Nghien curu Ton giao Sd 11 2009 fS f K TON GIAO VA DAN TOC • t j , e XU HirdlNC NHAP THE TRONG Tl/TlTdNC PHAT CIAO TRAN NHAN TONG D a cd mdt so' ngadi ndi tdi t a tadng nhap the cua Tran Nhan Tdng, vi td thd nha't cua Thien phai Trdc Lam Yen Td, n h a n g vi sac dang lam vua, dng lai trd t h a n h n h a tu hanh, vi sad da la nha sa, dng cdn mang t a tadng nhap the va t a tadng n h a p the de the hien ra n h a the nao, dd la n h d n g va'n de can cd sa nghien cdu them 1 Yen Tijf, n o n t h i e n[.]
fS Nghien curu Ton giao Sd 11 - 2009 f TON GIAO VA DAN TOC • t j , -e K XU HirdlNC NHAP THE TRONG Tl/TlTdNC PHAT CIAO TRAN NHAN TONG NGUYEN TAI THI/'*' D a cd mdt so' ngadi ndi tdi ta tadng nhap the cua Tran Nhan Tdng, vi td thd nha't cua Thien phai Trdc Lam Yen Td, nhang vi sac dang lam vua, dng lai trd nha tu hanh, vi sad da la nha sa, dng cdn mang ta tadng nhap the va ta tadng nhap the de the hien nha the nao, dd la nhdng va'n de can cd sa nghien cdu them Yen Tijf, non thieng va dong gop cua Tran Nhan Tong vao sd phat trien cua Phat giao Viet Nam Nam 1293, Tran Nhan Tdng nhadng ngdi chd Cdn la Tran Anh Tdng va len lam Thai thagng hdang Khdng cdn ban nhieu den viec trieu chinh, dng di tham nhieu den mieu, chda chien treng nadc Cd ldc dng tu d hanh cung Vu Lam (Gia Khanh, Ninh Binh) Den nam 1298, dng chinh thdc xua't gia va len tu d ndi Yen Td, thudc Ddng Trieu, Quang Ninh Cd ngadi nhan sa kien nay, nhan dinh rdng Nhan Tdng da vdt bd ngdi vua nha vdt bd chiec giay rach, khdng chdt thddng tiec Thac te khdng phai nha vay Dd di tu, dng vdn cdn cd y thdc trach nhiem vdi xa hdi, vdi sa thd'ng tri cda ddng hg Trin Trade len tu d ndi Yen Td, dang cdn d phd Thien Tradng, Thadng hdang Tran Nhan Tdng ra't gian dd ve viec say radu bd be cdng viec trieu chinh cua Tran Anh Tdng va n g h i e m khdc qud t r a c h T r a n Anh Tdng: "Tram cdn cd khac, cung cd the ndi ngdi dadc Tram dang scng ma ngadi cdn nha the, hud'ng chi sau nay"'" Met ngadi nha the khdng de gi bd mac cdng viec tran the dadc Viec chgn ndi Yen Td lam ndi tu cud'i ddi cda Tran Nhan Tdng, de khien ngadi ta di den nhan dinh rdng, dng da hdan toan thoat li tran the, mud'n tim ndi xa xdi vang ve de an ca Thiic khdng phai the Viec len nui cda dng khac vdi viec lam cda cac dat si phai Dao gia Cac dat si Dao gia len ndi la chan ghet the sa, la de lanh ddi, de tim ndi an nhan, ta dd thda thich Cdn Tran Nhan Tdng len ndi la de tu hanh dagc td't hdn, truyen dad dagc td't hdn Trade Trdn Nhan Tdng, cac vi sa tien bd'i cdng da liia chgn cac nggn ndi de tu dadng dad Chinh Phat Thich Ca da cd thdi gian dai chgn ndi Linh Thdu va vdng Tuyet Sdn de truyen phap; dng td dau tien cua phai Tinh The tdng Trung Qud'c la Hue Viin (334 - 416) da tu tap va truyen dao d La Sdn 30 ndm; gd'c tich cda Thien tdng Trung Qud'c la d vdng Thieu Tha't Sdn, Ha Nam, Trung Qud'c; dng to cda Thien Thai tdng Trung Qud'c la Tri * GS.TS., Vien Triei hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, 1, Dai Viet sir ki todn thu tap U Nxb, KHXH HN 1993.tr 77, 14 Ngdi (538 - 597) cung tru tri d ndi Thien Thai, Trie't Giang de lap dao, v.v Vdng ndi la ndi cd dieu kien td nhien yen tinh, cd lgi chd sd suy ngam ve viec dad, viee ddi Ta't nhien la cac vung ndi dd khdng trac trd chd viec lui tdi cua cen ngddi Dd d ndi nhdng mdi vi td deu cd hang trdm de td den thu phap Trddc Tran Nhan Tdng da cd nhieu vi sa tang den tru tri d ndi Yen Td Dd la cac vi; Hien Quang, Vien Chdng, Dai Dang, Tieu Dao, Hue Tue"' Ngay Tran Thai Tdng la dng ngi cua Tran Nhan Tdng cdng da cd lan bd kinh len Yen Td va dinh tu hanh lau dai d dd Vi sad Yen Td lai cd sdc ha'p dan vdi cac thien sd nhd the? day kheng the khdng cc nguyen nhan 'Ten Td, day ndi mien tay cua canh cung Deng Trieu, chay td phia ddng sdng Luc Nam den ngang Quang La, dinh cao 1068m"'^' So vdi xung quanh thi day la nggn ndi cao hdn ca Huyen Quang, vi td' thd ba cda Thien True Lam Yen Td da cd bai thd "Yen Td sdn am ca" ca ngdi canh nen cac cua ngdi chda tren Yen Td: "Cad sat trdi xanh, am thien mat lanh Cda md tren tang may Trade Ldng Ddng, mat trdi da mdt cay Dadi Hd' Khe, bang cdn day mgt thddc" (Am bdc tieu lanh, Mdn khai van thagng tang Dl can Long Ddng nhat Do xich Hd' Khe bang)'"' Nhang quan trgng hdn la vi the dia h cua ndi Yen Td Ddng d tren chda Deng hddng ve phia ddng bdc thi da'y la vinh Ha Long bao la vdi sdng bien va dao ldn, dao nhd giang day, hadng ve phia tay nam thi sau day nui ddng ddng la nhdng Nghien cun Ton giao Sd 11 - 2009 canh dong, lang mac ngdt tam mat cua vdng Kinh Bac va Hai Ddng Ndi day co ldi chd viec cam nghi tran day td thd va nhdng ndi niem sau nang ve dan li Hon thieng sdng ndi n h a hgi tu ve day Va biet bao thi nhan, thien gia bang sang tac cda minh da lam cho nggn ndi them thieng lieng, them cuo'n bdt Chinh Huyen Quang da phai thdt len: "Budng niem tran tuc Nau tdi Van Yen Chim thuy ddi tieng ca chim thuy; Gid tien daa ddi bade than tien Bau dung dinh giang boa the gidi; Hai thong tha dao khap sdn xuyen Dat phdc dia nhan xem ludng ke, ke bao nhieu dd trdm phuc dia; Trdi Thien thien thap thu thda la, la hdn ba madi sau Thien thien"'^* Trai nhieu ndi thdm vieng, nhang Tran Nhan Tdng cud'i cung tru lai d Yen Td de tap Thien va truyen Thien la cd li cua nd Khach quan ma ndi, y tadng ve xay diing met ddng Thien cua dan tgc thi cdn dang lam vua, Tran Nhan Tdng da nghi tdi, da cd sti chuan bi, nhang chi len Yen Td dng mdi cd du dieu kien de lam viec O day cd thdi gian hdn, dagc tap trung hdn va cd khdng thien canh hdn, nen eng da thdc hien dddc y dinh cua minh Nhdng viec ma Tran Nhan Tdng da lam dagc che dao Thien cd mgt y nghia to ldn cho sii phat trien eua P h a t giao Viet Hoa thugng Phuc DiSn Dai Nam thien uyen ke ddng lucre Inc khac in khoang nam 1858 Tif dien bdch khoa Viet Nam tap IV, Nxb, TDBK, HN, 2005, tr 1092 Tha vdn Ly Trdn tap II, quye'n Thuang Nxb KHXH HN 1989 tr, 685, Tha vdn Ly Trdn tip II, Sdd,, tr,710 Nguyen Tai Thu Xu hudng nhfup thd Nam Nhieu nha Phat hgc, nhieu nha nghien cdu da ndi tdi, nhang d day cdng can thiet cd mgt sa nhan dinh mdi Sau ba lan chien t h i n g quan Nguyen Mdng dadi thdi Tran, y thdc dan tdc dadc nang can, ngadi Viet cd dieu kien tien them met bade khdng dinh minh, da tac ddng den y thdc ddc lap ve tdn giao Gidi Phat td va ca ngadi dan Viet Nam ldc ba'y gid thay can thiet phai cd mdt ddng thien rieng de dap dng tam tadng cua minh Dam dadng dagc nguyen vgng da diet nay, khcng khac phai la met nhan vat vda cc quyen liic cac ve the' tuc, vda cd uy tin ldn ve Phat phap Vai trd dd ldc ba'y gid khdng khac ngoai Tran Nhan Tdng .n';!,, • :[.A:rur^ li^ 15 vda quan tam den nhdng va'n de trdn the, nhdng va'n de ma dao ddc Phat giao cho phep, va trade dd chaa cd bieu hien rd net Xay dang dagc ddng thien mang sac thai rieng n h a tren, Trdn Nhan Tdng da tao nen mgt bade ngoat lich sd Phat giao Viet Nam Trddc dng, tren dat nadc chi cd hai ddng thien td Trung Qud'c truyen vae la Ti Ni Da Ldu Chi (Vitaruci) va Vd Ngdn Thdng Sau dng, nhdng thien sa Viet Nam cd tinh than dan tdc deu di theo dadng cua dng Sau chu tradng thuye't phap tren, Tran Nhan Tdng da cc nhdng ddng gdp viec tap hdp, xay dang va cung cd' mdt giao hgi Phat giao thd'ng nhat Tuy tu d Yen Td, nhang dng vdn quan tam den nhieu chda khac nadc (Dng da de'n chda Phd' Minh d Thien Tradng, chda Sdng Nghiem d Chi Linh, chda Bao An d Sieu Loai, chda Vinh Nghiem d Lang Giang"'', v.v de thac hien sd menh dat md'i hen he va khai giang cac ldp thien hgc Td da'y ve sau, cac chda Viet Nam dagc hadng d i n bdi mgt ta tadng chung cua Phat hcang va cd sa gdn bd vdi mgt khd'i, dieu ma trade dd chaa Viec lap tdng, lap phai lich sd Phat giao d Ddng A thi cd nhieu tradng hgp khac Cc tradng hdp chd tradng thien dinh ve "tam", "tinh" de dat tdi "kien tinh Phat", ggi la Thien tdng, cd tradng hdp chu tradng ddng gidi luat de tu luyen ggi la Luat tdng, cd tradng hgp diia vad mgt cudn kinh nac dd de lap nen tdng phai, nha Hea Nghiem tdng la'y "Kinh Hoa Nghiem" lam kinh dien chu yeu, v.v Cac viec dd, Tran Nhan Tdng deu biet, nhang dng khdng the xay difng t d n g c d ',, I, I , ,f,,.i., tdng phai theo cac dadng nha the', vi Chan chinh viec sinh boat Phat giao khdng cd yeu cau khach quan, cdng dadng thdi la mdt ddng gdp nda cda dng khdng cd dieu kien Ong van la ngadi tiep Dadi sa hadng ddn cua dng, viec tii phap tuc Cdn dadng cda thien phai, song de cd cua Phap Lea dadc diin met each the la mgt thien phai rieng, dng phai cd gi trang nghiem va be the Viec lam da dd them vao de khac vdi trddc, khac vdi la tam gadng cho nhdng ngadi nd'i phap Hue Nang, khac vdi Vd Ngdn Thdng, sau noi theo, dong thdi qua dd nang khac vdi ca dng bae la Tran Tung (Tue cad trach nhiem cda hg Roi cac nguyen li Trung Thddng Si) ve sii lap phap Sii dao ddc cda Phat giao cdng dagc dng chd khac dd khdng bieu hien li le, y truyen day Ong chu traong phd' bien luan die'm, nhang da dadc the hien treng sa hanh thien, mdt sii hanh thien Nguyen Tai Tliu (chii bien) Lich sif Phdt gido cd tinh dinh hadng va tinh he thd'ng rd Viet Ncmi Tai ban lan thtr nhai, Nxb KHXH HN ret O dd vda chd trgng tu tap thien djnh 1991.tr 265 16 cac dieu trdng "thap thien'"'" cho Phat td va cho ca than dan Nhd dd thdi dng cung nha ra't lau ve sau, khdng cdn hien tagng cac sa tdng sd'ng budng tha n h a Dam Di Mdng da to' cao d cud'i thdi Ly: "hdac d ndi gidi trddng, tinh xa ma cdng nhien rddu thit; hdac d chd'n tdng phdng tinh vien ma rieng ta gian dam"'*' Dddc rdn day bdng dao ddc va sdng cd dao ddc, gidi Phat td dadng thdi cang dagc thien cam cda ngadi dan Lap ddgc thien phai, ket nci dagc cac chda lai vdi treng mgt td chdc the'ng, nha't va ren dua dadc be mat dad ddc che thien nhan, Tran Nhan Tdng qua da cd cdng lao to ldn dd'i vdi sd phat trien cua Phat giao Viet Nam Nghien cu'u Ton giao Sd 11 - 2009 dd'i tagng phai giai thoat Nhang cd mdt thiic te, ngadi ta van phai sd'ng chung vdi cac ndi khd tren, khdng the thdat dagc Cd nha sa y thdc dadc viec va da khuyen nhu mgi ngadi cha'p nhan chdng Chang ban n h a Ni sa Dieu Nhan (1041 1113) cda thdi Ly da trinh bay quan diem ve cac bade sinh, lae, benh, td cda cen ngadi n h a mgt qua trinh tii nhien, kheng the nad lam khac dadc; "Sinh lao benh td Le thadng xaa van the Mud'n eau sieu thoat, Cang cdi trdi thi cang huge chat them" (Sinh lae benh td Tii Cd thadng nhien Tvf t d tdo^ng xuat the vo'n co cua Phat giao den t d tifdng nhap the cua Phat giao Tran Nhan Tong Due cau xua't ly Tuy vay, Phat giao vdn de cap den cac va'n de cda tran the Vi sinh, lao, benh, td la hien tagng cua chdng sinh ndi trdn the, vi "due vgng" la hien tagng tinh than cen ngadi ndi tran the Phat giad tinh tdi cac van de tren eua tran the vda la de neu ngudn gd'c cua ndi khd' vda la de xae dinh Td vi the'sd bi Giai phgc thiem trien)'^' Hoac n h a nha sa Tri Bat (1049 - 1117) Phat giao quan tam den van de cd cai nhin khach quan khdng the chd'i cai, ngadi va xa hdi cen ngadi, nhang khac vdi dd la xem loai ngadi cd chet thi cdng co cac hgc thuye't chinh tri - xa hdi, Phat giao sinh, cd ldc khd' thi cdng cd ldc sadng: quan tam den khia canh ndi khd' cua "Cd chet at cd sinh ngadi, den sa phien nae ve cugc ddi, ma ngudn gd'c cda kho sd va phien nao dd la Cd sinh at cd chet cd ngadi, cc cac bade sinh, lac, benh, td, Chet thi ngadi ddi buon, cd sa ham mud'n cda cen ngadi, v.v , • '; Sinh thi ngadi ddi vui Trdng Phat giad chinh truyen khdng ed Budn vui deu vd cung khai niem "nhap the" dd chi cd khai Xoay van td cai ng den cai niem "xua't the", tdc la thoat khdi "the gian" (loka), hoac khdi "the tuc" Khdng quan tam den cac smh td dd (samvrti) de dagc giai thoat, de cd the tie'n Um td rd, td rd, bien hoa!" tdi cdi "Niet ban" hoac den chd'n "'vien tich", (Hdu td ta't hdu sinh ndi khdng cdn bien boa, khdng cdn sii khd' Hdu sinh ta't hdu td ; , , dau cung nha sa sung su'dng Tlieo "Tam 16 thuc luc" Thap thien: khong sat sinh, khong trom cap, khong ta dam, khong noi xang bay, khong sir dung hai giong ludi khong dimg loi noi ac, khong noi ldi hoa mi, khong tham due, khong gian du khong ta kien, Tha vdn Ly Trdn tap I Nxb KHXH, HN 1977 tr, 526, Tha vdn LyTrdn tap I Nxb, KHXH, HN, 1977, tr, 339 17 Nguy6n Tai Thu Xu hur'rng nhap the Smh vi the' sd by Bi by ladng vd cdng ; i' U cha sinh td ba't quan heai Um td rd, td rd, ta't ly)'"" • ' •'• Thai xem sinh, lao, benh, td, xem sadng khe la hien tadng ta nhien va chu tradng sd'ng thuan theo ta nhien dd cda cac nha sa tren cc the xem nha la mdt bieu hien cua nhap the La ngadi am hieu Phat giae dan tdc, lai sd'ng sau cac nha sa tren, chdc Tran Nhan Tdng dagc thda hadng thai thiic te cda cac nha sa trade minh Yeu to' nhap the khdng nhdng xua't hien quan niem coi trgng thac te cda mdt so' nha sa, ma cdn xua't bien nhieu tradng hdp khac cda tai lieu Phat giac, ma mdi tradng hgp dd deu la md dddng che sa nhap the Xet ve giao li cda Phat giao, d dd cd bd phan de cap den dieu kien cda xuat the, nhang thac dd la sa giai quyet cac cdng viec cua tran the Chang ban nguyen li "Dao de" "Ta dieu de^' (khd', tap, diet, dao), nguyen h "Gidi hgc" "Tam hgc" (gidi, dinh, tue), nguyen h "Luc do" (bd' thi, tri gidi, n h i n nhuc, tinh tie'n, thien dinh, tri tue) "Luc tap kinh", v.v la nhdng va'n de nha the Chang le gidi sat, gidi dao (khdng trgm cdp), gidi ta dam gidi vgng ngd, gidi tdu "Ngd gidi", hoac bd thi, nhdn nhuc "Luc do" lai khdng phai la cdng viec cua trtin the bay sao? ' >'' Hddng tdi xua't the ma lai de cap den nhdng va'n de trdn the mdi xeiri tadng chdng nha mau thudn nhang thdc d dd cd h cda nd Phat giao khdng chi giac ngd cho mdt ngifdi ma cdn giac ngg chd nhieu ngadi, chd ca chdng smh ma gida chdng smb gida ngadi vdi ngifdi thi !£,-, l a n n Q n h o ftnn rh'ir, c d quan b " ^ dad ddc hadng thien thi mdi cd the tac dgng ldi keo ngadi khac, mdi hi vgng dat dagc thien bac Cac va'n de "gidi" va "do" tren thiic cha't la cac va'n de dao ddc cda tran the Giai quye't van de dao ddc, vd hinh trung, nha Phat da giai quye't cac va'n de cda tran the, ' ^ir, ;>::j , ,•, Xet ve sd truyen ba va phat trien cua Phat giao d Viet Nam, Phat giae vad Viet Nam td dau Cdng nguyen Giai dean dau cung nha cac giai dean tiep thee, nd ludn gdn bd vdi van menh cda dan tgc va chiu sa cbi phd'i cda y thdc dan tdc Vi vay ngifdi tu hanh thee Phat giad cc ldc dd yeu cau cda chinh sa cung ddng lam tham mau chinh tri, quan sa, ngeai giad cho trieu dinh ma khdng bi xem la ngadi phan dao, Nhieu nha sa thdi ki Dinh, Tien Le, Ly la nhdng ngadi nha the, Hg da la chd daa chd phadng phap xd the cda nhdng ngadi tu hanh ve sau Ngadi ta td dd cc the vda lam viec dae, vda lam viec ddi ma khdng bi che trach - Xet ve mdi tradng vdn boa chung cda Phifdng Ddng Cung nha cac nadc phifdng Ddng khac, Phat giac d Viet Nam cd md'i lien he mat thiet vdi Nho giao va Dao giao Mdi lien he a'y, ngoai tinh cha't la cd sa phan cdng cdng mgt the gidi quan nha Tran Thai Tdng da ndi Ldi tiia "Thien teng chi nam", ma cdn cd sa anh hadng lan nhau, trade bet la anh hadng cda Nho giao den Phat giao va ngadc lai cdng cd anh hadng cua Phat giad den Nhe giad, lam chd trdng mdi mgt giao, ngoai phan chinh cua giao li minh cdn cd pha trdn them cac giao li khac ma ngadi trdng cudc van cam tha'y tii nhien, ma banh dgng, hg da sd dung mdt ta tadng, mdt viec lam cda mdt dad khac ma khdng can thiet phai phan biet rach rdi, Mgt Sd nha sa Viet Nam treng quan niem 10 T/^f/I'W// /.v T";wi, lap Sdd tr.350 18 cua minh cc xen ldn yeu te' cua Nhd giad ma khdng tii biet Tran Nhan Tdng cung la ngadi d trdng tradng hdp n h a the Sa de cap den van de tran the cua Phat giao, sii chap nhan cac bade van dgng cua tran the cac nha sa the he trade, sd giai quyet cac van de cd tinh chat tran the giao li nha Phat, la nhdng tien de khach quan cd the khien cac nha tu hanh thiic hien mgt bade chuyen td xuat the den nhap the Nhdng kha ndng ay chi cd the bien hien thdc mgt chu the la cac nha tu hanh cd cac yeu to' chu quan can thiet du de tao bade ngoat Cac nha sa, cac nha thien hgc dddng thdi thieu cac yeu td' Chi cd Tran Nhan Tdng vdi cudc ddi hdat dgng cua cng, vdi tinh each cda dng, khien dng tad dddc sd san sang chd sii thiic hien bade nhay Tran Nhan Teng len lam vua ndm 20 tudi (1278), nam 35 tudi nhddng ngdi chd Cdn va len lam Thai thadng hoang (1293), nam 40 tud'i (1298) len Yen Td di tu, ndm 50 tud'i thi mat (1308) Trong thdi gian dng lam vua, Viet Nam phai hai lan chd'ng tra dai quan xam lagc cua Nguyen - Mdng (1285 va 1288) Vdi ta each la ngadi ddng dau trieu dinh, eng hieu rd sd gian khd' va quat cadng cua nhan dan minh, deng thdi tha'y rd va thdc hien dagc trach nhiem cua ngadi lam vua Y thdc trach nhiem khdng de gi ma't di dng di tu Chi cd khac la d hoan canh bieu hien ma thdi Trong giai doan lam vua thi bieu hien dd la trach nhiem cua ngadi tran the, trnng giai ddan di tu thi dd la trach nhiem cua ngaoi tu hanh cdn mang nang viec ddi Trong thdi ki lam vua, Tran Nhan Tdng td la ngadi quye't ddan, cd nhieu sang tao t a va hanh dgng Khi giac tie'n danh Thang Long, Nghien cun Ton giao Sd 11 - 2009 dng khdng cd' thu vdi ma cung vua cha rut khdi kinh roi td chdc ldc Iddng danh lai Ong da cung vdi vua cha to' chdc nen hai cudc hgi nghi chda tdng cd lich sd, dd la hgi nghi cac tddng linh d Binh Than ban mdu ke danh giac, va hgi nghi cac bd lao cd the ldc ca nddc d dien Dien Hong, Thang Long de tao nen mgt y chi, mgt the quye't chien To' cha't quyet doan va sang tao dd da gidp dng tao nen nhdng net mdi thien phai cua minh Cung n h a cac nha thien hgc Viet Nam dddng thdi, Tran Nhan Tdng quan niem Phat la tam, tam la Phat, Phat d trdng tam cua minh Ong ndi: "Chin But la ldng, xa ddm hdi ddi cd Ma Td" (Cd tran lac dac phu Hgi thd 3); "But d nha, chdng phai tim xa Nhan khuay ban nen ta tim But, den cd'c hay chin But la ta" (Cd tran lac dao phd Hgi thd 5); "Dd'i canh vd tam mac van thien" (Cd tran lac dao phd Hdi thd 10) Quan niem tren, ngoai tinh chat chung cua Thien tdng, cdn cd y nghia rieng dd'i vdi ong Dd la "tam" ban than minh quyet dinh, ban than minh the nghiem Tam dd ngoai giao li cd' truyen, cdn cd ndi niem ve the sd cua dng Tac pham cua dng da chdng to dieu Nhijfng bieu h i e n cua td tdcfng nhap the t r o n g tac p h a m Thien hoc cua Tran N h a n Tong Dieu ma nhieu ngadi da ndi tdi, dd la trdng t a tadng Tran Nhan Tdng cd yeu to' cua t a taong Dao gia Hien tagng la cd that Day dd tac pham cua dng cd mau sac cua dao Lao - Trang Chang ban dng ndi; "Niem thi phi rung theo hoa bud'i sdm, Ldng danh ldi lanh n h a tran mUa dem" (Thi phi niem true trieu hoa lac Nguyen Tai Thu Xu hudng nhdp the 19 Danh ldi tam da vu ban)'"' (Xa tSc Iddng hdi lao thach ma "Mudn nghiep lang, an nhan the tinh Sdn thien cd'dien kim au!)""" Nda roi, tii tai than tam""^' '- ^ i ' "Tham nguon ddng, chang cdn nhd chau yeu nggc quy, Ldc sdp di tu, cng cdn tha'y phai ca nggi canh thai binh cda da't nadc sau bac ndm thang chien dau gian khd' mdi dat ddgc: Thi phi tie'ng lang, dagc dau nghe yen thdt oanh ngam""^' "Dich chang cc Id, cung ba'm chdi xadng thai binh ca"'^°' Khdng quan den thi phi (phai trai), khdng mang den danh ldi, ludn sd'ng tii dd tii tai the hien len mau sac vd, vd'n la ta tadng cua Dad gia Mang ta tadng khien cho xu hadng nhap the cua Tran Nhan Tdng khdng dagc trgn ven Tuy vay, ta tadng chi la met bd phan nhd, xua't hien mdt ldc nhat dinh, khdng lam mat ban chat nhap the cua ta tadng Trdn Nhan Tdng Nci nha vay vda la de hi had vda la de nhac nhu trach nhiem chd cac the he tiep thee Khac vdi cac nha thien hgc khac, Tran Nhan Tdng xuat gia, song dng khdng lia bd the gian Trai lai, the gian ldc nao cdng sau nang dng Ta tadng dagc the hien rd nha't bai "Ca tran lac dao phd", ldc dng chuan hi xua't gia va phan nao bai 'T)ac thd lam tuyen dac ca", ldc dng da khoac ao nha tu hanh The gian ma Tran Nhan Tdng quan tam khdng phai la ndi khd' cua ngadi ndi chung, hoac cac dadng de thoat khd', ma la nhdng van de eua the sa, cua thdi cudc Dd la van menh cda giang sdn Dai Viet, la dao lam ngddi cua than dan va cung la cua chdng sinh Ong quan tam den van menh cua giang sdn da't nadc, vi Td' qud'c than yeu da hai lan hi td'n thadng va cd nguy cd bi triet ha, sd xam Iddc cua Nguyen - Mdng Ong tha'y phai bad ve nd, lam chd nd dagc vdng ben; "Xa tac hai lan ngiia da phai met nhgc Sdng ndi se ben vdng nghin ddi nhd au vane!" Cudn sach ludn dagc cac nhd boat dgng chinh tri - xa hdi thdi xaa tim hieu va nghien ngam la "Kinh Dich" Trong dd ban bac ve le bien dich cda trdi da't, cda cen ngadi, cdng dagc cng nang niu khai thac; "Sach Dich xem chdi, yeu tinh sang hdn yeu chau bau" (Ca tran lac dao phd Hdi thd nha't) Viec thien ha, viec da't nadc thiic sa van cdn tac dgng den dng ldc dng da nga ve phia tu hanh theo dao Phat Ben canh va'n de giang sdn da't nadc, Trdn Nhan Tdng cdn dat nang va'n de dae lam ngadi Khach quan ma ndi Id Phat td, Tran Nhan Tdng phai ndi tdi dao lam ngadi cua Phat giac, nha ndi: "ddt trd nhan nga", "bet tham san", "biet chan nha", "tin bat nha", v.v Hoac ndi ngadi Phat td phai bdc cau cho ngadi sang sdng, chd dd chd ngadi tdi ben, phai biet hi smh than minh de cdu vdt ngadi khac, phai biet td bi te dg, "dang cau dd, gidi chien thap, ngoai trang nghiem sa tadng hay tu; sdn by xa, nhuyen td bi, ndi tii tai kmh ldng hdng dgc", v.v Dd la nhdng nguyen tdc lam ngadi cac ca cda Phat giad ma cen ngadi trdng xa hdi can thiet 11 12 13 14 15 Tha Tha Tha Tha Tha van vdn vdn vdn vdn Ly Ly Ly Ly Ly Trdn, Trdn Trdn Trdn Trdn tap tap tap tap tap II II II, II, II, Sdd., Sdd., Sdd., Sdd., Sdd., tr tr tr, tr, tr, 469 505 505, 483 507 20 phai tuan theo Nhang dng khdng quen daa dao lam ngadi cda Nhe giao mdt dao lam ngadi mang tinh nhap the vao ta tadng cda dng Td Nho giao dng lau y ngifdi phai cm trgng thai dd dd'i vdi vua vdi thdy hgc va vdi cha (quan sa phu) Ong nci; "Ngay thd chda thao thd cha di dd mdi tragng phu trung hieu" "Hgc dan thd thay dgt xadng dc chu'a thdng cda bao" (tdc chaa bao dap dagc - NTT)""', "vang dn thanh, xdt me cha, thd thay hgc dac""'', Ngdai dng cdn nha'n manh vai trd cda ta tadng nhan nghia dd'i vdi ngu'di, Ong ndi; "Dau hay men thda nhan nghi (nhan nghia - NTT.), ba phien ngdi yeu hdn lau gac" (Ca tran lac dao phd Hdi thd hai), "Tich nhan nghi tu dao ddc, hay chdng Thich Ca" (Ca tran lac dao phd, Hdi thd ta), Ta tadng nhan nghia cda Nho giao d day da trd mdt pham trd cda dao ddc Phat giao, cda Thich Ca' Dao ddc td bi cda Phat giao va dao ddc tdng phap cda Nho giao vd'n la hai Hnh viic cd tinh cha't khac nhau, nhang ta tadng nhap the cda dng da khien cho hai Icai dad ddc dd nhap lai lam mdt, d dd khdng nhdng khdng chd'ng dd'i ma cdn hd trd chd de trd mdt dao ddc hoan thien can thiet cho ngadi ldc ba'y gid