Qui trình và một số kinh nghiệm trong việc chuyển đổi báo cáo tài chính.pdf
Trang 1Cac doanh nghi$p Vi$t Nam,
trong traoIU'Uh(>inh$pva
nen kinh te c9nh tranh toancau, dang co gang hLtC:1ngra thitrLtCJngquoc te thOng qua g<;>ivan,lien doanh, mua ban, sap nh$pcongty, ho~c md chi nhanht9i nLtC:1cngoai Bdi v$y, Bao cao tai chfnh(BCTC)cua cac cong ty Vi$t NamphaidLt<;Jcchuan'bi sac cho nhU'ngnhadau tLtquocte, chu n<;J,ceJquancap phep nLtC:1cngoai c6 th~ hi~udLt<;JCva danh gia dLt<;1Ctinh hinh taichfnh Tuy v$y, nhCl'ngngLtCJisad~ng nay quen thu(>c VC:1iChuanmifc ke toan quoc te (CMKTQT)heJnla Chuan ml!c ke toan Vi$t Nam(CMKTVN) M(>ttrong nhU'ngyeucau dau tien la m(>t BCTC du'<;1cchuan bi theo CMKTQT,va tot nhatla da dLt<;Jckiem toan Kh6ng chinhLtv$y, kha nang da d9ng h6a cacnguon van va kenh huy d(>ngtaichfnh khac nhau da lam cho nhieudoanh nghi$pVi$t Nam ch!u suc epcua vi$c phai chuan bi BCTC theoCMKTQT do day la yeu cau batbu(>ccua h09t d(>ngvay n<;1va sad~ng n<;JnLtC:1cngoai Doi vC:1icac t6chuc tai tr<;1van nhLtNgan hangThegiC:1i,Ngan hang cMu ANgan hangtai thiet Nh$t Ban, cac T6 chuc hotr<;1phat trien Uc, My, Ha Lan, Duc,Anh, va Phap, vi$c cung cap cacBCTC chuan b! theo CMKTQTthLtCJngla m(>ttrang nhU'ngdieu ki$nvay van Cung vC:1iSif tang trLtdngdau tLt nLtC:1cngoai, m(>tso ILt<;1ngkhong nho cac doanh nghi$p dangh09t d(>ngt9i Vi$t nam, trong khivan phai tuan thu CMKTVN, VEinphaichuan bi BCTC theo CMKTQTdedap ung yeu cau h<;Jpnhat BCTCcuacong ty mE;JdnLtC:1cngoai.
ThS.Trjn Vi.;tDue*
NhCl'ngdan chUngneu tren, tuychLtaday du, nhLtngcOngda phannao cho thay rang chuyen d6iBCTC tLtCMKTVN sang CMKTQTdang la m(>t nhu cau ngay cangtang trang cac doanh nghi$p kinhdoanh t9i Vi$t Nam Dieu nay cOnghoan toan nhat quan vC:1iton chih09t d(>ngcua Uy ban Chuan ml!cKe toan quoc te la t90 ra m(>tCMK-TQT chung nhat, de hi~u nhat, haadong nhat giCl'acac quoc gia lamgiam chi phf chung toanxah(>i VC:1ivi$c tiet ki$m thCJigian, nhan lifC,chiphf cho vi$c chuan bi BCTC.
TCt thl!C tien tr<;1giup nhieudoanh nghi$p t9i Vi$t nam chuyend6i BCTC tLtCMKTVN sang CMK-TQT trang vang 5 nam trd 19iday,chung toi nh$n thay day la m(>tquitrinh rat phuc t9Pva muc d(>tin c$ycua cac BCTC da dLt<;1cchuyend6i,d~c bi$t cua cac doanh nghi$p Vi$tnam IC:1R,can can phai hoan thi$nnhieu, do:
- Thieutinh chuYfmnghi~p:
Chuyen d6i BCTC khong phai layeu cau bat bu(>cthLtangky ma chila tl! nguY$ncho cac m~c tieu n(>ib(> khong thLtangxuyen Bdi v$Y,cac doanh nghi$p chLtaxay dl/ngdLt<;1cm(>tqui trinh, qui tac chuyend6i c6 tfnh chat khoa h<;>cva chuyennghi$p.
- Thieu 51/ dong bQ giiJa cac
chuanml/c, qui djnh, che dQva thl/C
tifmkinhdoanh: Van ton t9inhU'ng
khac bi$t dang ke va thieu dong b(>giCl'aCMKTVN, CMKTQT,cac ched(>tai chfnh, thue va thl!Ctien kinhdoanh sinh d(>ng.Vi$c xa Iy nhU'ngkhac bi$t ve chfnh sach, che d(>d6
kha phuc t9P,ton thC1igian trang khicac hLtC:1ngdan, trinh tl!, va ky thu$tchuyen d6i 19ila m(>tqua trinh phuct9P, lu6n thay d6i.
N(>idung chu yeu cua bai vietnay la tien hanh m(>tdanh gia seJb(>trong vi$c tim kiem m(>tqui trinhchuyen d6i BCTCtLtCMKTVNsangCMKTQT cOngnhLtt6ng ket m(>ts6kinh nghi$m trong qua trinh chuyend6i thl!Cte t9i Vi$tNam.
1 QuitrinhvcJxli Iy nghi'p vytrong qua trinh chuyin cfdi
Uy ban Chuan ml!c Ke toanqu6cte de xuat m(>tqui trinh chuyend6i BCTC tLt cac chuan ml!c khacsang CMKTQT,Ian dau tien, trangban HLtC:1ngdan chi tiet so 08 (SIC8)vao thang 7/1998 (c6 hi$u lifC tLtngay 1/8/1998).SIC 08 het hi$u lifCva dLt<;1Cthay the bdi Chuan mifcBCTCqu6c te s6 01 (IFRS01) ngay1/6/2003 (hi$u II!C tLt 1/1/2004)nham hLtC:1ngdan chi tiet heJnquitrinh va xa Iy nghi$p v~ chuyen d6icho m(>tcong ty Ian dau tien apdt:mgCMKTQT.NhLtngchuan mifcnay dLt<;Jckhuyen khfch sa d~ng cacho cac nam trLtC:1c.
Khi tri~n khai di$n r(>ngcho canLtC:1ccan IU'Uy khi ap d~ng IFRS01.
ThtJnhat, mp,tcong ty van dLt<;1Ccoila Ian dau tien ap dl:mg CMKTQTneu cong ty, m~c du da tUngchuanb! BCTC theo CMKTQT trang namtrLtC:1c,nhLtngBCTC nay chi dLt<;JCsad~ng cho mi,jc dfch quan Iy n(>ib(>va hoan toan chLtadLt<;1Ccung cap
cho ngu'aisa d~ng ben ngoai ThtJ
hai, trong trLtCJngh<;Jpdaphat hanhra ngLtC1isa di,jng ben ngoai nhLtng
.C6ng tv Kiem toan Viet Nom
T~ emNGAN - &6 5 NAM2004 53
Trang 2oo~nlH ~~~II~(f&VOl NGAN HANG
neu (1) BCTC chi tuan thu tUng phan chlt khong phai tO~1nb(>CMKTQT,ho~c (2) BCTC co ban giai trinh sl! khac
nhaugiLtahai h$ thong chu§n ml!c ke toan, thi congty van dugc coi la Ian dau ti€map dl,!ngCMKTQT.Va cu6i cling,
m(>tcong ty khong dugc coi la Ian dau ti€map dl,!ngCMKTQTneu BCTC nam truoc cong bo la tuan thu ca hai h~thong CMKTVNva CMKTQT.
Theo huong dan ti;1iIFRS 01, qui trinh chuyend6i BCTCcua m(>tcong ty, Ian dau ti€m,dang ap dl,!ngCMKTVN
sang CMKTQTdugc trinh bay t6ng quat (Xembang).
-BCTC I~p tr~n CMKTVN van lanhling bao cao hgp phap dung chotat ca cac ml,!cdfch bao cao (n(>ib(>va b€mngoai).
- Chuyen d6i BCTC sang TQT dugcthl!c hi$n khi co nhu cau,,n(>tcach d(>cI~p.
CMK BCTC sau khi chuyen d6i, sachi dugc dung nhu m(>t nguenthong tin tai chfnh de tham khao,
voi d(>chfnhxac a mltc d(>nhat dinh
danh cho cac doi tugng khac nhau,bao gom cac nha phan tfch taichfnh, ngan hang, dau tu .
Ta nhling yeu cau tren, qui trinhva phuong phap chuyen d6i theohuong dan IFRS 01 chltng to sl!hgp Iy va hoan toan co kha nangltng dl,!ng voi cac cong ty ti;1iVi~tNam khi ap dl,!ng chuyen d6i Iandau IFRS 01 dap ltng nhling nhucau ve gilt nguyenh$ thong ke toanhi~n ti;1itrong cong vi$c ke toan,trong khi cac BCTC di'i chuyen d6i .
sa dugc dung cho ml,!cdfch thamkhao.
~ube 1: l\fa c~Qnnhflngchfnhsachke toanp~uhqpdllqc qui djnhtrongCMKTQTdangco hi~uII/c.
Bube 2: D\fatrenchinhsachketoandi l\fachQn,tienhimhdieuchinhhoito cacso dll dauky trenBangCan£)oiTaiSantheoquitrlnhsau:
1 loaiMnhflngcongnq va tai san dllqc cang nh~ntheo CMKTVN
se anh hlll1ngden bao cao Iii 10(BCll)
2 CongnMnnhangcongnqvatai sankhangdllqccongnh~ntheoCMK.TVN nhlfngdllqc congnh~nbl1iCMKTQT.NhUngdieuchinhcongnh~nseanhh~l1ngden bao cao Iii 10(BCll) I
chi cua CMKTQT.NhUngdieu chinhpMn 10C}isekhong anh hlldngdenbao cao Iii 10 (BCll)
4.Tinh toan!!i cac phll<1ngphap tinh toan (vi d\l:hang ton kho, kM'u hao)
va cac lIac tinh (vi d\l: pMn 150tai san vo hlnh, I~p dl/ phong giamgiacackhoandautU)theocactieuchi cuaCMKTQTneuCMKTVNkhang;nhatquanvai CMKTQT.Khi I~pnhCtngIIOctinh theo CMKTQT,chUngta
co th~ sli d\lng lC}icacgia thuyetcuaCMKTVNneunhll chungnhatquan vai CMKTQT.NhUngdieuchinh tinh toan lC}ise anh hlll1ngden
DaDcaoIii 10(BCL.L.).
5 Cacanhhlll1ngdenbaocao Iii 10(BCL.L.)se dong 10C}tdllqc dieu chinh
trlfc tiep vao tai khoan Iii Ilfu girt ho~c tai khoan tll<1ngtl}'thuQc von cMsl1 hO'utrong kythl/chi~n chlly6ndOi.
Bube 3:Trinh bay lC}iBCTC.Noichung,vi~cchuy~ndOiIandautiensangCMKTQTseyeu cau nhieuthayd6i trcmg vi~c trJnhbay BCTC M\lc tieuchu yea cua vi~ctrJllh bayla giaitrlnh cacanh Ml1ng den liillo,Ilfu chuy6nI
tient~ khi chuy~ndOitit CMKTVNsang CMKTQTcho namtai chinhthl}'chi~n
chinh W Bang Can doi Ke toan sa
anh huang den cac bao cao khac.Duoi day la m(>t so vi dl,! xli Iy
nghi~p vI,! thuong g~p W kinh
Trang 3VOl NGAN HANG
nghi$mth!fCtien trong qua trinh chuy~n d6i:
Bltae 1: Llfa ehQn nhftngehinhsaehke toan phu hqp dU'qe qui dinh trongh~ th6ngeae CMKTQT dangco hi~u life,
D!fa tren h$ thong ke toan cua Cong ty hi$n t1?iva d~c thu nganh, Cong ty sa phai chqn ra nhU'ng nhU'ngchinhsachke toan phu hc;1Pvoi CMKTQT,nhltng dong thai cOngtang kha nang so sanh va chuy~n d6i tU CMKTVN.Ml,Ic /archchuyeu cua vi$c l!fa chQnmQtchinh sach ke toan phu hc;1Pla tang den mactoi da kha nang so sanhvoi CMK-
TOT.Chung ta chi c6 th~ c6 mQt chinh sach ke toan phu hc;1Psau khi da tien Mnh dieu fra, nghien cLruS!f khac bi~tcClban giiia h$ thong ke toan cua Cong ty hi~n t1?iva nhU'ngyeu cau chuy~n d6i cua CMKTQT.
Bltae 2: Dlfa trim h~ th6ngeae CMKTQT dang eo hi~u life, tien himh dieu ehlnhhoi to' eae sO' dU' dau kytrenBang Ca~ d6i Tai san bao gom eae nQi dung sau:
(1)bQgLQQnhilngcongnc;1va tai sandLlc;1Ccongnh~ntheoCMKTVNnhllngkhOngdLlc;1c congnh~nbOi CMKTQT.
CMKTQT38 khong cong nh~n van hoa thanh tai san Trang CMKTVN ho~c tU che dQthue, nhieu khoan chi phi nayvo hinh nhieu khoan chi phi nhu nghien cLru, chi phi dltc;1Cvan hoa tMnhtai san cua cong ty Sai v~y, can c6truDc khi h01?t dQng, dao t1?O,quang cao, va xuc tien, nhU'ng bUt toan dieu chinh 101?ibo nhU'ng anh hltangnay trendichuy~nd!a di~m so du dau ky cua bang can doi tai san.
CacCMKTQTn6i chung khOng c6ngI'lP~n~P~CiCQ T' " '.iC.'" "'
M.".J(TV ' "'N'i h.,.",.",.',.; i;t" '.h.i i~~A'L.,. t h
.".~i ,ki"~I'+'., "."."'.'k+h"i~ ,' "1'\'
n leu qUi ulnate trang vlec ginan cong nCl'
h" .
h ".:> A':>' - ~,":,, "."' P I nay ra '.' acnau 01vay, qua nnc uyen uO! yeu ~1Itrongky nhleu khoan chi phi nhu dl,f phong chung, chi "h'" .
b't., 'A' ~'.' h'
h.'1'" '.b'h" I .
d h h I"d'
p I COcau 1?1oan ,}Jg l~p, 0 ,I,fp ong rU!rO. , ..,
CMKTQTkhong cong nh~n vi~c trich cac 101?iquy Cac 101?iquy nay can duc;1c101?ibo tren phan van chu sa hiiu
phuc lc;1i,quy khen thuang, quy xay dl,fng COban theo theo hltong hoan nh~p vao tai khoan lai 1u'Ugilt ho~c dieu
che de?ke toan Vi~t Nam.chinh vao chi phi trang ky va phan 101?ithanh cong "c;1phai!CMKTQT khOng c6ng nh~n vi~c duy tri cac khoan HudngXlt l¥n6ichungcuacackhoanml,lc nay thtJdng la 1000,i
chenh I~ch do danh gia Igi ho?c cha xU'!y trQr;19Phan b9.trer;lPh~!1 VQ!lchU sa pltuq~ di~!Jchinh th~ng yaochi phivoncM sahiiu,l1laKh6r1gco dlnhlit10ng gi~iqdy~t,t~9ng~y is
Doi voi cho cac khoan lai yay, CMKTQT dua ra xli Iy Vi$c phan d!nh l1?ilai yay thanh chi phi trong kyhay van hoa
cyth~d~ghi nh~nvaochi phihayvanh6a, thuangxayra trangthl,fCte va candltc;1Cxli Iy canth~n.
(2) Cong nhan nhilng cong ng va tai san khOng c!Llc;1Ccong nh~n theo CMKTVN nhllng c!Llc;1ccong nh~n bOi TQT.
CMK-Xtrjynghi~p vI}choyih d6i
Tai san va cong nc;1tai chinh phai sinh la cac cong Cl,Itai chinh hi$nd1?i chua ph6bient1?iVi~t nam cOng nhu thieu cac qui djnh xU'Iy canCMKTQT39 yeu cau cong nh~n mQitai san thiet Tuy v~y, trong thl,fCtien kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghi$p, chungvacong nc;1dap U'ng cac d!nh nghiave tai toi van nh~n thay sl,l'-tont1?icua cac nghi~p vl,l nay, m~c du khong nhieusan va cong n9tai chinh\lhat sirih, va trang nhieu truang hc;1Pkhong duc;1cthee d6i tren BCTC cho nen
. tuong doi kh6 phat hi$n Sai v~y, qui trinh chuy~n d6i doi hoi can th~n
trarig vi$Cxac d!nh va xli Iy cac nghi$p vl,lnay .
Yeu eau eua CMKTQT
CMKTQT 37 yeu C3Ucong nt1anthanh con
cac kho a n'~
cac eam k~t, cac hgp dongkl'1Qthgc lii~h; d~c;1ccon~ nh~n ho.~c phuong phap xli Iychua nhat quan Sai v~y, canchi phi giai toa m~t bang Tieu chi c6ng c~ xe~ xet c~n th1?ntrong vi~c ghi nh~n a bangcan doitai san dau
nh~n rat chi tiet vacl,! th~., nam cac khoan ml,lcnay.
~
Trang 4(3)PhanloaiIqJcacso du oauky trEmBangCanooi Taisantheocactieuchi cuaCMKTQT.
BlIde 3: Trinh bay BCTCThlfCte chuy~n d6i tCtCMKTVNsang CMKTQT cho thay, day laphan cong vi$c rat nhieu, rat phuct'ilP neu khong noi la nhieu khikhong th~ Xlr Iy tri$t d~ do khoiIUc;lngthongtin can trinh bay l'ili quaIdn Hon niia, CMKTQTco them ratnhieu tieu thuc cong bo mdi chLfaph6 bien trong CMKTVN (vi dl,JcacthOngtin ve b9 ph$n doanh nghi$p,Ic;linhu$n theo dau c6 phieu, chamdltt hO'iltd('>ng,trach nhi$m tLfonglai, va gia tr! th! trLfongcua cac congcl,Jtai chinh) Cac con~ vi$c trinhbay l'ili BCTC trong qua trinhchuy~n d6i co th~ dLfc;lcnhom thanh2 nhom cong vi$c dLfdiday:
MQtla, trinh bay cac thOngtin taichinh trang giai oo?n truoc khi
chuyenooi Ian oau:IFRS 01 chiyeu cau m9t nam BCTC cho ml,Jcdich so sanh Qui dinh khong h'ilnche vi$c Cong ty muon cong bothem cac thong tin tai chinh cua vainam trLfdc do, m~c du cac thong tinnay khong dLfc;lCchuy~n d6i theoCMKTQr Vi$c cong bo nhiingthong tin nay la tuy thu9c vao yeucau cl,Jth~ cua Cong ty Tuy v$y,Cong ty phai trinh bay ro hi$n tr'ilngla cac thong tin tai chinh nay dlfatren CMKTVN,khong phai la CMK-TQr HOn the niia, Cong ty phaicong bo cl,Jth~ nhiing dieu chinhchu yeu can phai thlfC hi$n d~ coth~ chuy~n d5i cac thong tin naysang CMKTQr.
Haila, trinhbayoayou cacoieuchinh oa thl/c hi~n va anh huangtong h(Jpcua cac oieu chinh nayoenBCTCtruocvasauchuyenooi:
bao gom Slf khac bi$t giiia doanhthu Jai 10trong ky, von chu sd hiiu,cOng nhLf nhiing dieu chinh tr9ngyeu doi vdi bang can doi tai san, vaILfUthOng tien t$ Cac sai sot ke toanphilt hi$n trong qua trinh chuy~nd5i, cac ap dl,Jngkhong qui dinhtrong chu~n mlfc va cac phLfongphap xli Iy tlf quyet cua cong tycOngphai dLfc;lccong bo ro rang.
3 tAftsOkiinnghl
TCtcac phan tich neu tren, m~cdu vi$c chuy~n d5i BCTC ttl CMK-
TVN sang CMKTQTlam('>tcongvi$c kha phuc t'ilP nhLfng nhLfng ratcan thiet doi vdi cac doanh nghi$pdang kinh doanh t'ili Vi$t Nam hi$nnay Slf ra doi cua m('>tvan ban daydu, khoa h9C, thLfong xuyen dLfc;lcc$p nh$t, co tinh~ hLfdng dan, vath$m chi co tinh phap Iy 58 deml'ilinhieu Ic;li ich thiet thlfc theo dinhhLfdng hoan thi$n h$ thong lu$t ketoan va chu~n mlfc ke toan tlt naycho den nam2007 dVi$t Nam.
Xet tren khia c'ilnh nghien CUuvas°'iln thao che d('>, chung toi chodIng h$ thong CMKTVN nen dLfc;lCb5 sung m9t van ban ho~c chu~nmlfc co tinh chat hLfdng dan chovi$c chuy~n d6i tCt CMKTVN sangCMKTQr.Van ban co tinh chathLfdng dan nay nen dLfc;lCc$p nh$tthLfong xuyen, no 58 dong vai tronhLfm9t "thuoc00" lientl,JCso sanhslf khacbi$t giiiaCMKTVNvaCMKTQr.ThLfdc do nay 58 giupcho qua trinh nghien CUu, hoanthi$n va trao d5i thong tin dLfc;lcnhanh "chong, tin c$y, va hi$u quacao M('>tvan ban nhLf v$y 58 th~hi$n ro tfnh d!nh hLfdngcua cac ntta
cai cach h$ thong ke toan va TVN trong quyet tam dLfake toanVi$t Nam hoa nh$p vdi thong 1$ketoan va chu~n mlfc quoc te.
CMK-TCt goc d9 cua cac nha kinhdoanh trong nLfdcva quoc te, vanban hLfdngdan tren 58 d~y nhanhqua trinh h9i nh$p cua cac doanhnghi$pVi$t Nam bangcach lam chocac doanh nghi$p Vi$t Nam vadoanh nghi$p quoc te hi~u nhau.
Van ban nay 58 dong vai tro "cau
not' g1iia cac c('>ngdong doanh
nghi$p Vi$t Nam va quoc te trongvi$c uiuc dtly qua trinh tim hi~u dautLfva xuc tien dau tll Cau hoi machUng toi thllong g~p trong caccu('>ctiep xuc vdi cac nha dau tlltrong cac cu('>ch('>ithao va xuc tiendau tLftrong va ngoai nLfdcla "giaithich slf khilc nhau giiia CMKTVNva CMKTQT?".Neu co m('>tvanbannoi tren, chung toi tin tLfdng rangvi$c tra loi cau hoi nay 58 de danghOn.
La m('>tthanh vien cua c9ngdong nhiing nglloi lam cong tac ketoan va ki~m toan, thLfong xuyenphai thlfC hi$n vi$c so sanh vachuy~n d5i noi tren, chung toi tintlldng rang m9t van ban noi tren 58phat huy vai tro nhLflam('>t "Ia ban"
tot nhat trong vi$c d!nh hlldng vahoan thi$n cac ky thu$t va qui trinhchuy~nd5iBCTCcuadoanhnghi$p sang CMKTQr Van ban nay58 gop phan nang cao hi$u qua, d('>tin c$y, va tinh nhat quan cua BCTCchuy~n d5i, d~c bi$t la vdj Slf tien b9va ltng dl,Jngcua cong ngh$ tin h9Ctrong cong tac ke toan hi$n di?i.8
Yeu eueua CMKTQT xiJ Iy nghip vl,J ehuynd6i
Doi vdi cac khoan chemh I$nh mua ban phat sinh trong Ke toan Vi$t nam chLfa phan bi$t ranh m'ilch Slf khac nhauqua trinh hc;lPnhat doanh nghi$p, CMKTQT 22 yeu giiiaIc;li the thLfongm'ili trong qua trinh hc;lPnhat doanhcau ghi nh$nla"Ic;lithe thLfongm'ili"va khau hao trongnghi$p va cac tai san vo hinh khac Tat ca deu dLfc;lcXlr Iy lakhoang thai gian toi da 20 nam Cac tai san vo hinh tai sarivo hinh theo CMKTVN 04 Bdj v$y can co Slf phankMc dU'c;lCxlr Iy bdi CMKTQT 38- Tai san vo hinh.10'ilil'ilfnghi$pvl,Jnay trong qua trinh chuyn d6i.
CMKTQT 28 qui djnh rat chi tiet cho vi$c hc;lPnhat
ChLfa ph6 bien t'ili Vi$t Nam do chLfa hinh thanh dong b9 COBCTC bao gom phLfong philp ke toan, qui trinh, ph<;im
che dau tLf va qui d!nh philp Iy.vi va xu Iy h'ilch toan.
CMKTQT qui d!nh rat chitiet vi$c I$p bao cao cac b9 ChLfa ph6 bien t'ili Vi$t Nam chLfa hinh thanh dong b9 qui