an investigation into loss and gain in english vietnamese translational version of the book

THE UNIVERSITY DANANG Da Nang,OF 2019 UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES TRAN THI THU HUONG AN INVESTIGATION INTO LOSS AND GAIN IN ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONAL VERSION OF THE BOOK “HAPPY TEACHERS CHANGE THE WORLD” BY THICH NHAT HANH AND KATHERINE WEARE MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES TRAN THI THU HUONG AN INVESTIGATION INTO LOSS AND GAIN IN ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONAL VERSION OF THE BOOK “HAPPY TEACHERS CHANGE THE WORLD” BY THICH NHAT HANH AND KATHERINE WEARE Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES SUPERVISOR: NGUYEN THI THU HUONG PhD Da Nang, 2020 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am deeply grateful for being guided by my supervisor Doctor Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, who has motivated me throughout the entire process of the thesis and given all of the constructive and valuable comments, “My beloved teacher, you always arouse my spirit to the thesis Thanks a lot for encouraging me by your patience and kindness Words fail to express my thankfulness to you” I take this opportunity to extend my special thanks to all of the lecturers of the English Department, Danang University of Foreign Languages Studies, from whom I have learnt a lot I also want to express my deepest thanks to my sweet family for their endless great love, motivation, and support Especially, I would like to send love to my husband, who is always by my side, listen to me, understand me and help me to overcome tough times This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance and kindness of many people I thus would like to give my sincere thanks to all friends who have directly or indirectly shared with me in this journey, which I cannot mention one by one Millions thanks! Last but not least, I truly realize that this thesis is still far from perfection Thus, I will always appreciate for the coming constructive comments from the readers Hopefully, this research will give many advantages to all of people who are fond of discovering the beauty of language, especially translation iii ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to identify loss and gain in the Vietnamese Translation of the Book “Happy Teachers Change the World” and examine factors causing loss and gain in the process of translating from English to Vietnamese The study adopts a descriptive approach, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data Firstly, one hundred samples taken from the two books were examined to see how translation was manifested according to Catford‟s translation shifts model The researcher found most of the types suggested by Catford Then types of loss and gain were analyzed and described According to the analysis, loss was more popular than gain The most significant process was loss and gain in meaning, which account for 23 % and 12 % respectively Totally, the percentage of this process is 35 % Additionally, factors causing loss and gain in the process of translating are presented Finally, implications and suggestions for further study are put forward This master thesis is expected to be helpful for translators, English teachers and students Keywords: Happy teachers change the world, Catford's model, translation shifts, loss and gain, factors causing loss and gain iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY 1.7 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Chapter Two THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.1 What is Translation? 2.1.2 Types of Translation 2.1.3 Principles of Translation 10 2.1.4 What is Equivalence? 12 2.1.5 Loss and Gain in Translation 15 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.3 SUMMARY 20 Chapter three RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 21 v 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21 3.2 SAMPLING 22 3.3 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 22 3.4 DATA COLLECTION 23 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 23 Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 25 4.1 TYPES OF TRANSLATION SHIFTS 25 4.1.1 Level Shifts 25 4.1.2 Category Shifts 28 4.2 FREQUENCY OF TRANSLATION SHIFTS 36 4.3 TYPES OF LOSS AND GAIN 36 4.3.1 Loss and Gain in Lexis 36 4.3.2 Loss and Gain in Structure 41 4.3.3 Loss and Gain in Meaning 44 4.3.3.2 Gain in Meaning 45 4.5 FREQUENCY OF LOSS AND GAIN 49 4.6 FACTORS AFFECT LOSS AND GAIN IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATING FROM ENGLISH TO VIETNAMESE 50 4.5.1 Linguistic Differences 51 4.5.2 Cultural Features 52 4.5.3 Religious Dominance 53 4.6 SUMMARY 54 Chapter Five CONCLUSION – IMPLICATIONS –SUGGESTIONS 56 5.1 CONCLUSIONS OF THE FINDINGS 56 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING TRANSLATION 58 5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 60 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 60 REFERENCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản sao) vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj Adjective Adv Adverb N Noun NP Noun phrase Prep Preposition Prep.P Prepositional phrase QW Question word SL Source language ST Source text TL Target language TT Target text V Verb VP Verb phrase vii LIST OF TABLES Number of Table Name of Table Page 4.1 Occurrence and Percentage of Shifts in Level Shifts 28 4.2 Occurrence and Percentage of Shifts 36 4.3 Occurrence and Percentage of Loss and Gain 50 Chapter One INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher presents the reasons for conducting this study Besides, fundamental objectives of the study are identified The research questions, significance, scope and structure of this paper are also clearly presented in this part 1.1 RATIONALE Translation is not just a transference of words or expressions from one language to another but rather a communication of the meaning and culture of a source language (SL) text by means of the closest equivalence of a target language (TL) text (Pym, 2010; Munday 2008; Hatim & Mason, 2005; Bell, 1991; Newmark, 1988; Nida, 1982) Therefore, translators must clearly understand the linguistic aspects of SL and TL in terms of lexical, semantic, and pragmatic meanings, known as explicit and implicit meanings In fact, the translation of the implicit meanings is one of the most common problems and most difficult tasks that translators usually face since they lie under the cultural signs The implicit meaning refers to the speaker‟s intention rather than literal words Such meaning can be understood through the extra-linguistic aspects of language Moreover, this meaning cannot be understood literally without taking the socio-cultural and situational contexts into account (Baker, 2011; Malmkjaer, 2011, Nida, 2001) It represents all aspects of life, the totality of meanings, ideas, and beliefs shared by individuals among the same community Consequently, the ways of translating English into Vietnamese becomes greatly concerned among readers and translators This is the primary reason why the researcher chooses to deeply investigate this field One of the central problems in the field of translation is translation shifts Basing on the theory of translation shifts, the study analyses loss and gain in the translation process In order to remain the original meaning in the source language, the translator might adopt a variety of approaches to make some changes in the target language During this process, loss and gain might occur According to Peter Newmark (1988), Gain 53 Because of the significant contributions of Thich Nhat Hanh to the peace promotion, and because of the respect of the translators, “Người”, a Vietnamese word for highly respected people, is used in this context This gain is considered as a gain in connotative meaning as in Vietnam, people hold “Người” in considerable respect The translators also add Vietnamese words “Thầy”, “Cô” before proper names mentioned in the translated text 4.5.3 Religious Dominance Thich Nhat Hanh, the coauthor of this book, is a global spiritual leader, poet, and peace activist, renowned for his powerful teachings and bestselling writings on mindfulness and peace Therefore, the language used in his work reflects the spirit of engaged Buddhism The translators who are his students are likely to acquire deeper insights into meditation and mindfulness so they easily grasp the meaning of Thich Nhat Hanh „s work However, readers are probably confused with “religious terms” In an attempt to maintain meaning of the target text and express meaning of the word, phrase or sentence in the context, translators not choose exact equivalence in TL, but use different structures which are common in the Vietnamese language They also produce other word choice while still keeping the original meaning There is no doubt that the translation of religious terminology is a challenge for translators as they have to choose proper words that fit the context and the Vietnamese culture The following table shows examples in which translation embodies a specific ideology Specifically, in these cases, ideas of Buddhism are the awareness of your presence, body, calmness and the law of cause and effect 54 Example 42: ST Peace is every step TT An lạc bước chân There is a habit energy in every one of us Mỗi người có tập khí Body and mind united Thân tâm hợp Deep relaxation Buông thư Everything evolves according to the Mọi thứ tiến triển tùy thuộc vào nguyên principle of interdependence tắc tương duyên Buiding a local community Xây dựng tăng thân địa phương Seeds of concentration and insight Hạt giống định tuệ The way out is in Lối tùy thuộc đường vào nội tâm The above examples are clear evidence of both loss and gain without affecting the intended meaning In order to produce these translation, there are a lot of factors that translator need to take into consideration as Lefevere (1992, p 35) points out that translators have to strike a balance between the universe of discourse (the whole complex of concepts, ideologies, persons and objects belonging to a particular culture) as acceptable to the author of the original and that other universe of discourse which is acceptable and familiar to the translator and his or her audience 4.6 SUMMARY The purpose of this chapter is to report on the findings obtained regarding loss and gain According to the analysis, loss was more common than gain Additionally, the most significant findings were related to loss and gain in meaning The translation shifts adopted from Catford‟s classification, including Level shifts, Class-shifts, Intra-system-shifts, Structural-shifts and Unit-shifts were identified The outcome of the findings recognized most kinds of shifts occur in the loss and gain It was noted that the occurrence of unit shifts was the most popular From the data analysis, linguistic and cultural differences between English 55 and Vietnamese language are the main causes of loss and gain Main linguistic differences include those in plural nouns, unreal subjects, and passive voice In terms of culture, the values of the engaged Buddhism affect the translation; particularly, the loss and gain process The next chapter presents a summary of this study, the findings, limitations of the study and recommendations for further research 56 Chapter Five CONCLUSION – IMPLICATIONS –SUGGESTIONS This chapter focuses on summarizing the key findings of the research based on the data analysis in the previous chapter It also provides the implications to the field of applied linguistics Limitations of the current research are presented and suggestions for further research also proposed 5.1 CONCLUSIONS OF THE FINDINGS This research is aimed at examining the types of loss and gain occurring in the Vietnamese Translation of the Book “Happy Teachers Change the World”.The current research answers the research questions as follows: - What kind loss and gain can be found in the Vietnamese translation of English in the book? - What affects loss and gain in the process of translating from English to Vietnamese? The study adopts a descriptive approach, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data One hundred samples taken from the two books were examined Based on Catford‟s model of translation shifts, types of translation shifts were examined Loss and gain were analyzed and described in terms of lexis, structure and meaning Finally, factors causing the identified loss and gain in the process of translating are presented The researcher found most of the types suggested by Catford Structuralshift was the most frequent appearance, accounting for 29% Unit Shift and Classshifts accounted for 20 % and 23% respectively The percentage of Level Shifts was 19%, which was relatively equal to Unit Shift Intra-system Shift made up the smallest proportion, only % The results reveal some typical principles of rendering English into Vietnamese In level shift, it is demonstrated that the morpheme “-s” or “-es” is added to indicate the plural form of a Vietnamese noun Markers such as sự, việc, 57 are added as plural markers in Vietnamese From the data analysis, it can be seen that the translators might overuse the word “sự” when translating nouns from ST to TT As a result, unnaturalness in the translational version occurs Among the types of Category Shift including level shift, structural-shift, classshift, unit-shift, and intra-system shift found in this paper, structural- shift is the most common It is due to the differences in word order, sentence structure, and passive-active voice shifts between two languages In this study, the researcher investigated loss and gain in Lexis, Structure and Meaning which refer to the omission or the addition of linguistic features in the TT These processes involve changes of word class, structure, and meaning According to the analysis, loss was more popular than gain The most significant process was loss and gain in meaning, which account for 23 % and 12 % respectively Totally, the percentage of this process is 35 % Religious elements, particularly the engaged Buddhism, are one of the main factors causing loss and gain in meaning Regarding to lexis, loss was more popular than gain, in which the former‟s percentage was over 20% while the latter‟s one was only about 13% In terms of structure, 6.0 % loss occurred whereas the percentage of gain is 10% Interestingly, it is observable that loss and gain could occur at the same time in a sentence with 12% in total The finding of the study shows that shifts occurred in the translation of the book, which led to loss and gain in translation During the process of data analysis, it is observed that except for shift from grammar to lexis, all the Catford‟s translation shifts occurred in the loss and gain found Level shift, particularly the shift from lexis to grammar appeared in gain in lexis and meaning Structure shift occupied the most in the loss and gain in structure Structure shift also took place in loss in meaning Besides, unit shifts and class- shift were also common in loss and gain in structure Unit shifts involved the changes from a complete sentence into a verb phrase or transferring the noun into the sentence Class shift saw the translation 58 of a noun into an adjective Intra-system shift was also found in the gain of meaning Thirdly, factors causing loss and gain involve linguistic and cultural differences It is noted that main linguistic differences include those in plural nouns, unreal subjects, and passive voice lead in the loss and gain found in the TT Further, cultural gaps between English and Vietnamese create the possibility of loss and gain in translation The most noticeable factor causing changes when rendering English into Vietnamese in this book is cultural factors, especially the Buddhism Basically, the translational version of the book reflects accurately the meaning of the original text The book “Happy Teachers Change the World” is categorized as a manual of Thich Nhat Hanh‟s and Plum Village‟s approach to mindfulness in education It is noteworthy that the original book contains some religious concepts Translators attempt to convey the author's ideas in the target language However, in some cases, ST concepts are retained This is applicable to “engaged Buddhism”, which means that Buddhist practitioners bring their practice wisdom, and insights from meditation into the real world situations The instances clarifying how translators, based on their beliefs, may use religious terms to interpret and translate the texts are analyzed in the previous chapter In translation, it is essential for translators to master linguistic competence and cultural knowledge in both SL and TL During the data analysis, the researcher realize that though the acts of rendering meaning from the ST into TT are done properly, as translators pay attention to cultural significance in the TL and they are flexible in adding or omitting words, or changing the structures to fit the TL 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING TRANSLATION Based on the research‟ results, together with the best of the researchers‟ understanding of the field, there are a several implications drawn out as contribution to the linguistics as well as to teaching and learning translation Firstly, the analysis and finding discussion provide an insight into translation shifts adopted from Catford‟s classification, including Level- shifts, Class-shifts, 59 Intra-system-shifts Structural-shifts and Unit-shifts, types of Loss and Gain in lexis, structure and meaning Learners should equip themselves with these groundings and practice of various shifts occurring in translation when rendering English into Vietnamese The importance of translation shifts should be emphasized during the learning process What is more, a thorough comparison between the original text and the translated text is necessary to examine loss and gain In order to identify types of loss and gain, students should be aware of the theoretical framework of previous scholars and have hands-on practice of indicating loss and gain in translation Secondly, factors affecting loss and gain in translation should also be considered This research helps readers have a deeper insight into the reasons why loss and gain happen in the translational version of the book and points out some of the unnatural translation according to the researcher‟s perspectives It is, therefore, encouraged to re-translate the some parts of the book This paper might pave the path for future research, investigating into new approaches of translation so that readers can fully grasp the meaning of the original book Translators could take these factors into consideration to produce a better and more comprehensive translation in the future In summary, it is necessary for translators to have a firm grounding in the linguistics features of both the source language and the target language so that they are able to decide which information should be lost or gained for better understanding Furthermore, the cultures of both languages should be mastered in order to render the meaning properly Translation of a book, which contains religious elements, probably is a challenge for translators Especially, in this case, if translators not have the knowledge of engaged Buddhism, meditation or mindfulness, they might not produce accurately the deep meaning of the original text 60 5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY In spite of the researcher‟s significant effort to ensure the reliable outcomes of the study, there maintain a number of inevitable shortcomings, namely the depth and breadth of the research The thesis only draws attention to the types of translation shifts classified by Catford and loss and gain in lexis, structure and meaning 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH During the process of data collection and analysis, the researcher realizes several problems occurring in the translational version of the book Therefore, further research can thus shed light on different approaches to improve the naturalness of 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FREQUENCY OF TRANSLATION SHIFTS 36 4.3 TYPES OF LOSS AND GAIN 36 4.3.1 Loss and Gain in Lexis 36 4.3.2 Loss and Gain in Structure 41 4.3.3 Loss and Gain in Meaning... ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to identify loss and gain in the Vietnamese Translation of the Book “Happy Teachers Change the World” and examine factors causing loss and gain in the process.. .THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES TRAN THI THU HUONG AN INVESTIGATION INTO LOSS AND GAIN IN ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONAL VERSION OF THE BOOK “HAPPY