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ASSIGNMENT FRONT SHEET Qualification BTEC Level HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D1 ❒ Summative Feedback: Grade: Lecturer Signature: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Assessor Signature: Date: Table of Contents I Network Network definiton Ξ First of all, network also known as computer networking, which can be understand as a group of computers utilizing a principles of general communication protocols over digital connections for the intention of sharing resources located upon or accommodated by network nodes The operation of network transporting and exchanging data between nodes over a shared medium in an information system, depend on material wireless, optical and wired radio frequency methods which may be regulated in a variety of network frames (Anon., n.d.) Figure : Illustrated image of network Ξ Advantages of networking: File sharing – you'll easily share data between different users, or access it remotely if you keep it on other connected devices Resource sharing – using network-connected peripheral devices like printers, scanners and copiers, or sharing software between multiple users, saves money Sharing one internet connection – it's cost-efficient and might help protect your systems if you properly secure the network Increasing storage capacity – you'll be able to access files and multimedia, like images and music, which you store remotely on other machines or network-attached storage devices (Anon., n.d.) Types of Network LAN LAN(Local Area Network) is a network which is confined to a relatively tiny area It is commonly limited to a geographic area collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home (Anon., n.d.) Objects connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations Servers are practically utilized by humans indirectly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their users) on the computer networking Available services can consist printing and faxing,hosting of software, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others(Anon., n.d.) Advantages and disadvantages: ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ Benefits Drawbacks Figure 2:LAN image Resource Sharing High Setup Cost Software ApplicationSharing: single licensed Privacy Violations: The LAN administrators are software can be used by any people able to overview and check personal data files of Easy and Cheap Communication each or every LAN user Data Security Threat Centralized Data LAN Maintenance Job: software installations, Data Security program faults or hardware failures or cable Internet Sharing: LAN provides the facility for disturbances in Local Area Network sharing a single networking connection among all Covers Limited Area the LAN devices MAN Definition: MAN(Metropolitan area network) is a high-speed model which commonly spans a city or a large campus and network coverage than LAN It is formed by the connection LANs mutually through cables, transmission, … It perhaps public utilize networking infrastructure in different regions 2017) ¥ network has wider from multiple also refer to (Thakur, Ơ Ơ Characteristic: ã It has data rates are moderate to high • the average bandwidth but the range of connections is relatively large • A MAN generally is refered as a private data computer networking uses for single organization in several buildings or some organizations interconnected in the similar geographic neighborhood(Thakur, 2017) Benefits and drawbacks: Benefits Drawbacks Sending local emails o The installation cost is fast and free on MAN higher than LAN o MAN’s has a high- o The way for managing security level network is more o Able to share internet complicated, Difficult To Manage conection Each internet sharing has the o Need More wires same high-speed connection o Figure 3: MAN IMAGE WAN ¥ Definition: WAN also known as wide area network, is a large networking information which is not tied to a sole location, which combines between LAN and MAN network connected together through satellite, fiber optic cable or wire cable (Vendors, 2012) • WANs can facilitate communication, infomation sharing and much more between devices from around the world via a WAN provider • WAN not only be connected to a private network, but it also can create big connections, which covers an total country or the global The protocol utilized mainly in the WAN is TCP / IP protocol ¥ The connecting WAN networking path is usually available by changing based on each installation place (Vendors, 2012) Benefits and drawbacks: Advantages o The Wan controls over user access o The network security is quite good o Wan can store and share large tons of information o Sharing network can be applied by employees and customers Disadvantages o Initial Investment costs are more expensive than MAN and LAN o It is hard to maintain the network It requests proficient technicians and network administrators o Lower security compare to LAN and MAN due to wider coverage and use of more technologies o Quite many errors and trouble Figure 4: WAN illustration P2P Network ¥ A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a distributed communication models between two peers or nodes, which helps each user is capable to share any types of datas on any peer over this network without the requirement to a central server Unlike the server-client model, once a P2P network is established via Internet, a central server can be used to index datas, or establishing a shared network where the distribution of files is split between all peers in the network that are storing a given file This also means ¥ that the network, once established, user can utilized it to share and store files without the help of an intermediary Benefits and drawbacks Benefits Drawbacks • Operating without network operating system required • No requirement for an expensive server workstations are used to access files • Since each computer is able to be accessed by others, it can slow down the user's performance • There is no need for highskill staff like a network technician because each user can sets their own permissions for the files they are willing to share • Files and resources are disorganized centrally in a shared area They are stored on individual computers and can be difficult to identify if the • Datas cannot be centrally backed up Figure 5: P2P network Protocols and Standard Protocols A network protocol is an established set of rules that decide how data is transmitted between devices in the same network Primally, it permits connected devices to communicate with other, no matter what any differences in their internal processes, structure or design Network protocols is answer for question why you can easily communicate with people all through the world, and thus play a extremely vital role in modern digital communications (Anon., 2018) ¥ TCP/IP protocol: is a set of communication protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial computer networks run This set of protocols is named after its two main protocols, TCP and IP Like many other protocol suites, the TCP / IP protocol suite can be thought of as a set of layers, each solving a set of problems related to data transmission, and providing layer protocols a service's upper level is clearly defined based on the use of the lower layer services Logically, the upper layers are closer to the user and work with more abstract data or forms that can eventually be physically transmitted (Fisher, 2019) ¥ DNS protocol: is a system that allows converting easy-to-remember human domain names to their respective IP addresses DNS supports to associate with network equipment for the intentions of locating and addressing Internet devices The domain link resolution system shares the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping names to IP addresses by specifying the authoritative servers for each domain name Servers with powered names are assigned to be responsible for their own domain name, and in turn can assign their own exclusive hostnames to subdomains ¥ ICMP protocol: also know as Internet Control Message Protocol is a protocol of the Internet Protocol packet This protocol commomly be used by network devices like routers to transmit error messages indicating whether or not a service, a host or router address exists ICMP can also be used to fore query messages Unlike other protocols such as TCP and UDP, ICMP in that it is not generally used for transmitting data between systems, nor is it frequently used by end-user network applications (Anon., 2020) ¥ DHCP: is not only a client server application,but it also is a network management protocol Whenever any device connects to a network, client of DHCP requires an IP address and other network configuration data from a DHCP server The client and server communicate utilizing the DHCP protocol to provive the end user device accordingly (Anon., 2020) Standard Network standards define ground rules for data transmitions that are set by commissions in order to hardware is compatible computers and assures interoperability This is done to ensure that backwards compatibility and compatibility It is essensial for having standards since standards support to make and maintain opening markets and permit different vendors to compete on the basis of the quality of their products if they are compatible to existing market products (Perry, 2000) International standard organizations : International Standards Organization (ISO): The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is understood as an international nongovernmental organization created of national standards bodies; it expands and brings out a large range of proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards and is comprised of representatives from various national standards organizations (KENTON, 2020) International Telecommunication Union (ITU): International Telecommunication Union (ITU), also know as specialized branch of the United Nations, which was made up to promote international collaboration in most formations of telecommunication Its activities consist maintaining ordinal in the allocation of radio frequencies, setting standards on technical and operational matters, and aiding countries in development telecommunication systems (Britannica, n.d.) Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE): The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - the world's biggest technical association with quite 350,000 members in 150 countries, which is a non-profit organization that's dedicated to advancing the speculation and application of electrical and electronics engineering and engineering (Anon., 2019) American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The United States standards organization that sets up procedures for the development and organized matter of voluntary American national standards Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): The Internet Research Task Force is chartered by the ArchitectureBoard to think about long-term Internet issues from a theoretical point of view it's Research Groups, the same as Internet Engineering Task Force Working Groups, which are each signal and that's where a modem gets in A modem also known as Modulator+Demodulator That is understand it modulates and demodulates the signal among the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a telephone line (Shekhar, n.d.) Network router: A router is a network device that is responsible for routing traffic from one network to another You can think of a router as a traffic cop that directs different network traffic to different directions (Michael G Solomon, 2013) Figure 17: Moderm Bridge: If a router connects two different types of networks, a bridge connects two subnets as part of the same network (Michael G Solomon, 2013) Repeater: A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signals it receives In other words, you can think of a repeater as a device that receives the signal and transmits it at a higher or higher power level so that the signal can cover longer distances (Michael G Solomon, 2013) For example: In a university campus, the hostels may be distant away from the university where the ISP line is set If the university manager would like to pull a wire in between the hostels and main campus, they apparently have to use repeaters if the distance is so far since vary types of cables have limitations in terms of the distances they can carry the data for 2) NETWORKING Server: Figure 18: Repeater A network server is a computer designed to operate as central storage online and support to provide abundant resources like hardware access, disk space, printer access, etc, that are shared by users in a network to others in the same network A network server may not be differerent to a workstation in hardware, but the functions it bring about clearly differentiates it from workstations Network servers support to simplify the vary tasks for system administrators consist these center data around management Any configuration or security updates can be applied to a network server as an alternative for single passing to vary computers connected to the same network (Rountree, 2012) Figure 19: Network server ilustrated image In some case, If having a computer which no longer used due to its slow speed, it also can turn it into a network server for other computers in your same geography area The only thing which must ensure is having a big capacity enough hard drive (at least 100 GB) to store all the data which be put into it, specially if it's used to store videos, images, music or other files that take much space It's better using a wire connection to attach the computers to each other Common Server Types: i Application Servers: Sometimes brought up as a sort of middleware, application servers occupy an oversized chunk of computing territory between database servers and also the user, and they often connect the (Andrea, n.d.) ii Client Server: The client/server programming model, a server could be a program that a waits and fulfills requests from client programs within the same or other computers A specific application in a computer may operate as a client with requests for services from other programs and also as a server of requires from other programs (Andrea, n.d.) iii Collaboration Server: In many ways, collaboration software, once called ‘groupware,’ demonstrates the original power of the net Collaboration software designed to allow users to collaborate, regardless of location, through the web or a corporation intranet and to figure jointly pending a virtual environment.(Wimax, n.d.) iv FTP server: One of the oldest of the web services, File Transfer Protocol, makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security and organization similarly as transfer control (Andrea, n.d.) v MAIL Server: Almost as ubiquitous and vital as Web servers, mail servers transmit and accumulate mail via corporate networks (specially via LANs and WANs) and across the other net (Andrea, n.d.) vi OPEN SOURCE Server: From your underlying open source server package to the server software that help you get your job done, open source software could be a critical a part of many IT infrastructures (Wimax, n.d.) vii Proxy Server: Proxy servers sit between a client program (typically an internet browser) and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections (Andrea, n.d.) viii Real-Time Communication Server: Real-time communication servers, formerly called chat servers or IRC Servers, and still sometimes mentioned as instant messaging (IM) servers, enable large numbers users to exchange information near instantaneously (Wimax, n.d.) ix Virtual Servers: In 2009, the quantity of virtual servers deployed exceeded the quantity of physical servers Today, server virtualization has become near ubiquitous within the data center From hypervisors to hybrid clouds, ServerWatch looks at the newest virtualization technology trends (Andrea, n.d.) x Web Server: Web Servers At its core, an internet server serves static content to an internet browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the network to a user’s applications programme this whole exchange is mediated by the browser and server lecture one another using HTTP (Andrea, n.d.) IV Inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software 1) Inter-dependence Interdependence is commonly viewed as the relationship between two object in which the detriment from the relationship's severance or the commutes reduction is equal to each object The status in which actors or events in different parts is referred to by interdependence (Anon., n.d.) Example: A discount presents to benefit one saler in case it is definitely separate from other saler But if this actor results in other salers also having to discount their selling costs, most salers lose profits Because of this interdependence, companies often figure out to avoid cost competition and use price recommendations to regulate their prices 2) Workstation software A work station is known as a special computer which designed for engineer or science applications It's generally intended for individual utility that is faster and more proficient than a personal computer Because of a part, they are PCs, as far as they can also be used independently of the mainframe in case they have their own applications installation and their own hard disk (Edward Liebing, n.d.) Figure 20: Workstation Hardware Once a require is received from computer, through the internet to the server, there are some scheduling algorithms, which decides what resource is to be contributed to which require In this way a software interacts, with the workstation hardware Commonly, the diskless workstations will have their operating systems in the servers When a workstation requires to use a network constituent, for illustrated, a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component In the other point, workstation hardware are generally associated to a local computer network and execute multi-user operating systems Workstations provide higher performance than ordinary PCs, specially about graphics and CPU, memory hard disk storage, and multitasking ablity (Edward Liebing, n.d.) 3) Network Software Network software is an extremely extensive term to point a scope of software aimed at the sketch and implementation of high-end networks Network software also is foundational compoment for any network It supports administrators implement, manage, and observe a network Conventional networks are created of specific hardware, can be told as routers and switches Different types of networking software support the making up, calibration and execution of networks (Kshira Sahoo, Bibhudatta Sahoo, Brojo Mishra, 2021) Figure 21: Network Software Software-defined networking (SDN) splits up software from the hardware, help it easier to ninovate and adjust the network to rapidly meet exchanging network exigencys There are emulate architectures for Network Software from vary caterers A high-level prospect of the architecture in effortless terms centralizes conduct of the network by spliting up the logical control to off-device resources (Kshira Sahoo, Bibhudatta Sahoo, Brojo Mishra, 2021) Inspite of the differences, all network software have a form of an software defined network controller 4) the interdependency of workstation hardware with relevant networking software In this part, I will explain the inter-dependency of the two above A network is formed, when more than one computer is connected to each other, for the intention of communication among them Servers also appear in a network, which contributes data storage places Servers so that be in charge of so many computers require an operating system Workstations also have operating systems in the server When workstation requests to utilize a network element like a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component Server must be in contact on behalf of all the workstations This is able to led to congest and rise in traffic In addition, all the network computers are utilizing the server hard disk, CPU, Memory and etc Workstation (Client) hardware also must stand by until server hardware contributes the data it required Hence, the main point is implementing workstations/ Network softwares in the network is about to rise the Interdependence of workstation 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[Online] Available at: https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-WAN.html [Accessed 2021] Wimax, n.d freewimaxinfo [Online] Available at: http://freewimaxinfo.com/server-types.html ... 802 .11 b and 802 .11 g (Sebastian Max; Rui Zhao; Dee Denteneer; Lars Berlemann, 20 21) 802 .11 g: This type of wireless standard is the most commonly used one today This further expands on the 802 .11 b... 10 Mbps (Hanna, 2 019 ) 10 0Base-TX: 10 0Base-TX may be a modified version of 10 0Base-T which helps the transmitting speeds of 10 0 Mbps among devices employing two pairs of type cables when the 10 0Base-TX... 54Mbps and distances up to 15 0 feet (45.72 Meters) It also still uses the 2.4GHz range which allows it to be compatible with the 802 .11 b wireless standard(Mitchell, 2 018 ) 802 .11 n: This wireless standard