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Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.Đặc điểm của từ ngữ lóng trên tư liệu của tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN THI HOAI TAM CHARACTERISTICS OF SLANG WORDS ON CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE DOCUMENTS Speciality: Linguistics Classification: 9.22.90.20 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON LINGUISTICS Hanoi - 2022 This thesis is done in Hanoi National University of Education Advisor: Prof.PhD Nguyen Van Khang Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof PhD Vu Thi Thanh Huong (Institute of Linguistics) Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Pham Ngoc Ham (University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University) Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Pham Thi Thu Thuy (Hanoi National University of Education) The thesis will be defended in front of the school committee in charge of doctoral thesis of Hanoi National University of Education at 2022 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Information center and the library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY THE AUTHOR Nguyen Thi Hoai Tam, New conceptions of slang among Chinese linguists Language & Life magazine, No (238)-2015 Nguyen Thi Hoai Tam, Method of forming slang words in Vietnamese Language & Life magazine, No 12(306)-2020 Nguyen Thi Hoai Tam, Characteristics of Vietnamese slang words from the perspective of meaning and scope of use Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, No (69) 2021 INTRODUCTION The rationale for the selected topic 1.1 Slang is a familiar concept in linguistics as well as in life It is a colloquial language which is characterized by local color and tradition It exists together with different social groups, so it not considered the standard language of the society 1.2 According to the theory of social linguistics about social dialects, social groups exist, respectively, there will be social dialects, slang is considered a specific type of social dialect Because of the dependence on social groups, slang is on a strong trend Vietnamese and Chinese society since the 1980s has changed due to the impact of the market economy and international integration Accordingly, the social divide is very strong, social groups appear more and more, making language variations formed in Vietnamese and in Chinese also thrive, including slang 1.3 In slang, words play a major role In other words, slang is made of words Slangs are created by social groups, so they are characteristic of each social group However, as a part of a language, slang is formed inseparable from the general characteristics of each language So, it is necessary to point out the structural and semantic characteristics of slangs This not only contributes to the study of lexical-semantic characteristics of a language but also promotes the use and learning of a foreign language This is the reason why we select and study the topic "Characteristics of slang words on Chinese and Vietnamese documents" Purpose and task of research 2.1 Research purpose: To systematize theoretical issues related to slangs, analyze, compare and clarify the structural and semantic features of Chinese and Vietnamese slangs The research results contribute to the study of slang in particular, the social dialect of social linguistics in general and devote to the understanding ethnic cultural characteristics of language 2.2 Research mission: Here are the following main tasks: 1) Systematize theoretical points of view in studying the characteristics of Chinese and Vietnamese slangs, thereby building a theoretical basis for the thesis; 2) Study and survey Chinese and Vietnamese slangs on two aspects: structural side and semantic side; 3) Through surveying the structural and semantic sides of slang words in Chinese and Vietnamese, the thesis aims to point out the general characteristics of slang words and the specific features of them in each language Subject, scope and materials of research 3.1 Research subject: The research subject of the thesis is slangy words and phrases in Chinese and Vietnamese, collected from Vietnamese - Chinese dictionaries and articles through the media 3.2 Research scope: The research scope is to study and survey Chinese and Vietnamese slangs on two aspects: structural side and semantic side Because the concept of slang words in particular and slang in general associated with morphemeification is still quite complicated, in this thesis, the researcher limits slang in four social groups: robbery, drug abuse, prostitution and smuggling Slang terms used among these social groups are inherently confirmed with the traditional concept that slang links to bad social groups in the society 3.3 Document sources: Research documents of slangs falls into 1.472 Vietnamese slangs and 1.472 Chinese slangs from a number of dictionaries and printed newspapers Specifically: - Nguyen Van Khang (2002), Vietnamese slang dictionary, Science and Society Publisher, Ha Noi - 李淑娟 最新中国俚语－汉英对照（New slang of China, New World Press)［ M］.新世界出版社, 2006 (Ly Thuc Quyen – Li Shu juan (2006), Latest Chinese Slang – Chinese – English comparison （ New slang of China, New World Press) ［ M ］ , New World Publisher.) - 陆静贞。新编俗俚语大全.浙江古籍出版社, 2007 Lục Tinh Trinh (2007), Great dictionary of new proverbs and slang, Zhejiang Ancient History Publisher.) - Printed and online articles of newspapers such: People's Public Security newspaper, Capital Security newspaper, World Security newspaper, or documents provided by friends and colleagues - Some films broadcasted on VTV1, VTV3 TV; some forums on media such as Facebook, Weibo, etc Research methods and tactics: The thesis uses the following research methods: Methods of collecting data, method of linguistic description, qualitative research and quantitative research methods; meaning analysis, meaning field and vocabularygrammar variation analysis, meaning context analysis, and comparison Contributions of the topic 5.1 Theoretical aspect: Research results of the thesis contribute to clarify the theoretical and practical achievements on slangs in modern Chinese and Vietnamese languages, clarify structural and semantic features of Chinese and Vietnamese slangs; at the same time, give comments on the similarities and differences of them, and clarify some basic characteristics of the language variation in the community of Chinese and Vietnamese from the theoretical foundation of Social Linguistics 5.2 Practical aspect: By using research results, the thesis aims to contribute to the work of approaching and explaing slang words and slangs as well as their usages, especially in the current context with the ever-increasing number of social groups, making language variants more and more diverse The thesis results will also have great contribution in preserving the puriness of Vietnamese, improving the efficiency of using, teaching and learning Chinese and Vietnamese Structure of the thesis: In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis has chapters as follows: Chapter Overview of the research situation and theoretical basis Chapter Structural features of slang words (from Vietnamese and Chinese documents) Chapter Semantic features of slang words (from Vietnamese and Chinese documents) CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation on slangs 1.1.1 International research situation Appearing from the second half of the 20th century, Social Linguistics revolves around researching and systematically explaining the developments and fluctuations of language under the influence of social factors As a variant used in verbal communication, slang is a type of social dialects Authors of studies on slang in the world such as : "Kansas University Slang: A New Generation" (Dundes Alan and Schonhorn 1963), "The language of the teenage revolution: the dictionary defeated" (Hudson, 1983), when studying the tendency to use slang by young people in society, have noticed a major difference between slang and standard English, etc.; The language of teenage groups - They don't speak our language (Clem, 1976) studied the language of the youth, namely the standard deviation when using American English; etc 1.1.2 The research situation in China and Vietnam 1.1.2.1 In China The study of slang is one of the areas that attracts quite a lot of interested Chinese researchers The study of Chinese slangs is conducted from many aspects: from pure theory, from slangs in ancient texts, and from slangs in the media such as 最 新 中 国 俚 语 － 汉 英 对 照( 李 淑 娟 Li Shujuan, 2006); 现代俚语的概念界定及其形成 机理 (闫文培 Yan Wenpei) 1.1.2.2 In Vietnam Since the beginning of the 20th century, many domestic and oversea scholars have paid attention to the study of slang in Vietnam One of the first studies on slang in Vietnam was L'argot anamite (Vietnamese slang) published in the Journal of the Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (BEFEO) since 1905 by J.N Cheon Author Nguyen Van To (1889-1947) had the essay L'argot anamite de Hanoi published in 1925 The evaluation trends of slang researchers are: 1/ Slangs are an unhealthy phenomenon in language which only exists in a classbased society and gradually disappears, so it is necessary to take a radical anti-slang attitude as well as remove it from the cultural language (Nguyen Van Tu 1976; Nguyen Kim Dien, Nguyen Trong Bau, 1982; etc.) 2/ It is necessary to have a respectful attitude and accept good, positive slang, to complement the the national language (Trinh Lien and Tran Van Chanh, 1979; Nguyen Thien Giap, 2002, etc.) 3/ Comprehensive study of slang from the perspective of social linguistics (Nguyen Van Khang, 2002), According to the author, slang is a specific variant of social linguistics; The concept of "slang" is explored in terms of origin; distinguished from jargon, at-work language, euphemism; methods of creating Vietnamese slang and their function in relation to Vietnamese in general 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Social dialect 1.2.1.1 The concept of social dialect As long as social groups exist, languages still have social dialects The number of social dialects will be equal to its of social groups The formation of social dialects is therefore closely related to the social attributes of the communicator "Each member of society will be classified into different social classes on the basis of a series of criteria such as gender, age, occupation, background, cultural level, Social class characteristics have a direct impact and create characteristics of language in use" (Nguyen Van Khang, 2012) 1.2.1.2 Language variants, standard and non-standard variants Author Nguyen Van Khang (2012) argues that "Language variations are forms of existence and transformation of language and expressions of language commonly used in the same social situation with the same social characteristics" Language variations have diverse expressions with different levels Despite many controversial opinions about standard language, most researchers now agree that standard language can be understood as norms accepted by the social community The opposite is nonstandard The fact shows that non-standard does not mean it is wrong Language development can transform non-standard phenomena into the norm after a period of use Therefore, it is difficult to have a clear-cut boundary between standard and nonstandard variants 1.2.1.3 Communication community The communication community is the most important part of the social community, which “is a group of people who communicate with each other using the same language" (L Bloomfield ) A communication community is a social community where people use the same language or some certain forms of language In particular, the common feature about the means of communication - language, is the link connecting that language community 1.2.1.4 Language choice and language usages Communication is the most important function of language, because language is born to perform the function of communication The communication process is considered the process of applying and choosing the language Accordingly, "Choice is considered one of the essences of the use and interpretation of language The choice of language is conducted at any level of the language such as phonetics, grammar, vocabulary Because just a small transformation in one stage will create a deep sense of pragmatical meaning" (Nguyen Van Khang, 2012) 1.2.1.5 Language attitude Speaking of language choices, it is impossible not to mention language attitudes Language attitude is an assessment of the value and behavioral tendencies of a community or individual to a language or a language phenomenon There are three linguistic attitudes that are often mentioned: Loyalty, prejudice, and self-deprecation 1.2.2 Some problems regarding words, phrases and the meanings of words 1.2.2.1 Words and phrases a) Word: Word is an important unit of language that attracts a lot of attention from researchers However, so far, neither in Chinese nor Vietnamese has a unified view of it It can be seen that the word has a number of characteristics as follows: Chinese and Vietnamese words are is fixed in form of expression; word always exists and is available in every language Words are composed by some methods such as: Singleword formation method (changing the morpheme to create grammatical characteristics and lexical meaning); complex-word formation method (combining two or more morphemes having same properties together in a certain order to create new words); duplication method (acting on a base morpheme to create another partly or totally similar morpheme) b) Phrase: here referred to fixed phrase that "has sustainable vocabulary and grammar" (Diep Quang Ban) In term of the formation, word and phrase are different in the number of morphemes However, in term of the meaning, the meanings of word and phrase are equivalent, denoting (identifying) the same thing or phenomenon Within the scope of the thesis, we conceive of slang words including slang phrases and slang words 1.2.2.2 Word meaning Word meaning is the spiritual content from which the word manifests It is formed by the combination and impact of many factors, including external ones such as objects, phenomena in objective reality, users’ mindset and internal language factors such as (signal function or structural system of language) Types of word meanings include denotative meaning, significative meaning, pragmatical meaning 1.2.3 Slang and related terms 1.2.3.1 Definition of “Slang” There are different views of slang On that basis, within the scope of the thesis, we conceive slang as a linguistic phenomenon with basic characteristics: (1) Slang is a variant of social linguistics, associated with a particular social group, created, used by that social group, clearly expressing the identity of that social group; (2) Slang has a limited, informal scope of use (3) Slang is provisional in nature, appears rapidly and changes, can be lost quickly However, there are also a few slang words that go into the linguistic life of people, are accepted and become new elements in the language; (4) Slang is no longer confidential and expands the scope of meaning 1.2.3.2 Distinction between slang and other terms In the scope of this thesis, we distinguish slang from other terms such as jargon, terminology, at-work word, dialects and euphemism They have certain similarities and differences 1.2.3.3 Characteristics of slang As a social dialect, slang does not give itself a phonetic or grammatical system, but the difference mainly stems from the lexical resources with all new senses of meaning or those that “overlap” the original meanings Slang is built on the basis of separating the "expressed" of those slang from the "expressed" of commonly used words and at the same time introducing the "new expressive meaning" Therefore, 10 These phenomena initially show that the formation of Chinese slang is very diverse and highly productive Table 2.2 Chinese slang by word units Rate Number of word unit Social groups Total (%) Single complex words words Robbery 56 74 337 467 31,73% Drugs 29 46 314 389 26,43% Prostitution 31 59 225 315 21,40% Smuggling 32 54 215 301 20,44% Total 148 233 1091 1.472 (%) 10,05% 15,83% 74,12% 100% phrases 100% 2.1.1.2 Parts of speech In terms of the part of speech, Chinese slang can be divided into: - Word: Slang words are nouns: 241 (14,54%); (2) verbs: 116 (7,88%) (3) adjectives: 51 (3,46%); - Phrase: Slang phrases are noun phrases 556 (37,77%); verb phrases: 417 (28,33%); adjective phrases: 118 (8,02%) 2.1.2 Structural features of Chinese slang in specific 2.1.2.1 Chinese single-syllable slang words 1) In term of the structure, Chinese slang words can also be composed of one morpheme by means of morpheme magnetization (148 single words) 2) In term of the origin, Chinese single-syllable slang words are divided into native slangs (115 words, for examples 爬 cướp; 搬 kiếm khoản tiền lớn) and foreign slangs (33 words, for examples 笳, 筋 ketamin, 操 fuck) 3) In term of the parts of speech: 77 single-syllable slang words are nouns, for example: 货 hàng lậu, 妈 ngực phụ nữ; 53 single-syllable words are verbs, for example: 办 phạt, 崩 bị bắn chết; 18 are adjective, for example: 嗨 phê thuốc, 拽 chảnh, 甩 đẹp trai, 切 xì 2.1.2.2 Chinese complex slang words 11 Chinese slang words are formed by two methods, which are morpheme compounding and morpheme reduplicating a) Slang words are mainly compound words (201), appearing in social groups: robbery, for example: 搠包儿 robbery, 大院子 nhà tù; drugs, for example: 鸽子, 迪 饼 thuốc lắc, 条子 cảnh sát; prostitution, for example: 肉票，煤饼，鸡 gái làng chơi, 发嗲 làm nũng; smuggling, for example:着草 chuồn, chạy trốn; 老巢 hang ổ, tụ điểm băng nhóm b) Slang words are duplicated words (32) For example: 光光 tỏi, chán chường; 蓝 蓝 đàn ông; 屁屁 mông In terms of origin, there are 192 complex words derived from native words, for example: 老二 phận sinh dục nam, 出册 tù; 41 Chinese complex words that are of foreign origin, for examples: K 仔 Ketamon; E 仔 thuốc lắc; MB 妈比 motherfucker 2.1.2.3 Chinese slang phrases In terms of the number of morphemes, Chinese slang phrases are divided into slang phrases with morphemes: 651(42,29%); morphemes: 289 (19,63%); or more morphemes: 151 (10,26%) In social groups there are differences in the number of slang phrases: slang phrases in robbery group: 337 ( 22,89%); in drug group 314 (21,53%); in prostitution group: 225 (15,29%); in smuggling group: 215 (14,61 3%) Slang phrases with or more morphemes: 151 (10.2%), for example: 梁上君子 đầu trộm đuôi cướp; 自作自受 tự làm tự chịu 2.2 Structural features of Vietnamese slang 2.2.1 Structual features of Vietnamese slang in general 2.2.1.1 Structural components The specific results are as follows: 12 Table 2.3 Vietnamese slang words belong to social groups by the number of morphemes Number of morphemes Social group or more Total morpheme morphemes morphemes morphemes Rate (%) Robbery 104 216 54 51 425 28,87% Drugs 101 211 55 51 418 28,40% Prostitution 80 182 43 39 344 23,37% Smuggling 69 145 36 35 285 19,36% 354 754 188 176 1.472 100% 24,05% 51,22% 12,77% 11,96% 100% Total (%) - According to the social group: Robbery group has the largest number: 425/1.472 (28,87%); drug group: 418/172 (28,40%); prostitution: 344/172 (23,37%); smuggling: 285/1472 (19,36%) - Slang with morphemes has the largest number: 754 (51,22%); morpheme: 354 (24,05%); morphemes: 188 (12,77%) and or more morphemes: 176 (11,96%) 2.2.1.2 Parts of speech - Slang as nouns: 147(9,99%), as verbs: 105 (7,13%), as adjectives: 44 (2,99%); Slang as noun phrases: 651 (44,23%), verb phrases: 460 (31,25%), adjective phrases: 65 ( 4,41%) - In terms of word formation methods, most of Vietnamese slang words are formed on the basis of Vietnamese: these slang words are slang words using the inherent lexical units of Vietnamese and give them a new meaning, which is slangy meaning For example: bệnh viện: nhà tù, cơm trắng (ma tuý) In terms of origin, Vietnamese slang words are composed mainly from Vietnamese origin; foreign slang accounts for low rate 2.2.2 Structural features of Vietnamese slang in specific 2.2.2.1 Vietnamese single slang words There are 122/1,427 Vietnamese single slang words (8,29%) In terms of origin, 13 there are 63 slang words that are Vietnamese-origin words: 51.64% (mổ, tép, rau, dính,…); 43 Chinese-origin words : 35.25% (thạch, yêu, cửu, lậm), 17 India- European words: 13,93% ( some, đô, ken, swing) In terms of part of speech, there are 69 single words as nouns (thạch, đồn, vé), 38 as verbs (dính, bắn, chịch),15 as adjectives: (xộp, khủng)… 2.2.2.2 Vietnamese complex slang words Vietnamese complex slang words include compound words and reduplicated words: 259/1.472 (17,60%), reduplicated words: 4/1.472 (0,27%) In terms of origin, the slang words in Vietnamese are diverse in origin, such as: pure Vietnamese: 71, Chinese-origin: 107 , India-European-origin: 38 ( xăng xanh, sêm sêm, ô ran sếch) 2.2.2.3 Vietnamese slang phrases Slang in social groups has little difference Specifically: drugs: 311/1.472 (21,13%), robbery: 306/1.472 (20,79%), prostitution: 259/1.472 (17,06%), smuggling: 211/1.472 (14,33%) In terms of part of speech, noun phrases have the highest number: 326/1.472 (47,80%), next is verb phrases: 287/1.472 (42,08%), adjective phrases: 69/1.472 (10,12%) In terms of the origin, 229 noun phrases has pure Vietnamese origin; 401 Chinese-origin phrases and 52 India-European origin phrases 2.3 Comments (1) It can be seen that slang in both Chinese and Vietnamese languages are based on the word and phrase formation methods of each language, that is, morphemes making up single words, compound words and noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases Slang words are duplicative words in Vietnamese and Chinese accounts for a negligible number (2) Chinese and Vietnamese both make use of foreign words and their phonetic forms, and meme simulation method to create slang.; (3) In Vietnamese, there is also a phenomenon of changing the first consonant to create slang (nhị: bị,; lục: mục) or “mixing the rhyme” to create slang (bát: bét, súng: séng); (4) It is possible to create slang words with unfamiliar phonetic form: Create slang by giving it a new meaning – a sense of meaning that only the members of the group can understand Or, using Vietnamese words with phonetic forms that not express semantic characteristics The origin of these phonetic forms may come from the influence of the use of verbal or dialect words - phonetic forms are provided 14 with entirely new meanings; (5) Many 2-morpheme slang words are removed one, often retaining a blurred meaning that are not used independently; (6) The majority of slang words in both Chinese and Vietnamese are created by using existing vocabulary units and granting them a slang meaning; (7) For Chinese, slang words are also created based on the pictograms of Chinese characters 2.4 Sub-conclusion of chapter Chapter explored the characteristics of Vietnamese and Chinese slang words in terms of slang formation characteristics and slang word formation methods Based on the classification of slang words, we have analyzed the structural features of Vietnamese and Chinese slang words and phrases in turn in terms of part of speech, origin and structural form 15 CHAPTER SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SLANGS (FROM VIETNAMESE AND CHINESE DOCUMENTS) 3.1 Semantic characteristics of slangs in general (From Vietnamese and Chinese documents) 1) As a social dialect, slang does not give itself a phonetic or grammatical system, but the difference mainly stems from lexical resources This difference is expressed in slang Slang is built on the basis of separating the "new expressed" from the "expressed" of commonly used words and at the same time introducing the "new expressive meaning" Therefore, listeners are forced to decode and of course only members of the same social group can decode that code Thus, slang utterances will have the following characteristics: In terms of structure: slang utterances are built on the sentence structure of Vietnamese and Chinese, in which slang words only account for a part, but not all Regarding semantics: the utterance is often difficult to understand, or incomprehensible due to its “closeness” and “group confidentiality” in meaning of slang 2) In chapter two we presented the structural characteristics of slang words in Chinese and Vietnamese These are related to their semantic characteristics For example, slang words are created from the literal meaning, the semantic meaning (commonly used in life), where accordingly, in order to switch into slang maning, they are forced to change meanings (switching from semantics to slangy meaning) In addition to that, slang words are also created from strange phonetic forms which will be granted with additional slang meanings to become slang Similarly, many slang words are created from foreign language words by granting new meanings or sense of meanings Hence, the meaning of slang words does not separate the characteristics of their structure The sense in the meaning of slang plays an important role in determining the slang meaning of slang In particular, slang, due to the high level of "personalization" within social groups to ensure confidentiality, are very popular to be created and used by gangster groups (groups of people with a tendency to break the law) 3) In the development of word meaning, people usually mention “extending meaning” and “narrowing meaning” However, the researcher uses the concepts of 16 "generalization of meaning" and "specialization of meaning" to refer to the transmission from semantic meaning to slang meaning It is realized that the shift from semantic meaning to slang meaning of slang almost use the specialization approach, that is, from the generally semantic meaning, the words are given new slangy meanings and turn into slang words For example: The word “hàng” from the meaning of “a general product created by people to trade in the market” is narrowed by the group of prostitution to refer to “sluts” This narrowed meaning still means the general meaning used by normal people; yet can also be “drug”, “weed” 货 in Chinese mean “general product” is given a new meaning of “drug” 4) Word meaning transformations: The formation of slang meaning mainly bases on the basis of meaning transformations Metaphorical transformation: Based on the sense of meaning that provoke metaphorical transformation, slang in surveyed social groups are under the forms of: Metaphor formed basing on the similarity of form between things (rơm, bút, đoàn, cặp bưởi, etc); Metaphor formed basing on the similarity in how it is done (thác ném, trồng cỏ, xả đá, góc, số, bóc lịch, etc); functional metaphors formed basing on functional similarity ( gà cưng, an dưỡng, bạn hiền, etc) In addition, many slang terms are formed using metaphorical proper names That can be the character's name in literature and artistic works such as novels, movies, songs, etc ("Thị Nở": ugly woman, “Quỳnh Búp bê”: prostitute) Metonym transformation: Compared with metaphorical transformation, slang words surveyed social groups established by metonym transformation are few in number However, the metonymized words are mostly familiar words and are used quite often, for example: chân dài, kiều nữ, cậu bé, áo mưa, etc Metonym transformation includes many types, for example: Based on the part-whole relationship (black hand: state officials and employees together with fraudsters for smuggling); based on the costume-person relationship ("yellow shirt": police; "blue shirt": armed police; "cacap": cadre, etc); 5) Same as normal words, slang words also have multi-meaning, synoyms and antonyms - The phenomenon of multi-meaning is expressed as: It is based on developing the original meaning into slang meaning, for example ( gà, chém, đạn, đâm họng, gả, làm 17 việc, mốc 51, sờ; multi-meaning by itself has many different meanings (excluding the original meaning), for example: hàng, gà, nhập, chơi, cò mồi, chim lợn; With a same slang, different social groups will give it a different meaning Among these meanings, we can still recognize a certain relationship according to a certain association For example, the word “hàng” has different senses of meaning in different social groups: prostitution group gives it a meaning of sluts; robbery group means weapon; drugs group mean “thuốc phiện, cần sa, đá, ke” (drugs); smuggling group mean smuggling products thuốc lá, đường, thuốc y tế Synonym of slang words Slang terms created by social groups are largely spontaneous and accepted by social groups When expressing different things and phenomena, each social group in general and each object in the group in particular always tend to create new slang words to express the same thing or phenomenon Therefore, many slang words for the same thing and phenomenon are created, so many synonyms are formed For example, slangs meaning members of the prostitution group can be mentioned such as: bị lạc, bơng hoa nhỏ, ca ve, cá vàng, cai gà, gà, chim lạ, chị đại, nhạn, nhện, lạ, đại gia, kiều nữ, chân dài, em út, gái bán hoa, gái bao,…;失足女 (gái bán dâm), 麦客 (người làm thêu vụ gặt), 风声贱人 (tiện nhân tin đồn), 小姐 (tiểu thư), 肉票 (con tin)，煤饼 (bánh than) 6) The meaning of slang is often "strange" to non-group members or outsiders because it belongs to the own language of specific social groups Accordingly, the meaning of utterances (slang) is often difficult or impossible to understand for those who not belong to the social group that uses such slangs For example: In Chinese, a social group engaged in prostitution uses 雄西: prostitute ("tây” 西 refers to female genitalia) 7) It can be said that, both in Chinese and Vietnamese, modern slang in general and informal slang words in particular are currently becoming a social language phenomenon In terms of meaning, slang can have positive but also negative or neutral meanings This range of meaning is up to the subject, the communication purposes and the need 8) It can be said that the appearance of slang words has its rationales For 18 example, in Chinese, there is an appearance of the word “大哥大” (đại ca đại): “大 哥大” is a word that was formerly used to call a cell phone or a hand-held phone, its slang meaning is “The head of the Macau and Hong Kong gangs”: In Hong Kong movies, the person who joined the gang early on is called “大哥 (đại ca)”, and the leader is called “大哥大” (đại ca đại) as whenever the TV is turned on, we can see the "big men" having a phone in their hand 9) The semantics of slang words have socio-cultural characteristics, namely cultural features of social groups For example: The smuggling group: 社会人 (people who social work): gangsters (about dress styles, ); prostitution group : 菊花只是一种 花 (Chrysanthemum is just a flower) refers to the male anal organ used in homosexual male relationships For example: 爆 菊 花 (explosion of chrysanthemums): anal sex That is the reason why slang terms are inherently attributed to "black" social groups, so it is often assumed that only "uneducated" people use slang terms People who use slang terms (slang) are always considered to be people from the “lower class of society” tầng lớp thấp xã hội (for example, bình dân thành thị, nơng dân, tiểu thương nhỏ nhóm lưu manh,v.v.)” 10) The meanings of slang carry social characteristics in each specific period First of all, slang words belong to specific social groups Accordingly, the appearance of social groups, especially "negative" social groups, will be the roots of slang in those social groups This explains why words related to prostitution, drugs, gambling are increasingly diverse For example, for a slut, there are dozens of names in both Chinese and Vietnamese there are names taken from the names of characters in stories and movies that are circulated For example, in Chinese recently appeared: “苍井空还是处女。(Aoi Sora is still a virgin) 11) It can be said that the slang words of social groups are quite rich They exist and develop in parallel with the existence and development of social’s vices While old slang words have not lost, new slang words have continuously appeared to ensure the confidentiality of information Slang that social groups use is those expressing issues they care about To illustrate this point, we will deeply analyze the semantic ranges 19 expressed in social groups of robbery, drugs, prostitution smuggling 3.2.1 Semantic characteristics of Chinese slangs on four groups (Robbery, prostitutes, drug abuse, and smuggling) In this section, we focus on classifying the meanings of slang belonging to the above four social groups 3.2.1.1 Slang in robbery group The following sub-divisions of robbery group include, For example: 佛爷 Robbers, usually those arrested, 匠人 robber, 响了万 famous theft; victim of robbery, e.g: 羔 羊 (prey, gullible people); Legal representatives to prevent theft and robbery, for example: 雷子 how to call the police in Beijing; The act of observing, stealing, stealing, for example: 入地 going into the grave to steal; Stuffed or robbed items, for example: 黄货 precious metals; Being caught under the law, for example: 翘辫子 (ngỏm củ tỏi, lọt hố…) 3.2.1.2 Slang in prostitution group People who practice prostitution, for example: 失足女 prostitutes;- Customers who buy sex, for example: 大款 rich customers who buy sex; Places where sex trade take place, for example: 娼家: brothels; Types of prostitution, for example: 傍 pairing with rich people; means genitals, for example: 小弟弟 male genitalia, 咪咪 female breast; The act of buying and selling sex, making love, for example: 打奔儿: kissing hard, cooking tongue porridge, Pekingese… 3.2.1.3 Slang in drug abuse group People engaged in the buying, selling, or transporting of drugs, for example: 农夫 cannabis growers; The legal representative to prevent the sale of drugs, for example: 人太杂了 Police in a drug trafficking group; The place to gather, process and operate drug activities, for example example: 大烟馆 shelter for addicts; Types of drugs, eg: E 仔, 亚当, 六神丸; Number of drugs, for example: 块: heroin cake; The act of using drugs, for example: 吃冰败火, 溜冰, 烧锅, 煲猪肉, 牙齿保健: using drugs 3.2.1.4 Slangs of smuggling group - People who smuggling and are related to the smuggling group For example: 头马: leader; Social evils of corruption and bribery, for example: 拔撞: backstabbing; 20 Type of smuggled goods, for example: 次毛: poor quality goods; The actions of the smuggler in smuggling activities, for example: 扎 款 making money; Vehicles transporting contraband goods, for example: 流千张 forging papers and documents; Legal representative, for example: 出现场: police at the scene; 柳记: warden 3.2.2 Classification of Vietnamese slang in groups of robbery, drug abuse, prostitution and smuggling on semantic side 3.2.2.1 Slang in robbery group Slang denoting robbery-related activities are divided into five groups as follows: Robbers and members in their robbery groups, for example: bẻo, cáo già, diễn viên; victim of robbery, for example: mồi, vịt béo, so trưng tẩy, hàng; the legal representatives preventing robbery, for example: cớm, cớm nổi, bồ câu trắng; acts of stealing, for example: ăn hồ, bốc xỉ, cắt bom, nhẩu; objects are robbed, for example: chợn gập, xế, xế nổ; weapons, for example: bút, đồn, hàng nóng; arrested robbers, for example: bế, mún tớn, sa lưới, tôm 3.2.2.2 Slang in drug abuse group People involved in the drug trading, for example: bà trùm, bố già, anh cả; Place where drug activities are run, for example: đại doanh, điểm nóng, thánh địa; Các loại drugs, for example: bỉ, bỉ đen, bỉ trắng, bồ đà, cỏ; act of using drugs, for example: ăn đêm, bảo kê, bắn, bú đá; being arrested, for example: an dưỡng, bóc lịch, chăn kiến… 3.2.2.3 Slang in prostitution group Prostitutes, for example: át chủ bài, bé; the organizers of the prostitution activity, for example: bánh mì, cai gà, chị đại; place where prostitution activities are run, for example: bãi đáp, bãi chăn; Types of prostitution, for example: du lịch, tàu nhanh, tàu chậm, tàu chợ; Slangs for the genitals, for example: cặp dừa, cặp bưởi, cậu nhỏ; Act of buying and selling sex, for example: ấp, bán hoa, búc, chịch; Attitudes when buying and selling sex, for example: chảnh, dầm, diếm, dư sức qua cầu; illegal money, illegal payment from prostitution activities, for example: tờ, vé, xanh, trâu, ông tóc xoăn; 3.2.2.4 Slang in smuggling group People involved around smuggling and related to smuggling group, for example: bà trùm, bàn tay đen, băng đá kí; Bribery and bribery activities, for example: bồi dưỡng; 21 social evils of corruption, for example: ăn theo, hạ cánh an toàn, nhúng chàm; Type of smuggled goods, for example: hàng, hàng cọp, hàng cáy; actions of smugglers in smuggling, for example: án binh bất động, án ngữ, ăn chạc; Vehicles and tools, for example: nài húc, Su cóc, vỏ lãi; Place to collect smuggled goods, for example: đại doanh, đầu mối, lọt biên giới, mốc 51, mốc, rốn, thác ném; legal representative, for example: cớm, áo vàng, áo xanh, cá, sếp; being arrested, for example: sập cầu, sờ, chuồn 3.2.3 Comment 1) From a semantic perspective, it can be seen that slang has two paths of development: one is to be lost in oblivion, that is to be discarded during use; the other one is to be received, that is to go deep into the scope of vocabulary use The number of slangs is increasing sharply with very diverse semantics and structural forms One of the reasons is that they come from many different sources, like from dialects or foreign languages 2) The emergence of new slang words is increasing, while old slangs still exist and are used at the same time Therefore, besides the phenomenon of synonyms, the number of slang words does not decrease, but is gradually increasing, becoming a language that is highly trusted and used by people 3) The values, context and unique cultural characteristics contained in the slang words of Chinese and Vietnamese are very rich, reflecting the details of life, the distinctiveness in language of each country, the creativity and flexible applicability of people 3.3 Sub-conclusion of Chapter In chapter 3, we have studied the characteristics of slang in Chinese and Vietnamese in terms of characteristics of their meaning and problems of using them In terms of meaning, slang in modern Chinese mainly falls under the following subjects: robbery activities; prostitution activities; drug abuse; alcoholism In each social group, we take turn group and classify slangs At the same time, we provide examples to clearly indicate the expressive meaning of slang in Chinese and Vietnamese in certain circumstances The issue of using slang in modern Chinese is considered and analyzed in each case such as: The reflection of common culture; Relationship with real life; The limited scope and users; The characteristics of culture and time 22 CONCLUSION If structural linguistics, represented by F.de Saussure, assumes that there are as many geographical regions as there are geographical dialects Accordingly, social linguistics assumes that there are as many social groups as there are social dialects Under this view, slang is a type of social dialect, and moreover a specific social dialect As a language variant, considered "informal" by structural linguistics, slang with the nucleus as slang is considered a colloquial form/variation of language, bearing the "local and folk" colors that every language has As society grows, the stronger the division in society, the more social groups Accordingly, slang associated with the social group is also expanded and the view of slang is also more "open" While back then, structural linguistics paid little attention to slang because it always considered slang as a kind of "black language" that caused "dirtiness", adversely affecting standard language, the current view of structural linguistics, particularly social linguistics, focuses on the language of social groups, including slang, and considers it an indispensable part, contributing to the diversity as well as development of language Therefore, the concept and view on slang are still inconsistent In this thesis, we take slang of four familiar social groups such as robbery, drugs, prostitution and smuggling in both Chinese and Vietnamese to collect data and serve as research and survey objects The thesis gives an overview of the research situation on slang in the world in general, in China and Vietnam in particular Studies have confirmed that slang is an informal language, originating from the masses, returning to serve the masses, being accepted and used by the masses Slang is an informal but expressive lexical phenomenon that is extremely expressive As a social dialect, slang is widely used in social life, especially in illegal social groups From an overview of the research situation, the thesis has built a system of theoretical basis, which focuses on two basic concepts: social dialect and concept of slang Besides, since the survey relates to the concept of words in language, the thesis also has a section to raising some issues about the concept of words in Vietnamese and in Chinese The thesis focuses on the characteristics of the formation and semantics of 23 Chinese and Vietnamese slang materials belonging to social groups: robbery, drug abuse, prostitution and smuggling a) In terms of structure, Chinese and Vietnamese slang have some notable features as follows: - Regarding the number of slang by the number of morphemes: In Chinese, slang words consisting of morphemes account for the largest number: 739/1.472 slangs (50,20%); morpheme: 350/1.472 slangs, (23,78%); morphemes 253/1.472 slangs (17,19%) and or more morphemes: 130/1.472 slangs (8,83%) In Vietnamese, slang words consisting of morphemes account for the largest number: 754/1.472 slangs (51,22%); morpheme: 354/1.472 slangs (24,05%); morphemes 188/1.472 slangs (12,77%) and or more morphemes: 176/1.472 slangs (11,96%) Thus, it can be seen that slang consisting of morphemes make up the majority of both Chinese and Vietnamese - Regarding the part of speech, both in Chinese and Vietnamese, slang words are mostly nouns, verbs, adjectives and noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases - Regarding the formation, slang both in Chinese and Vietnamese are formed by methods such as phonetic transformation, magnetization of non-independent morphemes, creating more slang meanings from phonological words using borrowed words For Chinese, one of the important components to creating slang words is to transform common phrases (lưu hành ngữ: 流行语) to slang phrases Perhaps this is just a way of calling in Chinese, because there is also this phenonmenon in Vietnamese For example, in Vietnamese we have “đắng lịng”, “để khơng nói gì”, v.v., in Chinese, they are called “common phrases” and considered slang phrases b) Regarding semantic characteristics, it can be seen that a common feature in both Chinese and Vietnamese is that, no matter how formed, a word that is considered a slang must have a slang meaning With the characteristic of being associated with the social groups, when the social group is formed and developed from time to time, the meaning of slang is also formed and developed However, the meaning of slang cannot be separated from the general characteristic of semantic meaning It means that the slang meaning is grown 24 on the basis of the inherent semantics, that is, based on one or several inherent meanings to develop slang meaning by two means of metaphorical transformation and metonym transformation Or, commonly speaking, this slang meaning is the second semantic of the slang "overlapping" on the common one in the national language; between slang meaning and common meaning, there is always a "associated" relationship in terms of semantics If, the development of meaning are considered to be under two directions, namely generalization (in the traditional view, "extending") and specialization (in the traditional view, "narrowing"), then the meaning of slang words are all specialized From the other direction, words that are not used independently are "specialized" into slang words, then their slang meaning is the meaning of that polysyllabic word (for example, “cộ” in slang is a word meaning vehicle: it is originated from the word vehicle) c) The formation and development of slang is associated with the cultural characteristics - common cultural mindset of human being as well as culture – cultural mindset of each nation It can be seen that in the "lexical resources" of Chinese and Vietnamese slang, there are both similar and different words (for example: Chinese and Vietnamese both call prostitutes as "flowers", or it is also called "bird" in Chinese, and in Vietnamese "chicken", “red-claw chicken", etc.) This thesis, taking the data of slang terms from four social groups considered "gangsters", studies and investigates their characteristics in terms of structure and semantics As a type of social dialect, slang along with language variants on social networks is thriving and the boundaries between them is an issue This is also the following research direction of the thesis ... example: ăn theo, hạ cánh an toàn, nhúng chàm; Type of smuggled goods, for example: hàng, hàng cọp, hàng cáy; actions of smugglers in smuggling, for example: án binh bất động, án ngữ, ăn chạc; Vehicles... such as: bò lạc, hoa nhỏ, ca ve, cá vàng, cai gà, gà, chim lạ, chị đại, nhạn, nhện, lạ, đại gia, kiều nữ, chân dài, em út, gái bán hoa, gái bao,…;失足女 (gái bán dâm), 麦客 (người làm thêu vụ gặt),... example: bà trùm, bố già, anh cả; Place where drug activities are run, for example: đại doanh, điểm nóng, thánh địa; Các loại drugs, for example: bỉ, bỉ đen, bỉ trắng, bồ đà, cỏ; act of using drugs,