A Conceptual Model of Culture Learning CROSS CULTURAL AWARENESS CULTURE SHOCK Culture Shock The term culture shock was first introduced in the 1950s by Kalvero Oberg to describe the phenomena people might experience after moving to a new environment Culture shock can be described as the feeling of disorientation experienced by a person suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture or way of life Culture shock is difficult to identify It does not appear suddenly; rather, it builds up slowly and is.
CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS - CULTURE SHOCK Culture Shock The term culture shock was first introduced in the 1950s by Kalvero Oberg to describe the phenomena people might experience after moving to a new environment Culture shock can be described as the feeling of disorientation experienced by a person suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture or way of life Culture shock is difficult to identify It does not appear suddenly; rather, it builds up slowly and is often a series of small events For some people, culture shock can be brief and hardly noticeable For others, it can bring intense physical and emotional discomfort Why people experience culture shock? It could be attributed to communication barriers, moving out of a comfort zone, immobility (tighter control over movement), unrealistic expectations, a sense of time and pace of life, perceptions of culturally inappropriate behaviours, frustrations over lack of results, and so on Exercise Four Write your signature on a piece of paper, first with your usual, dominant hand and then with your weaker hand Then answer the following questions How did you feel while you wrote your signature with your usual hand? How did you feel while you performed this task with your weaker hand? What happens when we are faced daily with unusual tasks and demands? No matter how prepared you are, or how open-minded, or how much you have travelled in the past, you can still experience culture shock Culture shock is normal, and it does not last forever! Many people who experience culture shock are unaware what it is, or they attribute their symptoms to something else Culture shock has a wide range of symptoms, and being able to identify the symptoms as culture shock can help make adjusting to overseas living easier Culture shock may involve any of these symptoms: • sadness, loneliness, melancholy • preoccupation with health • insomnia, desire to sleep too much or too little • depression, feeling vulnerable, feeling powerless, changes in temperament • anger, irritability, resentment, unwillingness to interact with others • identifying with the old culture or idealizing the old country • loss of identity • trying too hard to absorb everything in the new culture or country • unable to solve simple problems • lack of confidence • feelings of inadequacy or insecurity • excessive drinking • developing stereotypes about the new culture • developing obsessions, such as over-cleanliness • longing for family • feeling lost, overlooked, exploited, or abused • a desire to go home, to partake of comfort food, to visit one’s relatives, to talk to people with whom it is easy to communicate Self-Reflection Reflect on a time when you previously experienced a form of culture shock Are you having difficulty remembering one? What about the first time you changed schools? Your first year at university? Have you ever moved to another city? When was the last time you felt like an “outsider”? CULTURE-SHOCK STAGES As a result of many studies on culture shock, four stages have been identified First stage Known as the “honeymoon stage,” you first arrive to your destination and in spite of loss of sleep from travelling, issues with transportation, and some language difficulties, everything seems great and new The sites are interesting, the local people are helpful, and the food is tasty This produces a feeling of euphoria: a desire to look around, experiment, and explore This stage is normally brief, but it can last up to a month or more Symptoms: enthusiastic, positive attitude, excited, fascinated, energetic Second stage Culture shock sets in The novelty starts to wear off and one begins to criticize the country, the life, and the values of the people At this stage, you begin to look for compatriots to discuss your symptoms and to criticize the country and people You begin to be negative and start to speak of the people in the third person, using phrases such as “these people.” This is the critical stage of culture shock This can last for a few days, weeks, or months Symptoms: depressed, frustrated, confused, angry, sick, and critical of the host culture Third stage Known as the “recovery stage,” you begin to understand some of the cultural cues and more of the language, and you start to feel less isolated Your understanding of the local culture deepens You begin to reflect on the past couple of weeks and laugh at your own mistakes Symptoms: accepts the host culture, less judgmental, sense of humour returns, energy is back Fourth stage This is the “adjustment stage,” where you begin to feel at home and enjoy living in the foreign country You may not like all of the customs of the country, but you can live with them Symptoms: motivated, accepting things you cannot change, adapting and assimilating to the changes, and starting to explore, once again Can culture shock be avoided? Probably not, but it can be minimized See the following illustration of the stages of cultural adjustment The W-Curve: Stages of Cultural Adjustment Source: Adapted from “Orientated for Success,” edited by M Barker, Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, 1990; as cited in Council for International Education (UKCOSA), International Students and Culture Shock , in Guidance Notes for Students 2004– 05,[online] http://www.ukcosa.org.uk/images/shock.pdf Exercise Five Submit your written answers to the following questions to your instructor Referring to the previous self-reflection, how did you deal with culture shock in that situation? What other ways can you deal with culture shock? How you plan to get through culture shock while you are on your internship? Cultural Adaptation and Awareness As one goes through the cycle of adjustment in a new culture, one’s understanding and knowledge of the host country increases This awareness tends to progress through the stages as described in Box 2.1 Box 2.1 Adjustment Stages Unconscious incompetence At this stage, you are unaware of culture differences It does not occur to you that you may be making mistakes or that you might be misinterpreting much of the behavior going on around you Conscious incompetence You now realize there are differences between how you and local people behave, though you understand very little about these differences, how numerous they might be, etc Conscious competence You know cultural differences exist, you know what some of those differences are, and you adjust your behavior accordingly You have to make a conscious effort to behave in culturally appropriate ways Unconscious competence You no longer have to think about what you’re doing in order to the right thing It takes little effort for you to be culturally sensitive Source: Centre for Intercultural Learning, Canadian Foreign Service Institute Based on work of William Howell; adapted from Peace Corps (1996), "Culture Matters: The Peace Corps Cross-Cultural Workbook" (Washington, DC: The Peace Corps) Adapting to a culture requires patience, flexibility, and cultural understanding Remember, just because you adapt to your host country doesn’t mean you become a person of that nationality It does mean, however, that you are able to understand another culture and make an impact Successful cultural adaptation will ensure that you’ll benefit from the rewards of your experience abroad for years to come The following are a few helpful strategies for adapting to your host country Can you think of others? Learn the language Even if you can’t speak perfectly, your attempts to communicate in the native language will be appreciated Become involved in the culture Show your willingness to learn about the people and culture by participating in the daily life of your community Seek out opportunities to share yourself and your background with your hosts whenever possible Be honest—if you don’t understand something, seek clarification Reverse Culture Shock Returning home can also be difficult Leaving your host country, new friends, new home, and a new culture you’ve become accustomed to makes returning home more complicated than just stepping on the plane Simply put, reverse culture shock refers to feeling out of sorts in your own country Some people say it is more difficult returning home than it is going abroad Why might you experience reverse culture shock? There are many reasons Your values may have changed; you can see the flaws of your home country in a way you couldn’t before; your relationships with people close to you have changed; you have left a part of yourself abroad; and no one understands what you experienced Recognize that you may need some time to readjust Re-entry is a time of transition Learn ways to take care of yourself during this period and ease into your surroundings Although it is good to have an understanding of reverse culture shock before going abroad, you’ll have a chance to take part in a discussion about it in more detail during the debriefing Resources Avruch, Kevin, and Peter Black 1993 Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings: Problems and Prospects In Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application Edited by Dennis Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe New York: St Martin’s Press Council for International Education (UKCOSA) International Students and Culture Shock In Guidance Notes for Students 2004–05 [Online] http://www.ukcosa.org.uk/images/shock.pdf Csonka, Yvon, and Peter Schweitzer 2004 Societies and Cultures: Change and Persistence Chapter in the Arctic Human Development Report [Online] http://www.svs.is/AHDR/ This chapter explores what “Arctic societies” and “Arctic cultures” are, as well as the similarities and differences between Arctic cultures and cultural loss Akureyri, Iceland: Stefansson Arctic Institute Culture.ca: Canada’s Cultural Gateway [Website] http://www.culture.ca/canada/ This website aims to engage Canadians in cultural life, to educate and entertain Web surfers with the stories of many peoples, and to provide online access to the best of Canadian culture Culture Shock: A Fish Out of Water [Website] http://www.international.ouc.bc.ca/cultureshock/ This is an interactive site on culture shock (describes stages, symptoms, etc.) Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Government of Canada [Online] http://www.fac-aec.gc.ca This website provides an overview of Canada’s perspective on foreign policy issues IYIP Pre-Departure Workbook Centre for Intercultural Learning, Canadian Foreign Service Institute E-thologies [Webpage] http://www.e-thologies.com/menu-en.asp This webpage contains country information including politics, history, culture, geography, and media DuPraw, Marcelle E., and Marya Axner Working on Common Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges A More Perfect Union [Online] http://www.wwcd.org/action/ampu/crosscult.html Hill, Richard 2002 We Europeans Brussels, Belgium: Europublic SA/NV [Online] http://www.europublic.com This book provides a penetrating and entertaining analysis of the attitudes and behavioural traits of each European nationality Intermundo: The Culture Network [Website] http://www.intermundo.net This website is an online network for those interested in intercultural issues (articles, discussion board, resources, etc.) Membership is free.John’s ESL Community Culture Shock Quiz [Online] http://www.johnsesl com/Projects/CultureShockQuiz.shtml Test your knowledge of culture shock by taking this online quiz Library of Congress Portals to the World: Links to Electronic Resources from Around the World [Website] http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/ portals.html This is a Web portal available for cross-cultural and country information on the Internet Oberg, Kalvero 1954 Culture Shock [Online] academics/internationaled/Pdf/cultureshockarticle.pdf http://www.smcm.edu/ .Culture Shock and the Problem of Adjustment in New Cultural Environments [Online] http://www.sabri.org/CultureSchock.htm Office for Study Abroad International Programs, University of Iowa [Webpage] http://www.uiowa.edu/~uiabroad/predeparture/ PREPAREculture_shock.html This is an article on culture shock and how to minimize it Peace Corps 1996 Culture Matters: The Peace Corps Cross-Cultural Workbook Washington, DC: The Peace Corps A Conceptual Model of Culture Learning By Michael Paige, Helen Jorstad, Laura Siaya, Francine Klein, Jeanette Colby A Knowledge Culture-General: Intercultural Phenomena cultural adjustment stages o culture shock o intercultural development o culture learning o cultural identity o cultural marginality Culture Specific o "little c" target culture knowledge o "Big C" target culture knowledge o pragmatics o sociolinguistic competence B Behavior Culture General: Intercultural Skills o culture learning strategies o coping and stress management strategies o intercultural communicative competence o intercultural perspective-taking skills o cultural adaptability o transcultural competence Culture Specific: Target Culture Skills o little "c" culture-appropriate everyday behavior o Big "C" culture-appropriate contextual behavior C Attitudes Culture General o positive attitude toward different cultures o positive attitude toward culture learning o ethnorelative attitude regarding cultural differences Culture Specific o o o positive attitude toward target culture positive attitude toward target culture persons The Costly (and Humorous) Impact of Cultural Blunders by Neil Payne Having a poor understanding of the influence of cross cultural differences in areas such as management, PR, advertising and negotiations leads to damaging blunders Neil Payne of Kwintessential highlights the sometimes humorous, often financial devastating consequences of cultural blunders It is crucial for today’s business personnel to understand the impact of cross cultural differences on business, trade and internal company organization The success or failure of a company, venture, merger or acquisition is essentially in the hands of people If these people are not cross culturally aware then misunderstandings, offence and a break down in communication can occur The need for greater cross cultural awareness is heightened in our global economies Cross cultural differences in matters such as language, etiquette, nonverbal communication, norms and values can, and will lead to cross cultural blunders To illustrate this we have provided a few examples of cross cultural blunders that could have been avoided with appropriate cross cultural awareness training: An American oil rig supervisor in Indonesia shouted at an employee to take a boat to shore Since no-one berates an Indonesian in public, a mob of outraged workers chased the supervisor with axes Pepsodent tried to sell its toothpaste in Southeast Asia by emphasizing that it "whitens your teeth." They found out that the local natives chew betel nuts to blacken their teeth which they find attractive A company advertised eyeglasses in Thailand by featuring a variety of cute animals wearing glasses The ad was a poor choice since animals are Every employee needs to understand his/her participatory role within the organization and society at large [1] Dowell, International Growth Strategies and Structured Responses: Ethnocentric means that few foreign subsidiaries have any autonomy, strategic decisions are made at HQs, key jobs are held by HQs management personnel, subsidiaries are managed by expatriates Geocentric means that the organization ignores nationality in favor of ability, accompanied by a worldwide integrated business strategy Stephanie Quappe is the Cologne based founder of Intercultural Change Management (www.iccm-online.de) She has a background in business studies and project management experience for large multinationals She completed an MBA at the University of Birmingham, UK and works as a trainer and coach for team integration and self development in Europe since January 2000 You can reach her at squappe@iccm-online.de Giovanna is a Consultant and Product Manager with the Park Li Group, Ltd Giovanna's current assignment is working on research, design and production in support of technology driven cross-cultural educational programs Giovanna is also the Product Manager of "Bridging Culture", a CD ROM based training program for Global Professionals who have to live and work in other cultures Fluent in French, Italian, and English, Giovanna works and lives in New York What is Cultural Awareness, anyway? How I build it? 39 “A fish only discovers its need for water when it is no longer in it Our own culture is like water for the fish It sustains us We live and breathe through it.” by Stephanie Quappe and Giovanna Cantatore Cultural Awareness is the foundation of communication and it involves the ability of standing back from ourselves and becoming aware of our cultural values, beliefs and perceptions Why we things in that way? How we see the world? Why we react in that particular way? Cultural awareness becomes central when we have to interact with people from other cultures People see, interpret and evaluate things in a different ways What is considered an appropriate behavior in one culture is frequently inappropriate in another one Misunderstandings arise when I use my meanings to make sense of your reality As an Italian it is almost automatic to perceive US Americans as people who always work, talk about business over lunch and drink their coffee running in the street instead of enjoying it in a bar What does it mean? Italians are lazy and American hyperactive? No, it means that the meaning that people give to certain activities, like having lunch or dinner could be different according to certain cultures In Italy, where relationships are highly valued, lunch, dinner or the simple pauses for coffee have a social connotation: people get together to talk and relax, and to get to know each other better In the USA, where time is money, lunches can be part of closing a deal where people discuss the outcomes and sign a contract over coffee Misinterpretations occur primarily when we lack awareness of our own behavioral rules and project them on others In absence of better 40 knowledge we tend to assume, instead of finding out what a behavior means to the person involved, e.g a straight look into your face is regarded as disrespectful in Japan Becoming aware of our cultural dynamics is a difficult task because culture is not conscious to us Since we are born we have learned to see and things at an unconscious level Our experiences, our values and our cultural background lead us to see and things in a certain way Sometimes we have to step outside of our cultural boundaries in order to realize the impact that our culture has on our behavior It is very helpful to gather feedback from foreign colleagues on our behavior to get more clarity on our cultural traits Projected similarities could lead to misinterpretation as well When we assume that people are similar to us, we might incur the risk that they are not If we project similarities where there are not, we might act inappropriately It is safer to assume differences until similarity is proven.[1] Degrees of Cultural Awareness 41 There are several levels of cultural awareness that reflect how people grow to perceive cultural differences My way is the only way - At the first level, people are aware of their way of doing things, and their way is the only way At this stage, they ignore the impact of cultural differences (Parochial stage) I know their way, but my way is better - At the second level, people are aware of other ways of doing things, but still consider their way as the best one In this stage, cultural differences are perceived as source of problems and people tend to ignore them or reduce their significance (Ethnocentric stage) My Way and Their Way - At this level people are aware of their own way of doing things and others’ ways of doing things, and they chose the best way according to the situation At this stage people realize that cultural differences can lead both to problems and benefits and are willing to use cultural diversity to create new solutions and alternatives (Synergistic stage) Our Way - This fourth and final stage brings people from different cultural background together for the creation of a culture of shared meanings People dialogue repeatedly with others, create new meanings, new rules to meet the needs of a particular situation (Participatory Third culture stage) Increasing cultural awareness means to see both the positive and negative aspects of cultural differences Cultural diversity could be a source of problems, in particular when the organization needs people to think or act in a similar way Diversity increases the level of complexity and confusion and makes agreement difficult to reach On the other hand, cultural diversity becomes an advantage when the organization expands its 42 solutions and its sense of identity, and begins to take different approaches to problem solving Diversity in this case creates valuable new skills and behaviors In becoming culturally aware, people realize that: We are not all the same Similarities and differences are both important There are multiple ways to reach the same goal and to live life The best way depends on the cultural contingency Each situation is different and may require a different solution How Do I Manage Cultural Diversity? We are generally aware that the first step in managing diversity is recognize it and learning not to fear it Since everyone is the product of their own culture, we need to increase both self-awareness and cross-cultural awareness There is no book of instructions to deal with cultural diversity, no recipe to follow But certain attitudes help to bridge cultures Admit that you don’t know Knowing that we don’t know everything, that a situation does not make sense, that our assumptions may be wrong is part of the process of becoming culturally aware Assume differences, not similarities Suspend judgments Collect as much information as possible so you can describe the situation accurately before evaluating it 43 Empathy In order to understand another person, we need to try standing in his/her shoes Through empathy we learn of how other people would like to be treated by us Systematically check your assumptions Ask your colleagues for feedback and constantly check your assumptions to make sure that you clearly understand the situation Become comfortable with ambiguity The more complicated and uncertain life is, the more we tend to seek control Assume that other people are as resourceful as we are and that their way will add to what we know “If we always do, what we’ve always done, we will always get, what we always got.” Celebrate diversity As a company find ways of sharing the cultures of your diverse workforce, i.e., in 2002 Deutsche Bank carried out multiple initiatives around the theme of “tolerance: diversity, identity, recognition” which they called “Initiative Plus 2002.” They encouraged employee projects and organized an annual colloquium of global experts [1] Adler, Organizational Behavior, 1991 Stephanie Quappe is the Cologne based founder of Intercultural Change Management (www.iccm-online.de) She has a background in business studies and project management experience for large multinationals She completed an MBA at the University of Birmingham, UK and works as a trainer and coach for team integration and self development in Europe since January 2000 You can reach her at squappe@iccm-online.de Giovanna is a Consultant and Product Manager with the Park Li Group, Ltd Giovanna's current assignment is working on research, design and production in support of technology driven cross-cultural educational 44 programs Giovanna is also the Product Manager of "Bridging Culture", a CD ROM based training program for Global Professionals who have to live and work in other cultures Fluent in French, Italian, and English, Giovanna works and lives in New York 45 10 Strategies for Overcoming Language Barriers by Kate Berardo Language barriers are a common challenge in international business settings—and a two-way process What native speakers often don't realize is that frequently it is not the other person's accent but their own way of speaking that creates the greatest barriers to effective communication Use the strategies below to ensure you're not putting up your own roadblocks to effective international communication Speak slowly and clearly Focus on clearly enunciating and slowing down your speech Even if you’re pressured for time, don’t rush through your communication Doing so often takes more time, as miscommunication and misunderstanding can result and you’ll ultimately have to invest additional time in clearing up the confusion Ask for clarification If you are not 100% sure you’ve understood what others say, politely ask for clarification Avoid assuming you’ve understood what’s been said Frequently check for understanding Check both that you’ve understood what’s been said and that others have fully understood you Practice reflective listening to check your own understanding (e.g 'So what I hear you saying is…') and use open-ended questions to check other people’s understanding Ask, 'what's your understanding of this process?' instead of 'is that clear?' Avoid idioms Business language is often contextual, and therefore culture specific For example, in the US, baseball terms are used extensively: ‘Straight off the 46 Bat,’ ‘Ballpark figures,’ ‘Out in left field,’ ‘Touch base,’ ‘Strike a deal’ As a good general rule, if the phrase requires knowledge of other information— be it a game or metaphor—recognize that this may make your communication more difficult to be understood Be careful of jargon Watch the use of TLAs (Three Letter Abbreviations) and other organizational language that may not be understood by others If you use them, provide in parentheses a description of what these are so others can learn to use the same language you Define the basics of business In international business contexts terms such as: ‘success’, ‘doneness’, ‘meetings’, ‘punctuality’, etc may mean different things to different people Spend time early in your communication defining what these mean to you and others Invest in building a shared vocabulary Be specific Spell out your expectations and deadlines clearly Instead of, ‘Please get back to me shortly,’ say ‘Please email the completed report by pm Eastern Standard time on Wednesday, February 21.’ Choose your medium of communication effectively Carefully choose your form of communication (phone or video conference, email, instant message, etc.) Be mindful not to ‘overuse’ email While useful, there are times when the medium is likely to be ineffective When a message is complex and complicated or there is tension or conflict that needs to be resolved, switch to another medium Provide information via multiple channels Follow phone calls with emails that summarize what’s been said When possible, provide presentations, agendas, etc in advance so those 47 working in their non-native language can get familiar with materials 10 Be patient Cross-cultural communication takes more time If not at all times, certainly initially you cannot expect your communication to occur with the same speed and ease as when you are communicating with someone from your own culture Kate Berardo is an intercultural trainer and consultant who specializes in programs on cross-cultural awareness, international relocation, and multicultural teambuilding She is the founder of the global resource site Culturosity.com and co-author of Putting Diversity to Work www.culturosity.com 48 Chống "sốc văn hóa ngược" 19:10' 12/04/2008 (GMT+7) - Sốc nặng từ nhà, ngồi phố, đến cơng sở cảm giác nhiều du HS trở VN sau vài năm học tập sinh sống nước ngồi Nhiều người khơng thể ngờ việc "tái hịa nhập" lại khó khăn đến Những cú "sốc văn hóa ngược" gây choáng cho nhiều du HS Sốc từ nhà, phố “Sốc nặng” điều mà Nguyễn Hoàng Diệu Linh cảm nhận sau năm du học Minnesota (Mỹ) trở Bước chân xuống sân bay Nội Bài, Linh choáng váng ồn ào, chen lấn bất lịch số người Nhưng khởi đầu chuỗi sốc sau Vốn quen với thái độ niềm nở nhiệt tình nhân viên bán hàng Mỹ, Linh sợ mua sắm VN, vào trung tâm thương mại lớn “Mấy chị bán hàng sấn sổ tới giới thiệu hết thứ đến thứ kia, đến bảo xem thơi, chưa định mua tỏ thái độ khó chịu thấy rõ Mình thay đồ họ đứng canh canh trộm Mua phải mặc cả, khơng mua bị lườm.” – Linh cho biết lý khơng dám mua sắm VN Đến làm giấy tờ quan cơng quyền lại sốc thái độ lạnh lùng hay cáu bẳn nhân viên nhà nước Linh tâm sự: “Ai khó đăm đăm họ biết cần họ họ có cần đâu Trong Mỹ, dù giấy tờ quan trọng đến nào, nhân viên nhỏ nhẹ hỏi han, từ tốn hướng dẫn liên tục “Thank you!” dù họ người giúp mình.” Linh trường hợp cá 49 biệt cảm thấy khó khăn trở nước “tái hịa nhập cộng đồng” sau thời gian sinh sống học tập nước ngồi Đó gọi hội chứng “sốc văn hóa ngược” (reverse culture shock) mà du học sinh gặp phải Thế Phong, du HS trở từ Washington DC, Mỹ chia sẻ: “Trước nước, bà trưởng khoa cảnh báo sốc quay lại VN tơi khơng tin sống VN 20 năm Không ngờ đến nơi công cộng thấy sốc nặng cách cư xử thiếu văn hóa số người, hành xử mà khơng thấy thủ đô nước Mỹ.” Bà Meg Holmberg, Giám đốc Dự án Hỗ trợ Học bổng ADS Chính phủ Úc chia sẻ: “Một khó khăn sau học trở cựu sinh viên nhắc đến thường xuyên khác biệt cách thức, phong cách làm việc, tiêu chuẩn chuyên môn VN hạn chế cựu sinh viên ứng dụng hiệu kiến thức kỹ năng.” Lan Anh, cựu du HS từ Nhật Bản, sau năm làm việc quan Nhà nước thấy ngột ngạt với cách làm việc “bao cấp” qua loa Cô phải bỏ việc ngồi làm cho cơng ty Nhật “Giờ làm việc mà người trò chuyện oang oang, mang mực đến quan nướng làm phịng bốc mùi nồng Nhân viên đánh giá qua thâm niên lực Chỉ làm việc vài tháng mà thấy stress nặng, khơng chịu thêm thấy lạc lõng với lối làm việc nghiêm túc học từ Nhật Bản.” – Lan Anh tâm Không quan, đường phố mà du HS trở cịn bị sốc ngơi nhà 50 Vốn quen thoải mái bar, uống rượu chơi đến tận khuya nước ngoài, nhà phải tuân thủ giới nghiêm phụ huynh đặt Cũng quen với mơi trường tự thảo luận với giáo sư trường ĐH nước ngoài, nhà “lỡ” tranh luận hăng hái với phụ huynh dễ bị khép vào tội “hỗn láo” Liệu pháp chống sốc Hội chứng sốc văn hóa ngược thường nặng nề “sốc văn hóa xuôi” tới vùng đất mới, tiếp xúc với văn hóa mới, ngơn ngữ sốc điều dễ hiểu Nhiều SV khơng chuẩn bị tâm lý Tôn trọng khác biệt văn cho cú “sốc ngược” quay lại hóa liệu pháp chống q hương ngơi nhà Bên sốc hiệu cạnh đó, “làm quen với mơi trường văn minh nhanh với vô ý thức”, Diệu Linh bày tỏ Tùy khả thích nghi người mà tình trạng sốc văn hóa ngược kéo dài hay ngắn Bên cạnh đó, có liệu pháp chống sốc truyền tai du HS, không VN mà nước khác Trước hết du HS cần nhận thức thay đổi thân Sau nhiều năm học tập sinh sống nước ngồi, có thói quen, cách hành xử chí giá trị nhận thức cũ người đi, thay vào loạt khái niệm Vì thế, trở về, du HS cảm thấy có độ vênh định với thực tế quê nhà Điều quan trọng giữ cân bằng, khơng để rơi vào trạng thái trầm cảm thất vọng Cảm nhận tơn trọng 51 khác biệt văn hóa giúp du HS cảm thấy dễ chịu nhanh chóng thích nghi Đừng cố so sánh văn hóa, lối sống khác Thế Phong cho biết: “Khi VN, phải thời gian dài khơng dám ăn bên ngồi thấy sợ đám giấy ăn nhàu nát vứt gầm bàn, bát đũa nhơm nhớp dầu mỡ Nhưng bạn bè rủ làm quen lại với văn hóa qn cóc nước Bây hồn tồn thoải mái thấy tụ tập bạn bè quán thú vị nhiều so với quán Tây nhà hàng sang.” Một biện pháp khác thường xuyên giữ liên lạc với gia đình, bạn bè để trao đổi thơng tin, chia sẻ quan điểm cập nhật vấn đề đời sống quê hương Từ đó, du HS giữ mối liên hệ chặt chẽ với người nhà để trở không bị cảm giác lạc lõng Xây dựng kế hoạch chi tiết cho ngày trở giúp du HS thoát khỏi nhàn rỗi dẫn đến bực bội khơng đáng có Khi hịa vào cơng việc niềm đam mê khiến bạn tạm quên khó chịu hàng ngày Tùng, du HS trở từ Anh quốc có nhìn mở: “Tơi chẳng việc phải sốc vài người xung quanh cư xử thiếu văn minh Về VN, tơi giữ thói quen tốt học nước ngồi Ln ln xếp hàng, người ta chen lấn tơi nhắc nhở, có bị lườm kệ Tôi sẵn sàng cầm vỏ kẹo nhà vứt vào thùng rác Tơi thấy vui cách hành xử văn minh Mỗi du HS nước giữ thói quen truyền cho bạn bè, 52 người thân hệ du HS sau khơng cịn bị sốc văn hóa ngược chuyện nhỏ nữa” Lan Hương 53 ... with culture shock in that situation? What other ways can you deal with culture shock? How you plan to get through culture shock while you are on your internship? Cultural Adaptation and Awareness. .. to the best of Canadian culture Culture Shock: A Fish Out of Water [Website] http://www.international.ouc.bc.ca/cultureshock/ This is an interactive site on culture shock (describes stages,... Membership is free.John’s ESL Community Culture Shock Quiz [Online] http://www.johnsesl com/Projects/CultureShockQuiz.shtml Test your knowledge of culture shock by taking this online quiz Library