the positive and negative values are used in the ELNPLs However, the positive values are used more commonly than the 75 negative ones In addition, all ELNPLs have a tendency with describing and evaluating things that happening around the world rather than assessing the feelings or emotions of people and their behavior towards social issues occurred in the world especially peace issues Interestingly, the “Appreciation” valuation plays an important role in the “Attitude” system In most of the samples of “Appreciation” Valuation accounts for the highest percentage (35.8%) 5.2 IMPLICATIONS In this thesis, the findings provide the language lecturers and learners with both syntactic and semantic knowledge of attitudinal evaluation in the light of Appraisal Appraisal Theory is specialized linguistic disciplines that provide language lecturers and learners with a profound understanding of the language nature in use Therefore, this thesis, which employed one of those facets, is expected to be helpful for lecturers and learners themselves to a certain extent to increase their ability to communicate and fully employ the beauty of language with its diversity and variety 5.2.1 To the Lecturers The findings may be some help for the teaching language Firstly, this thesis will help lecturers have knowledge of syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” With the result of the investigation lecturers have an opportunity to explore more phrases or sentences containing “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” to support their teaching Lecturers can improve their general knowledge and can help learners distinguish and comprehend the three subcategories of “Attitude” clearly as well as avoid using wrong sub-categories in a particular context Secondly, this thesis also provides lecturers the knowledge about structures and meaning of groups and phrases of three subcategories of “Attitude” in the light of Appraisal Theory They also have well preparations of sub-types of “Attitude” meaning in a particular context Lecturers can design exercises about “Attitude” to help learners understand and use it well, especially the lecturers can apply this 76 category “Attitude” and its subcategories to teach English reading for learners In order to carry out this thing the lecturers can introduce to their students through the texts by analyzing the sub-categories, namely, “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” and their variables to their students through the text 5.2.2 To the University Students With the findings, the study will provide students with an insight into the linguistic features of three sub-categories of “Attitude” as well as help to raise their awareness of the important function of evaluative category of “Attitude” Accordingly, it is very necessary for language learners to enrich their ability in comprehending and using the language in order to enhance their communicative ability If learners have a chance to research Appraisal Theory, many of them may have some difficulties in acquiring the comprehension of content and structures of “Attitude” sub-categories Learners may get confused in understanding “Attitude” sub-categories that speakers/writers mentioned This limitation may be due to the unawareness of different types of “Attitude” sub-categories and how to use it effectively Through the study of the study, learners may have knowledge of understanding “Attitude” sub-categories that speakers/writers use to express their intention, their opinion, their feeling, their emotion and their attitude when they use “Attitude” sub-categories in their reviews Learners are required to have a particular selection of the lexical structures of “Attitude” sub-categories including simple and complex sentences, but also basic and complex phrases in making “Attitude” subcategories effectively Also they should focus on meaning types of “Attitude” such as Un/happiness, Dis/satisfaction, In/security, Dis/inclination, Normality, Capacity, Propriety, Reaction, Composition and Valuation meaning As a result, learners may also interpret a discourse effectively in view of Appraisal Theory 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY There are some limitations in this study that future studies are expected to address due to the limited time, knowledge and references 77 Firstly, the thesis is limited in the scope of syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Attitude” sub-categories group and phrase levels in the ELNPLs while syntactic and pragmatic features of “Attitude” sub-categories have not been touched upon The results of the investigation, to a certain extent have met the set goals of the study However, weaknesses are inevitable in the thesis Due to the limited time and lack of material sources relating to the problem under investigation, we have not been able to explore the problem as deeply as we had desired Secondly, on account of the researcher‟s narrow knowledge about the significance of Appraisal Theory, about the world in the digital technology era and economic, sociologic, and politic principles, especially issues to safeguard peace in the world We have not been able to highlight the profound evaluative values of lectures by laureates that they want to convey to humanity Therefore, the thesis has not achieved a satisfactory depth as expected 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further research can focus on the following topics: - An investigation into Pragmatic features of “Attitude” in ELNPLs - A study of “Engagement” and “Graduation” in ELNPLs REFERENCES Books, Journals, Articles and Theses An-si Dong A (2008) The Language of Design Springer Science & Business Media Bednarek M (2009) Language patterns and Attitude Functions of Language 16/2: 165-192 Brown G & Yule G (1983) Discourse Analysis Cambridge University Press Cheng C (2008) A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Reviews on Linguistics: Perspective of Attitudinal Meanings Quzho China: Academy Publisher Manufactured in Finland Cook G (1989) Discourse Oxford University Press Downing, A & Locke, P (2006) English Grammar: A University Course Taylor & Francis Halliday, M.A.K., & C.M.I.M Matthiessen (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar.3rd ed London: Arnold Hà T N (2011) A Study of Linguistic Devices 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DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES Major : ENGLISH