84 ^ Nghien cun Ton giao So7 &8 2009 TON GIAO 0 Ntrte NGOAI ^ VAN DE Tir DO TON GIAO TRONG XA HOI HOA KY NGUYEN VAN DUNG'' 1 V a i n e t v e hxic t r a n h d a n g u y e n t o n g i a o d H o a K y Hoa Ky la m d t t r o n g sd' it cac qud'c gia t r e n t h e gidi m a d dd h i e n d i e n d a y d u c i c g i a c hdi t d n giad ldn n h d , eac g i a c p h a i eu mdi d u leai, vdi n h i e u l e a i q u a n d i e m , k h u y n h hfldng tfl b i e t h u d e n c a p t i e n , t h a m chi la cfle d o a[.]
84 ^ Nghien cun Ton giao So7 &8-2009 TON GIAO Ntrte NGOAI ^ VAN DE Tir DO TON GIAO TRONG XA HOI HOA KY NGUYEN VAN DUNG'' V a i n e t v e hxic t r a n h d a n g u y e n t o n giao d H o a Ky Hoa Ky, ngoai nhflng ngfldi Indian (thd d a n D a dd), la nhflng ngfldi di cfl va hau Hoa Ky la mdt t r o n g sd' it cac qud'c gia due cua hp thude eae c h d n g tdc, dan tdc t r e n the gidi m a d dd hien dien day du c i c khac n h a u tfl c i c nfldc C h a u Au, C h a u A, giac hdi tdn giad ldn nhd, eac giac p h a i eu C h a u Phi Hp la nhflng tin dd cua eae tdn mdi du leai, vdi n h i e u leai q u a n diem, giae, tin ngfldng k h a e n h a u va den Hoa k h u y n h hfldng tfl b i e t h u den cap tien, Ky hp m a n g theo c i tdn giao, tin ngfldng t h a m chi la cfle doan Neu nhfl trflde cua minh Q u a t r i n h di cfl dd dien treng nhflng n a m 70 t h e ki XX eon sd' thd'ng ke lich sd va cho den van dang tiep eac giao hdi va giae p h a i d H e a Ky mdi tuc Do vay, bflc t r a n h tdn giae H e a Ky da ehi la 250"', thi den n a m da dang, n a y cang t h e m da dang 1993, theo thdng ke cua cudn "Tii dien to chiic tdn Dai bp p h a n c i c tin dd d Hda Ky tbupc gido My", cen sd' n a y da la 2500 td chflc cac giac hdi Tin L a n h Dieu n a y dfldc giai tdn giae, ngoai r a cdn cd h a n g n g h i n td thich nhfl s a u Nhflng ngfldi di cfl tdi Hoa chflc tdn giao tfldng ddi nhd chfla dfldc Ky tfl c i c nfldc A n h , P h a p va cac nfldc thd'ng ke*^' Hoa Ky la mdt trdng sd eac C h a u Au k h a c c h u yeu la tin dd tbupc cac nfldc m a d dd, thed each ndi eua C.Mie, "y n h d m tdn giae bi Giao hpi Cdng g i i e dang thflc tdn giao hfldng lac va n g a p chim thd'ng tri d C h a u Au t r u y bflc va x u a dudi sfl m u d n m a u m u d n ve cua sfl k h a c Khi tdi H e a Ky hp d a t a p hpp lai t h a n h biet tdn giae va sfl da d a n g tdn giae"'^' O cac td chflc tdn g i i e phfl hdp vdi td chflc da't nfldc nay, ngfldi t a tha'y t a t c i eae tdn tdn giao m a hp da t h e o dudi d C h a u Au, giao t h e gidi cung nhfl cae tin ngfldng b a n dd la cac giao hdi Tin L a n h Thi du, dia cflng c h u n g sd'ng, cflng c a n h t r a n h nhflng t r c n g xa hdi thi trfldng dac trflng kieu (Calvinism) d e n H o a Ky tfl cae nfldc Ha My, dd la cac g i i c hdi Tin Lanh', giae hpi L a n , T h u y S i , S c d t l e n v a n h f l n g nfldc Cdng giae, C h i n h Thd'ng g i i o Do T h a i giae, Islam giao An Dp g i i o , Sikh giae, P h a t g i i e , B a h a ' i giao, D a e giae, tdn giao tin ngfldng b i n dia cua ngfldi I n d i a n , cac tdn giao mdi, v.v Sfl da n g u y e n tdn giao d Hoa Ky la k e t q u a cua qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n ljch s d c u a da't nfldc n a y D a n cfl ngfldi thee giae phai Calvin * TS., Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giao Theo: L.N.Velikovich Tdn gido vd gido lipi crHoa Ky NXB Nauka Moskva 1978, U 22 (tidng Nga) Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai NXB van hien KHXH, Bic Kinh 2001 Bin dich cua Trin Nghia Phuong linj tai thu vien Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giio, phin I nam 2007, ir 12 C Mic, Ph Angghen Tdc pham T.l, tr 397 (tieng Nga) Ngyiyan Van Dung Vd'n de tii tdn gido Chau Au khac da lap Giao hdi phai TrUdng Lad (Presbyterian church) va cac giac hdi Cii each (Reformed church) Nhflng ngfldi nhap cfl den tfl Italia, Aden va cac nfldc khac lap cac cdng ddng Cdng giao, nhflng ngfldi den tfl Nga va mdt sd' nfldc khac thi lap cac cdng ddng Cbinb Thd'ng giad Tat ci tin dd cac tdn giae deu ed mdi lien he den ngudn gd'c dan tdc cua minh Thi du, cae tin dd Cdng giae, p h i n ldn la ngfldi Italia, ngfldi Aden, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha Cung vdi sd' Ifldng ldn tin dd tdn giad chinh la Tin Lanh giac, Cdng glad Do Thai giae, d Hda Ky cdn cd cae tin dd Chfnh Thd'ng giad, Phat giad, Islam giad An Dp giao va cac tdn giae khac sinh sd'ng Cen sd' thd'ng ke che thay 10 giae hdi, giao phai Kitd •giao ldn d Hda Ky chiem tdi 90% tin dd tdn giao cua nfldc la: Giao hdi Cdng giae La Ma, phai Baptit (Baptist), phai Methedit (Methodist), phai Luther (Lutheran), phai Trfldng Lao (Presbyterian), hay phai "Mdn dd cda Chua Kitd (Disciple sof Christ), Giao bdi Chua Kitd (Churches of Christ), Giao hdi Chinh Thd'ng giae Phfldng Ddng (Eastern Orthdddx Church), Giao hdi The che (jiam muc (Epicopalian Church), phai Mermen (Mermen/Latter Day Saints) va Giae hdi Lien hpp Chfla Kitd (United Church of Christ)'^' Theo mdt sd lieu khae cda cudc "Dieu tra tinh hinh tdn gido todn qude" nam 1990 Vien Nghien cflu sinh thude Dai hpc phd New York tien hanh, tdng sd'ngfldi tfl 18 tudi trd len d 48 bang eua Hea Ky (trfl bang Alaska va Hawaii), tin dd Kitd giad fldc khding 151.220.000 ngfldi, chie'm 86,2% so ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dd Dd Thai giao fldc khoang 3.130.000 ngfldi, chie'm 1,8% so ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dc 85 Islam giad fldc kheing 527.000 ngfldi, chiem 0,5% sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dd Phat giao fldc khoang 401.000 ngfldi, chiem 0,4%) sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tfn An Dp giad fldc khding 227.000 ngfldi, chie'm 0,2"% sd' ngfldi dfldc dieu tra Cac tdn giad khac cflng chi chiem met ti le kha nhd, khoang 0,4%o sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra Trong dd cd 2.3% sd' ngfldi dfldc hei tfl chdi tra ldi khuynh hfldng tdn giao cua minh va S,2% sd' ngfldi dfldc hdi da tra ldi la hp khdng thee tdn giad nad'^' Day la nhflng sd lieu dfldc Chinh phu Hea Ky va cac hpc gii My sfl dung nhieu vi chdng cd dp tin cay kha cao Mdt dac diem khac cua tinh hinh tdn giao d Hda Ky la, sd' Ifldng cac td chflc tdn giao rat nhieu, cbi rieng Tin Lanh giae da vfldt qua cen sd 220 giad phai cflng hdat ddng vad eudi the ki XX, nhflng khdng cd met giao hdi tdn giao nao dfldc thfla nhan la giad hdi chiem dia vj thd'ng tri - hay cdn gpi la qude giae Dac diem da dfldc C.Mac va Ph Angghen nhan xet tfl the ki XIX treng tac pham "Gia dinh thdn thdnh" Hai dng viet; " Tdn giao dfldc phat trien met each tean dien tren thflc te chi d nhflng ndi ma d dd khdng cd bat ki mdt tdn giao nad dfldc flu dai (chung tdi n h i c tdi cae bang Bic My)""^' Da nguyen tdn giac d Hda Ky la mdt khai niem rat rdng O Hda Ky cd rat nhieu td chflc ten giae cflng boat ddng, canh tranh lan treng cudc chien gianh tim, khdi dc cua ngfldi dan My L.N.Velikdvi'ch Tdn gido vd gido hdi a Hoa Ky Sdd.,tr 23 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai Sdd Phin I, nim 2007, tr 14 C.Mic, Hi Angghen Tdc pham T.2, tr 129 (tid'ng Nga) 86 Nghien cun Ton giao So & 8-2009 Cflng vdi cac giae hdi cd tdi hang trieu, tham chi hang chue trieu tin dd la cae td chflc tdn giae nhd le tach rdi lai sap nhap trdng mdt ddng chay lien tuc Met thi du dien hinh, vae gifla the ki XIX d Hoa Ky cd tdi gan 300 td chflc k h i c thude giao phai Luther, nhflng den nhflng nam 70 the ki XX qua trinh hpp nhat, eon sd'nay ehi cdn lai 10''' ngfldi (tang gan 500 nghin), tin dd phai Trfldng Lad - 4.985.000 ngfldi (tang gin tneu), tin dd phai Mormon - 2.487.000 ngfldi (glim hdn trieu), tin dd phai The che Giim muc - 3.042.000 ngfldi (giim hdn 100 nghin), tfn dd phai Giad ddan 438.000 ngfldi (giam hdn trieu), tin dd phai Mdn dd eua Chua Kitd - 144.000 ngfldi (giam hdn trieu), tin dd phai Chflng nhan Giehdva - 1.381.000 ngfldi (tang g i n trieu), tin dd phai Ngfl T u i n 3.116.000 ngfldi (tang gin trieu), tin dd phai Quan Cflu The - 27.000 ngfldi (giim hdn 300 nghin), tin dd Chinh Thd'ng giao - 502.000 ngfldi (giim g i n trieu), tin dd Dd Thai giad - 3.130.000 ngfldi (giam hdn tneu)