? » DO THI CO O DONG NAM A • THOI KY DO THi HOA DAU TIEN N G O VAN DOANH^ Ngudn gdc ve cac kieu cfl t r u dd thi d k h u vflc D d n g N a m A hien cdn la van de chUa dUdc ro T r o n g k h i dd, h a u b e t cac cfl lieu deu cho tha'y r a n g , nhflng dd thi xfla nha't lai Id k e t q u a t r u y e n b a nhflng h i n h thflc td chflc c h i n h t r i va tdn giao cua An Dp va p h a n n a o dd c u a T r u n g Qudc vao k h u vUc tfl t h e ky ddu t i e n s a u cdng n g u y e n Ddu t i e n la viec cac qu[.]
-? -» DO THI CO O DONG NAM A THOI KY DO THi HOA DAU TIEN • NGO VAN DOANH^ N gudn gdc ve cac kieu cfl tru dd thi d khu vflc Ddng N a m A hien cdn la van de chUa dUdc ro Trong dd, hau bet cac cfl lieu deu cho tha'y rang, nhflng dd thi xfla nha't lai Id ket qua truyen ba nhflng hinh thflc td chflc chinh tri va tdn giao cua An Dp va p h a n nao dd cua Trung Qudc vao khu vUc tfl the ky ddu tien sau cdng nguyen Ddu tien la viec cac quyen luc chinh tri x u a t hien rai rac khu vUc d mpt loat nhflng xa hdi bp lac Nhflng xa hpi bd lac vdn tdn tai sfl can bang sinh thai nhay cam vdi mdi trfldng tfl nhien vi rdng ky t h u a t b a n che cua hp buoc hp phai thudng xuyen di chuyen de tim thflc a n va ngan ngfla sfl p h a t trien mdi quan he dn dinh vdi mdi trUdng cflng nhfl vdi sfl xuat hien sU chuyen mdn boa nghe nghiep.The nhUng, nhflng tiep xuc budn ban vdi khu vUc cang phat trien m a n h me tfl the ky dau cdng nguyen cung vdi viec md rdng sU cai tri ciia Trung Qudc tdi mien Bdc va mien T r u n g Viet Nam da khien cac t h u linh bp lac phai tiep xuc vdi nhflng he tho'ng tdn giao va cac the che chinh tri cua cac nen van minh cao hdn nay, dac biet la vdi nhflng he thdng tdn giao va nhflng the che chinh tri ciia An Dp Chung ta khdng biet cai each thflc thflc te ma nhflng dd thi dau tien ddi nhU the nao vi khong cd tai lieu t h a n h van nao ndi tdi The nhUng, cd the da la: sU trdi day cua cac cang thi cung di theo vdi viec cac t h u linh bp lac tiep n h a n nhflng hinh thflc td chflc chinh tri cua An Dp dUa tren cd sd cua Balamon giao va P h a t giao Va tat ca nhflng sU viec tren da tao nhflng cd sd kinh te, chinh tri va xa hpi cho sfl tdn tai cua cac dd thi dau tien khu vflc Ddng Nam A Hdn the nfla, cho den nhflng anh hfldng chinh tri va van boa cua An Dp bat ddu cd tac dpng tdi sfl hinh t h a n h cac dd thi cd d Ddng Nam A vao nhflng the ky dau ky nguyen Thien Chua giao, thi nen van minh dd thi da tdn tai va phat trien dfldc hdn hai nghin nam rdi Ngay tfl hdn hai nghin nam trfldc cdng nguyen, tai An Dp, da tflng tdn tai nhflng dd thi ldn nhfl Mohendjd- Daro va Harappa ben bd sdng An Den thdi dflc Phat (the ky V trfldc CN), tai mien bdc An Dp, da tflng cd nhieu dd thi ldn, nhfl Kashi (Varanasi) va Kaushambi Theo cac ngudn tai lieu, thi vao thdi Mauria (the ky IV-I trfldc CN), t h u dd Pataliputra va t h a n h phd' Vidjayanagara cd quy md va dan so' ldn hdn nhieu so vdi t h d n h La Ma dfldng thdi Va, nhfl cac nha nghien cflu da n h a n tha'y, tfl thdi xa xfla, ngfldi An * PGS.TS.Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A Nghien cifu Doug Nam A 2/2010 Dp da xay dung nhflng dd thi cua minh theo nhflng mo hinh Trong tac p h a m ve khoa hpc chinh tri " A r t k h a s h a s t r a " ndi tieng cua An Dp dfldc bien soan vao ddu cdng nguyen da cd ndi den md h i n h chudn cua mpt dd thi la: h i n h chfl nhat, dfldc chia t h a n h cac khu bang sau dfldng true (ba dfldng tfl bac xud'ng nam va ba dfldng tfl ddng sang tay) Cac den thd chinh nam d trung tam, cdn cac cpng ddng dan cU khac thi d nhflng khu vflc each biet n h a u tai tflng khu Hai t r u n g t a m chinh cua mpt dd thi la cung dien va den thd Ngoai ra, cac tac p h a m van hpc va cac tac pham dieu khac cdn md ta k h a chi tiet ve cung t h a t va n h a d cua vua chua va nhflng ngfldi giau cd t h d n h phd: cac nha ldn thfldng cd nhieu tdng (phd bien la ba tang), cho den cuoi thdi Gupta (the ky VI) cac nha deu cd mai vdm h i n h ban tru vdi cac dau hdi cd dinh nhpn, mai ldp t r a n h hoac ldp ngdi; sau the ky VI, cac mai vdm hinh ban tru dfldc thay b a n g cac mai phang dfldi dang cac t a n g bac de lam ndi cho cac t h a n h vien gia dinh cd the ngu ngoai trdi thdi tiet ndng bflc Khdng gid'ng nhu thdi ky van minh sdng An trfldc day, thdi lich sU tfldng cua cac ngdi nha khdng bit kin ma md ngoai dfldng bang cac cfla sd va ban cong Ben mdi ngdi nha ldn, cd khoang san vudng rdng dfldc bao q u a n h bang ldi hien Dang sau hang hien dd la cac ndi d va sinh boat cua gia dinh N h u cua cac nUdc thupc xfl ndng khac, cac n h a cua cac dd thi An Dp, khdng the thieu dfldc vUdn cay va hd ao Ngoai ra, cac dd thi, cdn cd cac cdng vien va cac hd nUdc cong cpng ldn Cung cac tac p h a m van hpc da md ta kha sd'ng dpng cudc song cua cac thi thdi xfla cua An Dp VI du, mot nha thd the ky t h u III, tac p h a m "Trang hoa M a d u r a i " da md ta khdng k h i nhpn nhip cua dd t h d n h M a d u r a i b a n g nhflng hinh a n h t h a t sd'ng dpng ngdy le hpi: "tieng trd'ng vang len, doan ngfldi cua hoang gia di t r e n phd' Di d a u la doan voi Trong tieng t u va, nhflng vat khdng Id di chuyen nhfl nhflng t h u y e n ldn ludt tren sdng bien Sau da'y la nhflng cd xe ngfla va nhflng ngfldi linh dfl tdn dieu h a n h Trong dd, nhflng ngfldi ban h a n g tai cac qudy van say sUa mdi chao khach de ban hUdng, hoa, b a n h , trai Cac ba gia di tfl n h a s a n g nhd khac ban cac bd hoa tUo'i Cac vi quy tpc a n mac sang trpng di lai Tfl t r e n cac b a n cdng, nhflng ngfldi p h u nfl vay ao rflc rd dflng ngdi ngdm n h i n le hpi Mpi ngfldi, tflng top ddng due, keo den den thd cdu k h a n t h a n linh Hp dang hoa len cac tUdng va cui chao cac t h a y te Cac ngUdi thd t h u cdng lam viec xUdng cua minh Cd thd kim hoan, thd det, thd ldm hoa, thd ve Trong cac quay ban thUc p h a m , ta'p nap ngfldi vao m u a rau, qua, thit, banh Chieu tdi, mpi ngUdi dd cac dfldng phd' ca hat, n h a y m u a hoac den cac den thd dang cung den nen va n h a y mua, ca h a t cac s a n den Dem xud'ng, ca t h a n h phd l a n g yen S a n g bdm sau, tfl sdm, da vang len tieng cac thay Balamon dpc kinh Nhflng ngfldi h a t rong lai cat tieng ca; cac n h a budn md cua hang Va t h a n h p h d lai bdt d a u nhip sdng t h u d n g cua minh'O Nhfl vay la, d An Dp cd dai, cac dd thj, dac biet la t h u dd, la nhflng t r u n g tam quyen Iflc chinh tri, kinh te va van boa cua dat nudc Dieu dac biet la, tac dpng cua cac yeu t d tdn giao (Balamon giao), nen d An Dp cd dai, v u a dUdc coi nhU boa Ngd Vdn Doanh - Do dd co d Ddng Nam A - Tlisi ky dd dii hda ddu tien t h a n cua t h a n linh t r e n m a t dat Do vay, bao gid mpt dd t h d n h , bai khu vUc quan trpng n h a t va m a n g y nghla bieu tUdng nha't la khu cung dien va khu den thd Chinh ngUdi An Dp, thong qua cac thUdng n h a n va cac t h a y Balamon da dem md hinh dd thi cua minh den Ddng Nam A The nhUng, ngfldi An Dp tdi khu vflc Ddng N a m A vao nhflng the ky dau trfldc va sau cdng nguyen, thi gan nhfl tat ca cac cU dan d day deu cdn sd'ng nhflng xa hpi tien n h a nfldc Do dd, nhu cac n h a nghien cflu da n h a n thay, dfldi tac dpng cua nhflng a n h hudng tfl An Dp tdi, tfl tdn giao, chfl viet, den cac khoa hpc ve chinh tri- xa hpi, van boa , cac dd thi d Ddng N a m A da dan d a n tflng bfldc hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien Treng viec binh t h a n h cac dd thi dau tien d Ddng N a m A, khd cd the xac dinh dfldc t a m q u a n trpng n h u the nae ddi vdi cac yeu to' sflc m a n h khac cua kinh te, chinh tri, ky t h u a t va xa hpi Chac chan la viec nhieu vi t h u linh bp lac tiep nhan quan niem "than vua" (deva-raja) da cho phep hp trd t h a n h nhflng hien hinh vat chat ciia vi t h a n tdi cao, va da tao yeu to' hdp ly m a n g tinh vu t r u luan dd'i vdi sU ldn m a n h cua cac nhdm ngUdi day td chuyen nghiep khdng chi chuyen dam nhiem cac cong viec Id thflc lien q u a n tdi vUdng quyen, ma chuyen tao nhflng bieu tUdng "than t h a n h " nhU cung dien, ngai vang, cac chiec d nhieu tang, cac hinh linga ndm cac bflc tfldng t h a n h ciia "thanh p h d h n h thieng"*'-^' Tat nhien, de chu cap va nuoi nhflng nhdm chuyen gia khdng t h a m gia s a n x u a t va kha ddng dao nay, thi can phai cd sfl t a n g trfldng va phat trien ve kinh te va ky t h u a t ndng nghiep va giao thdng Vao budi dau hinh t h a n h , p h a n ldn cac dd thi deu la nhflng t r u n g t a m nhd be va ton tai chu yeu dfla vao cdng viec budn ban va nhflng du thfla nho nhd cua san xuat ndng nghiep Cac ngudn tai lieu khac cho biet, cbi tfl sau the ky thu' nam, thi nhflng phat trien ve chinh tri, kinh te va ky t h u a t mdi dan den viec phan chia va xep cac chflc nang cua cac t r u n g tam thi ban dau vao hai khu vUc: t h a n h pho' linh thieng (ndi dat cung dien va den thd than) va t h a n h pho' budn ban (ndi cac hoat dpng budn ban dien ra) Tfl trd di, "thdnh phd' linh thieng", bieu tfldng tdi cao cua qud'c gia ben quan niem thdng nha't ve vu tru lien ket dat trdi vdi nhau, cdn tai san cd dfldc la lay tfl nhflng t h a n g du cua san xuat ndng nghiep, tfl ngudn lao ddng tai cac vung que Trong dd, tai t h d n h phd'budn ban, tai san cd dupe la cac quan chflc thu dfldc tfl cac loai thue khac danh vao cac nha budn va thue cho t h u e cang Do vay, theo cac nha nghien cflu, r5 rang la, cac dd thi ddu tien d Ddng Nam A xua't hien khdng phai cd chflc nang nhfl mpt t r u n g t a m budn ban hay t r u n g t a m quyen lUc ma la nhflng "trung tam thd phung" Tai nhflng t r u n g t a m thd phung nay, nhflng t h a n g dfl cua san xuat ndng nghiep dUdc coi n h u nhflng cdng nap de "nuoi" mpt t a n g ldp xa hpi "tinh tuy" khdng san xuat va cung khong cd quan he gi vdi sU p h a t trien kinh te cua dat nfldc Mpt nha nghien cflu da khai quat ve mdi quan he nhfl sau: "thang dfl la dieu kien tien quyet cua van minh, vi neu thieu nd thi xa hpi khong the ho trd dfldc cho nhflng ngfldi chuyen nghiep khdng san xuat thflc p h a m (nhfl cac nha sfl, t a n g Ifl, cac ngfldi thd l a n h nghe )- Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 nhflng ngfldi sang tao cua nen van minb"''^' Nhu cac tai lieu lich sd da chflng minh, cac trung tam thi thflc sfl dau tien xuat hien va phat trien d Ddng Nam A thudng cd mdi lien he trflc tiep vdi nhflng tiep xuc ngoai thudng Cung cac tai lieu lich sU cho biet, vao khoang cud'i the ky II sau cdng nguyen, it nhat la tai ba khu vUc cua Ddng Nam A, da xuat hien cac trung tam dd thi: vfldng qud'c Phu Nam d vung luu sdng Me Cdng, vfldng qud'c Champa d mien trung Viet Nam, va vfldng qudc bien Lankasuka Nhfl cac tai lieu lich sii da ghi chep, ban dau, ma cd sd kinh te cdn chfla dfldc thiet lap, thi thu dd ciia cac qud'c gia cd ciia Ddng Nam A, nhd vi tri ndm tren dUdng budn ban qud'c te gifla Trung Qudc va An Dp, da thu dUdc mot phan nguon ldi tfl viec danh thue ben cang Cd the nhan thay dieu qua nhflng ghi chep cua sfl sach Trung Qudc va A Rap Cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c cho biet, Vyadhapura, thu dd cua de quoc Phu Nam nam each khong xa bd bien, ndi cd cang bien Oc Eo Cung cac sU lieu Trung Qud'c cdn cho biet them ve mpt so dd thi cua nudc lang gieng va phu thupc cua Phu Nam la nUdc Don Ton Vi du, Ludng thu (Q.54, Liet truyen 48), cd doan viet: " Nudc Phu Nam d phia nam quan Nhat Nam d gifla vinh tay bien Kinh nudc each bien 500 dam Trong nudc cd song ldn, rdng 10 dam, chay theo hudng tay bac theo hudng ddng dd bien Dien tich ca nUdc rgng hdn 3.000 dam Da't dai nfldc ay thap va bang phang San vat nfldc a'y cd vang, bac, ddng, thiec, tram hfldng, nga voi, long cha, chim vet ngu sac each 3.000 dam ve phia nam (Phu Nam), cd mdt nUdc giap gidi \a nUdc Do'n Td'n cung d tren dao, dien tich rdng hdn 1.000 dam Kinh nUdc each bien 10 dam Cd vi vua deu la cac dat kimi cua Phu Nam Cac nfldc ngoai thfldng tdi day giao dich budn ban Sd dl nhu vay \a vi tfl Dd'n Td'n trd ve bien hdn 1.000 dam Bien menh mdng vd bd ben, thuyen be chUa tflng di qua Chd cua nUdc ndy la ndi hpi hop cua lai budn ca phUdng dong va phUdng tay, bdng cd tdi hdn mpt van khach budn Hdng hda quy, cua bau khdng thieu thfl gi" Cac tai lieu ciia Trung Qud'c, nhfl Lfldng Thfl (502-556) va nhflng ghi chep cua hai sfl than K'ang Tai va Zhu Ying cho biet, dd thi cd ten \a Langkasura (tieng Trung Qudc: Langyaxiu hay Langya-sseu-kia) dUdc hinh vad khoang the ky The nhUng, mai den nam 1989, cac tai lieu khao cd hpc mdi xac dinh dUdc vi tri ciia dd thi d vung Yarang, nam Thai Lan Vi tri cua Lankasura nam sat lang Yarang, each phd'Patani cua Thai Lan hien chflng 15 km ve phia nam Hdn 30 phe tich da lam Id cac dau tich ciia bdo nfldc, luy bang da't va ca mpt mang ludi cac kenh dao Tat ca cac da'u tich cd nien dai tfl the ky den the ky nam trai suot ca mpt khu vUc rdng km vudng Va, hdn the nfla, nhieu dau tich tren lai la cua cac cdng trinh kien true Hindu giao va Phat giao Do cUa song Patani bi vui lap, nen hau bet nhflng cang va kho hang nam gifla phd' va bien da hi bien ma't The nhflng, da'u tich cua cac dong kenh dao cd vdn cd the nhin tha'y dfldc qua khdng anh Langkasura dudc nhdc tdi trdng thU tich cd Trung Qudc kha sdm, nhflng Kedah, phien ban cua Langkasura d Vinh Ngo Vdn Doanh - Dd thi cddDdng Nam A - Thdi ky dd thi hoa ddu tieu Bengal thi lai dUdc ngUdi T r u n g Qud'c ndi tdi it Vudng qud'c K e d a h cdn dUdc gpi la Kalah, Kalajam, K a d a r a m , K a t a b a va Jiecha cac tai lieu cd An Dp va A r a p BatU Vudng qud'c dUdc ndi tieng tfl xa xfla nhd san xua't dUdc loai thiec rat nguyen chat va sang Rat cd the, thiec cua Kedah da dUdc x u a t k h a u sang An Dp Treng nhieu n a m qua, cac n h a khao co da phat hien hdn 50 di tich cd nien dai sau the ky (nhu vay la thupc thdi Srivijaya) tren hai bd cua cdn sdng Merbok P h a n ldn cac den thd n a m d trien ddc phia nam cua nui Gunung J e r a i , cd the la nui thieng cua dd thi Nui G u n u n g J e r a i ngfl d ciia sdng Merbok va cao 1206 met qua la ngon hai dang ly tUdng cho t h u y e n be tfl vinh Bengal vao cap ben Cita sdng Merbok rong rai la diem ly tfldng cho thuyen be neo dau Cdn Kedah thi lai la cang tuyet vdi de thuyen be den va rdi eo Malacca Ndi ndi d a n h bdi nhflng dieu kien t h u a n ldi de cac t h u y t h u an nghi sau chang dudng dai lenh denh ngodi bien Sang the ky 7, dUa tren cac ghi chep cua phai doan T r u n g Qud'c dUdc phai di vao nam 601, sU gia Ma T o u a n - h n da md ta ve t h a n h Langkasura: "Vua sd'ng t h d n h Seng Tche T h a n h dUdc bao bang ba hang rao cd cac ciia Cac tea n h a cua cung dien chi cd hai tang Ta't ca cac ciia deu md ve phia bdc Ngai vang dUdc dat tren nen cao ba bac va nhin ve hudng bdc " Cd le mpt nhflng dd t h a n h cd d vung Ddng Nam A hai dao dUdc sU sach Trung Qud'c md ta chi tiet nha't la t h u phu cua de che Srivijays Vi du, ghi chep cua sif gia T r u n g Qud'c Zhao Rugua (the ky XIII) cudn sach Zhu F a n Zhi ve Tam P h a t Te cd md ta ve dd t h a n h va hoang cung cua nha nUdc cd Srivijaya nhu sau : " Cac bflc tfldng cua dd t h a n h dUdc xay bang gach va cd chieu dai chu vi nhieu mpt phan mfldi ciia Li (1 li= 576m) Mdi khdi hoang cung, dflc vua di thuyen va mac khd' Ngai dUdc che nang bang mpt cai d bang lua, nhflng ngUdi bao ve ngai thi mang cac ngon giao bang vang Dan thudng thi song hoac tap trung d dd thanh, hoac d nhflng chiec nha noi ldp tre nfla tren sdng Hp khdng phai nop thue Do t h a n h nam ben ben nUdc va cai quan tat ca vung eo bien, noi ma cac thfldng nhan phai qua, du hp di bang dUdng bp hay dfldng bien Thdi xu'a, chiec xich sat dfldc dflng de ngan can nhflng ten cfldp bien det n h a p vao dd t h a n h Chiec xich dfldc dat t h a p hoac cao Sau nhieu nam, chiec xich khdng dfldc dung nfla va gid day dfldc cupn lai d ben bd sdng Thd dan d day tdn kinh chiec xich nhu tdn kinh P h a t va cac tau be den day phai dang dd len cho chiec xich Khi dfldc lau ddu, chiec xich sang chdi nhfl mdi va cac ca sau phai t r a n h xa Neu tau thuyen di qua Sanfosi ma khong bao hieu, thi ta't ca cac tau thuyen dia phfldng lap tflc cang budm tan cdng theo mpt chien t h u a t da dinh Nhflng ngfldi san sang chet cho cdng viec va dieu dd chinh la nguyen n h a n vi ma dat nfldc trd t h a n h mot cang quan trpng'^' Mpt ghi chep khac, ghi chep cua n h a budn Sulayman vao nam 851 ma sau nay, vao n a m 916 Abu Zayd H a s a n da dan cd md ta ve mpt so' dd thi cua cac thupc qudc cua Srivijaya (d day, Srivijaya dfldc gpi la "dd thi") nhfl sau: "Thanh phd Kalah la mpt cai chd ma d dd ngfldi ta tap trung budn ban Id hpi (Aloe), long nao, dan hfldng, nga voi, thiec, gd mun va ta't ca cac loai hfldng heu v a cac loai cay thudc ma neu ke thi phai la ca mpt d a n h sach dai Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 2/2010 Ngfldi ta ndi, cac t h u y e n tu" Oman da den thudng cang nay'''* Thoat dau la mot nhflng thupc qudc cua P h u N a m , n h u n g ve sau, nha nfldc Mon co Dvaravati dan dan ldn m a n h va trd t h a n h mpt n h a nfldc dpc lap vdi t h u n a m d Nakhon P a t h o m Theo cac n h a nghien cflu, t h a n h phd'cd N a k h o n Pathom nam gan bd bien thdi cd va tflng la mpt cang bien quan trpng suot thdi ky p h a t trien rflc rd tfl the ky den the ky 11 Cd t h e t h a y sfl h u n g t h i n h cua Nakhon P a t h o m cd q u a quy md rdng ldn cua tda t h a n h (3,6 km x km) Vdi quy md nay, Nakhon P a t h o m la thi cd ldn n h a t trudc thdi Ayuthaya hien dUdc biet d Thai Lan Nhflng dfldng t h u y cua t h a n h phd' vfla thdng bien vfla ket ndi vdi cac cpng ddng dan cfl da't lien Nhd cd vi tri nhfl vay, nen N a k h o n P a t h o m da cd mpt vai trd quan trpng nhfl mpt t r u n g tam thfldng mai thdi cd d khu vflc Ddng Nam A Nhflng bia ky viet bdng chfl Mdn cd dfldc tim tha'y d dd thi cd N a k h o n P a t h o m va cac dd thi k h a c cua vfldng qudc Dvaravati da la nhflng cfl lieu q u a n trpng cho cac nha sit hpc d u n g de k h a n g dinh r a n g chu n h a n cua v a n hda Dvaravati la ngfldi Mdn The nhflng, qua nghien cflu mpt so' nhflng hien vat t i m tha'y d N a k h o n Pathom, dac biet la nhflng m a n g t r a n g tri cd hinh ngfldi, cac n h a khoa hpc n h a n tha'y ngfldi dan Dvaravati la nhflng ngfldi thupc nhieu chiing tpc khac n h a u Cd the ngfldi Mdn hay nhflng ngfldi ndi cac thfl tieng thupc ngfl he Mdn la tpc ngfldi chinh, nhflng, vfldng qud'c, cdn cd nhflng ngfldi thupc cac tpc ngUdi khac va ngfldi ngoai qudc'*^' N h u vay la, nhin chung, theo cac n h a nghien cflu, k h u vUc Dong N a m A, cac "thi thdnh" x u a t hien va tdn tai trUdc cac "dd thi linh thieng" lay s a n xua't ndng nghiep lam cd sd Cac thi t h a n h ddi va p h a t trien m a n h d ca hai k h u vUc hai dao va luc dia ciia Dong N a m A tfl t h e ky thfl n h a t Nhfl cac tai lieu cho biet, cac thi t h a n h tdn tai nhd ngudn tai san thu dfldc tfl h a i thUdng va tfl vai trd la nhflng t r u n g t a m buon ban cua m i n h Cung cac ngudn tai lieu cho biet, cfl d a n cua nhflng thi t h a n h la nhflng cfl d a n qud'c te va thay ddi mpt each n h a n h n h a y ve quy md de dap flng vdi sfl kiem soat budn b a n cua cac "thi qudc" Cau true xa hpi ciia cac "thi quoc" hai thUdng dUdc dac trUng bdi sU p h a n chia khdng t h a t ro r a n g gifla vua, cac trieu t h d n va khdi dan cfl cdn lai, va n h a n thay dUdc bang chflng v a t chat cua nd b i n h thai cua dd thi vdi cac khu ngoai kieu dfldc p h a n chia r a n h gidi rd rang Ngoai ra, cd the tha'y, a n h hfldng ciia nhflng thfldng gia (tfl ngfldi ban budn den ngUdi b a n le va nhflng ngUdi khac gudng may budn ban) d cac thi t h a n h m a n h hdn nhieu so vdi d cac dd thi bam cd sd vad da't dai la chinh Cac "thi t h a n h " tdn tai lien tuc va lau dai lich sij p h a t trien dd thi cua khu vUc Ddng N a m A Trong dd, cung d Ddng N a m A, tai nhflng ndi ma ndng nghiep p h a t trien m a n h , thi cac dd thi lai cd cd sd k i n h t e l a ndng nghiep Tai nhflng ndi nay, cac dd thi la nhflng t r u n g t a m h a n h chinh, quan sU va van boa cua nhflng de che cd sflc m a n h nhd nhflng cdng n a p tfl nhflng lanh dia bi chiem va nhflng lao dpng dfldc cung cap bdi cac t h u linh t h a n phuc Khdng phai vi t h e ma vai trd cua thUdng mai khong q u a n trpng cac dd thi kinh te nong nghiep Cd t h e tha'y nhflng boat Ngd Van Doanh - Dd thi cddPdiig Nam A - Thdi ky dd thi hda ddu tien ddng dang ke cua thUdng mai cac nha nfldc ndng nghiep ldn thdi cd nhu Chan Lap (d Campuchia), Pyu (d Mianma), nhung thUdng mai khdng bao gid cd vi the quan trpng d cac nhd nfldc ndng nghiep VI du, sif sach Trung Qud'c, nhu sach Tuy thu cd ddan chep ve Chan Lap thdi vua Isanavarman nhu sau: " Vua d Y Xa Na (Isanapura), dudi cd hdn hai van nha Trong cd mpt tda nha ldn Dd la chd vua coi chdu Vua thdng linh 30 ldn Mdi cd vai ngan nhd, va deu cd bp suy Vua nUdc ay ba coi chau mpt lan Khi thi ngdi tren giUdng ngu hUdng that bao cd vay trUdng bau dung go van lam khung, nga voi, vdng vang lam vach giong nhU rapt chiec leu con, tree den vang gid'ng y nhfl d nfldc Xich Thd." Cdn Dudng thU thi lai cd nhflng rao ta ve ddi sd'ng ciia cung dinh va dan chung dd Srikshetra ciia ngUdi Pyur "Mdi ngoai thanh, vua Pyu nam nga ngfldi tren dem mau vang chiec kieu sang trpng Cdn di xa, nha vua cUdi voi Hang tram phu nfl ddn chd dng ta Tudng cua hoang dai 160 ly (mdi ly dai 576m), dUdc xay bang gach mau xanh Cd ta't ca 12 cdng dan vao Tai bdn gdc deu cd chua Dan chung d day biet xem va tinh thien van Hp la nhflng ngUdi theo dao Phat Hang tram ngoi chua cua ho dfldc bdng gach lUu ly va dfldc trang tri bang vang va bac Nen chua dfldc td ve va dfldc trai len bdng nhflng ta'm tham dep Hoang cung ciia nha vua cung dUdc xay dUng nhU vay Tai da'y, cd tUdng voi trdng khdng Id cao tram trUdng Neu cd uan khuc nang ne gi thi hp thUdng dot hfldng va quy trUdc mat voi de cau khan Cdn, neu nhu nUdc cd dich benh hay thien tai, thi chinh nha vua se den quy trUdc voi trdng ta tdi " Cung bp sach Dudng thu (Tan Dudng thu) cho chung ta biet them rapt vai khia canh nfla ve vUdng qud'c cua ngUdi Pyu: "Hp la'y gach xay hinh trdn chu vi 100 dara, md 12 cifa, bd'n phia cd thap Dan trdng cd tdi bang van gia dinh Hdn 100 chUa dep, dat vang va sdn nhieu mau da dUdc xay cat Trai gai den tudi thi cad dau di tu cho den 20 tudi mdi dUdc vad ddi Ta't ca mpi ngUdi deu mac rapt kieu ao dai trdng that day lUng bdng Tinh hp hda diu, khdng cd gong cum NgUdi cd tdi thi budc tre lai, danh sau lUng, nhe thi danh 3, nang thi danh gay; giet ngUdi thi hi xif til Hp cd ddng tien bac hinh ban nguyet, budn ban vdi cac nUdc lang gieng, mua vao cac thfl can dung, ban vai bdng trdng va cac binh vd bdng da't nung"'''' Tuy ddi va phat trien sau cac dd thi kieu "thi thanh", nhUng cac thi ndng nghiep lai tdn tai cd mpt trien vpng tdn tai va phat trien lau dai hdn va phd bien hdn Theo cac nha nghien cflu, it nhat, kieu dd thi ndng nghiep da tdn tai va phat trien d Ddng Nam A tfl nifa sau thien nien ky thfl nha't den tan dau the ky cudi ciia thien nien ky thfl hai Vi sao, d Ddng Nam A, kieu dd thi thieng mang tinh ndng nghiep lai dan dan thay the kieu thi trUdc dd? Ta't ca ndra nhflng khac biet ve cd sd kinh te, sU han che ve dia hinh va nhflng kha nang cua cac vua chua viec hien thUc boa nhflng dflc tin cua minh vao khdng gian dd thi The nhUng, nhflng khac biet de tha'y nha't la nhflng khac biet hinh thai hgc cua hai kieu dd thi Vi tri nam d cac bd bien hoac hai ben bd sdng vdi phan da't lien rat ban che ciia cac "thi thanh" lai thUdng la 10 nhflng khdng gian khdng phu hdp cho viec rad rdng phd' va cho rapt ty le ldn nhflng cfl dan phai sd'ng tren thuyen hoac nhflng ngdi nha dflng tren cac cot san tren mat nfldc Nhfl phd Brunay dfldc xay dflng tfl the ky XVI, thii phu cua Srivijaya, nhfl da dfldc md ta, la dfldc xay dflng tren cac be ndi tren sdng Palerabang Vi vay, khdng cd gi phai ngac nhien tha'y nhflng dau tich kien true cua cac dd thi kieu "thi thanh" deu thudng nhd va phan tan Khong phai la vi cac kien trflc phan ldn dfldc lara bang gd, ma, chu yeu la do, cac vua d day khdng cd kha nang chiem hflu dfldc du Iflc lfldng lad ddng de xay dflng nhflng cdng trinh bang da nhfl cac vua ndng nghiep d cac "dd thi thieng" Neu so sanh vdi cac "dd thi thieng" ciia cac vua ndng nghiep, thi cd the tha'y cac thi buon ban ven bien thfldng cd ve ngoai ldn xpn vi dia diera cua cac thi ven bien thfldng phu thupc vao sfl thay ddi that thfldng cua cong viec budn ban Trong dd, mat bang bay binh dd cua "dd thi thieng" lai la sfl phan chieu the gidi theo niem tin cua dng vua cai tri, va, neu cd the, cdn gan chat vdi the gidi huyen thoai dd Cd nha nghien cflu cho rdng, nhflng he thong bieu tfldng vu tru luan mang tinh ton giao - tin ngUdng cua cac dd thi than linh cd ngudn gdc tfl " Sumeria, va Ziggurat hay Nui cua Than da dfldc cac vua ke tiep cua Sumeria xay dflng len Cac Ziggurat la nhflng ngdi den vdi nhflng tang bac ke tiep md phdng hinh anh ciia vu tru He thdng da lan toa den bdc An Dp, den Trung Qudc thdi nha Chu, nha Han, va den Ddng Nam A, ndi cdn gifl lai dfldc truyen thdng dd ciia Sumeria cho den tan hom nay." Do vay, dd thanh, ndi ma vi Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 "than-vua" sd'ng, chinh la dd thi thieng, la ndi hpi nhap cua ba the gidi Id trdi, da't va dia nguc, va ndi dinh dd phai dUdc lUa chpn can than theo thuyet dia ly va phong thuy**^* Vi la dd thi thieng, nen nd phdi dUdc quy hoach va cau true nhu mpt hinh anh vu tru theo quan niem vu tru luan ma xa hgi tin la vay Nhflng yeu to' chinh cua dd thi, nhflng den thd chu yeu, hoang cung, cac bflc tfldng va cac hp hao deu phai dUdc the hien rad phdng theo rad hinh vu tru cua thien gidi Nhflng dd thi nhfl vay d Ddng Nara A, nhfl Pagan (Mianraa) va Angco (Campuchia), deu dfldc quy hdach that chi tiet Trong dd thieng, cung dien va cac den thd chinh, nhin chung, deu ndra d trung tam, va xung quanh cac cum kien true tren, la nhflng dinh thfl cua nhflng tang ldp "tinh hoa" va cua cac "vien chflc" Quanh khu vUc trung tam la nhflng dfldng phd cua nhflng ngfldi thd, nhflng ngfldi san xua't, nhflng ngUdi ban dd chau bau, nhflng ngUdi lara binh Cac cpng ddng nhflng thfldng nhan nfldc ngoai dfldc bd' tri cho d tai nhflng khu d ben ngoai tUdng cung vdi nhflng ngUdi ngheo khd Nhu vay la, sU sdp xep quyen lUc va ca'u true xa hpi cua rapt dd thieng la sU phan anh ve sU phan hang uy tin tfl trung tara ngoai vi The nhflng, dfldc cau true va xay dflng raang tinh ben vflng va lau dai hdn hdn sd vdi cac phd' budn ban ven bien, thi sU on dinh cua cac phd' ndng nghiep da't lien lai phu thupc rat nhieu vao uy quyen va sflc manh ciia dng vua cai tri Lich sif cua khu vflc Dong Nam A da cho tha'y, khdng it lan, toan bg dd phai di ddi den ragt chd khac theo y thich bat chdt cua dng vua Gan day nha't la, vao Ngd Vdn Doanh - Dd flii cd oDdiig Nam A - Thdi ky dd tin hoa ddu tieu nam 1857, vua cua n h a nudc Thfldng Mien da cho chuyen dd t h a n h cua minh tfl Ava A m a r a p u r a den M a n d a l a y Ngay cac thi thieng cua cac n h a nfldc ndng nghiep hflng t h i n h vao cudi thien nien ky thfl nha't va sud't ca thien nien ky thfl hai, thi d nhflng nha nfldc "thfldng mai" cua Ddng Nara A, cac t h a n h phd chd (thi t h a n h ) vdn tdn tai va p h a t trien Va, mot nhflng dd thi chd ldn nha't va dien h i n h nha't cua Ddng Nam A la Malacca t r e n ban dao Ma Lai Nhfl vay la, cac dd thi ddu tien cua Ddng Nara A b a t ddu x u a t hien vao nhflng the ky ddu cdng nguyen Cung vao thdi gian nay, cac qudc gia hay cac n h a nUdc cd dai dau tien cua Dong Nara A cung bdt dau h i n h t h a n h Va, n h u cac n h a khoa hpc da n h a n tha'y, vi n h i e u ly k h a c h quan va chii quan, cac rad h i n h thi ciia An Dp da dUdc ngUdi Ddng Nara A tiep n h a n de xay dUng n e n nhflng dd thi ddu tien cua rainh Trong sud't ca hai thien nien ky qua, ca hai kieu dd thi thieng: thfldng mai va ndng nghiep deu song song tdn tai The nhflng, cd t h e tha'y k h a ro la, vao nhflng the ky dau sau cdng nguyen, ma thfldng raai la ngudn t h u chinh cho cac qud'c gia, thi cac dd thi d Ddng Nara A chu yeu la cac dd thi thUdng raai Chi tfl gifla thien nien ky thfl n h a t trd di, cung vdi viec xua't hien cac n h a nUdc ndng nghiep, cac dd thi ndng nghiep thieng bat dau xua't hien va dan d a n trd t h a n h chu dao k h u vUc Ta't nhien, den t a n gifla thien nien ky thfl hai, d rapt so' quo'c gia thUdng mai ciia Dong Nara A, cac dd thi thUdng mai van dUdc tri va p h a t trien Vd, rapt so' trUdng hdp, n h u Champa va rapt so' quo'c gia cd d dao Gia Va (Inddnexia), vfla cd k i n h te thfldng 11 mai va vfla cd kinh te nong nghiep, nen d cac qud'c gia nay, ludn cung tdn tai hai loai hinh dd thi: dd thi cang va dd thi ndng nghiep (dd t h a n h ludn luon la dd thi ndng nghiep) Chinh vi vay ma, so'cac di san van hoa va nghe t h u a t kien true dd thi t r u y e n tho'ng (cac dd thi dUdc hinh t h a n h trUdc thdi thUc dan phUdng Tay) cua Dong Nam A cd nhflng dai dien cua ca hai loai h i n h dd thi./ CHU THICH Co the tham khao ve thi va ddi song thi d An Dp thdi xita trong: The wonder that was India, (by A.L.Basham), London, 1969 ChUdng VI, muc: Do thi Xem: Benda, Hary J (1965), "Political Elites in Colonial Southeast Asia, An Historical Analysis", VII, April, tr.234 Goe, Michael D, 1961, "Social Typology and Tropical Forest Civilization" Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.IV, tr.83 Trich dich theo: Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singpore, 2006, tr 145-149 Co the tham khao: Phrapathom National Museum, 1999 chedi Cac sfl lieu Trung Quo'c ma chung toi da dan la deu dan theo: G Coedes, Cd sii cdc qudc gia An Do hod d Vien Dong, (ban dich tieng Viet cua Nguyin Thfla Hy), Nxb.The gi6i, Ha Npi, 2008; Reginald Le May, The cultural background of Burma,- "Marg", vol.IX N.3, June, 1956; Ddn theo: Lifdng Ninh (chu bien), Lich sii Dong Nam A, Nxb.Giao due Ha Npi, 2005 Tinker, Hugh, 1965, Reorientations: Studies on Asia in Trdnition, Pall Mall Press, London ChUdng 2, The city in Asia, tr.31 ... nhat la tai ba khu vUc cua Ddng Nam A, da xuat hien cac trung tam dd thi: vfldng qud'c Phu Nam d vung luu sdng Me Cdng, vfldng qud'c Champa d mien trung Viet Nam, va vfldng qudc bien Lankasuka... cua de quoc Phu Nam nam each khong xa bd bien, ndi cd cang bien Oc Eo Cung cac sU lieu Trung Qud'c cdn cho biet them ve mpt so dd thi cua nudc lang gieng va phu thupc cua Phu Nam la nUdc Don... Nam la nUdc Don Ton Vi du, Ludng thu (Q.54, Liet truyen 48), cd doan viet: " Nudc Phu Nam d phia nam quan Nhat Nam d gifla vinh tay bien Kinh nudc each bien 500 dam Trong nudc cd song ldn, rdng