THE ANALYSIS OF a SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER 3 FROM THE REPORT “ THE WORLD HEALTH REPORT 1998” BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GRADUATION THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

DA O TH I KI M H OA – GR AD UA TI ON TH ES IS IN SO CI AL SC IE NC ES AN D H U M AN ITI ES DA NA NG 202 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION THESIS DAO THI KIM HOA THE ANALYSIS OF A SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER FROM THE REPORT “ THE WORLD HEALTH REPORT 1998” BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GRADUATION THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DA NANG – May 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION THESIS DAO THI KIM HOA THE ANALYSIS OF A SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER FROM THE REPORT “ THE WORLD HEALTH REPORT 1998” BY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Major : English for Translation and Interpretation Code : 701 SUPERVISOR:DUONG HUU PHUOC, M.A DA NANG – May 2021 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc M.A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the teachers of Duy Tan University! To my supervisor – Mr Duong Huu Phuoc! Near the end of the four-year university journey, first of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Duy Tan University and Facutly of English for helping me so much in studying and teaching me a lot of valuable lessons Secondly, I would like to thank the teachers of the Faculty of English of Duy Tan University During the past years, the teachers have always been by my side to impart knowledge to me and guide me very valuable life experiences Thirdly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor - Mr Duong Huu Phuoc who has wholeheartedly guided me throughout this study He not only contributed to me on how to correct the paper to improve but also answered questions about my graduation paper.This graduation article cannot be completed without the help, guidance and advice from him With my lack of experience, my graduation paper was inevitably flawed and inaccurate ; Therefore, I hope that I will receive the teacher's instructions and suggestions Finally, I wish all the teachers good health and happiness with work and life Sincerely, Dao Thi Kim Hoa Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc M.A STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, May 27 th, 2021 ĐÀO THỊ KIM HÒA Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc M.A ABSTRACT My graduation paper is done with the aim of translating chapter " Health across the life span " of " The World Health Report 1998" from English into Vietnamese In addition, I will analyze vocabulary, phrases, the structure of the sentence, the text translation process and come up with suitable translation methods for the text Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc M.A ABBREVIATIONS AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome WHO : World Health Organization BCG : Bacille Calmette-Guerin DPT : Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus OPV : Oral Polio Vaccine EPI : Expanded Program on Immunization ORT : Oral Rehydration Therapy UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund ORS : Oral Rehydration Salts Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc M.A TABLE OF CONTENTS Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In recent years, interpretation and translation is one of the industries that has never been "hot", but the journey to become a translator-translator has not been easy As a student majoring in English, I know that to be a good translator requires many requirements and I practice a lot Today, the world is facing many health challenges, from outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases such as measles and diphtheria, and the body being infected by factors caused by pollution environment, climate change and humanitarian crisis Therefore, the annual global mortality rate due to epidemics is always at a high level To learn more about that situation, I have selected a book "the worlth health report 1998" published by the WTO itself in 1998 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations In the past decades, the lessons learned from those years and predict how longevity, health conditions and measures to improve them will develop until 2025 Hopefully, through this translation, you will have a better view of the epidemic situation in the world, learn more about the variety of diseases, and how countries can prevent epidemics Thereby, you also learn how to prevent and protect yourself And through the translation, I also show the translation methods, how to handle phrases, and structure in translation 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims This paper aims at: -Showing my translating and analyzing abilities -Conveying exactly what the author is talking about Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A -Providing translation solutions and solutions in the process of learning English 1.2.2 Objectives -Fluent text translation -Analysis of difficult phrases and sentence structures -Point out methods to help improve text translation 1.3 Scope of the study In the report, you will know and understand better about the diseases in the world that the WTO has reported for decades The WTO has shown the spread, the lethality, and the measures to prevent these diseases Due to time constraints, this graduation report I translated only chapter " Health across the life span " with 4000 words At the same time, this report also pointed out the difficulties and problems I encountered in the translation process 1.3.1 The text features The report "World Health Report 1998" was issued in 1998 marked 50 years of establishment of the World Health Organization The report assesses the current situation and predicts that the state of health and disease will develop until 2025 1.3.2 The text length “The World Health Report 1998” includes chapters ,but the time is limited so I have translated only chapter with 4000 words in length 1.3.3 The text organization "The world health report 1998" is a report, this report examines health trends over the past five decades, the lessons learnt during those years, and predicts how life expectancy, health conditions and the tools to improve them will evolve up to the year 2025 Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 10 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A The 1998 World Health Report indicates that many diseases are threatening human health and lives globally Problems and difficulties in the process of eradicating diseases along with achievements and methods of cure over the past 50 years Use the latest data collected and validated by WHO to come up with appropriate treatment options The report raises the question of whether the world will continue to grow healthier, with more and more diseases being cured with advanced equipment There are chapters in the report, each with its own content I have chosen chapter " Health across the life span " to translate because I feel the chapter covers many diseases that we need to learn and preventive measures I think this chapter is very helpful The report is divided into many different chapters and it is organized as follows: - Chapter 1: Leading and responding - Chapter 2: Measuring health - Chapter 3: Health across the life span - Chapter 4: The changing world - Chapter 5: Achieving health for all - Chapter 6: WHO worldwide - Chapter 7: Global partnerships for health - Chapter 8: Health agenda for the 21st century 1.3.4 The text source This text comes from the report “TheWorld Health Report 1998” by World Health Organization and published in 1998 Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 64 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Suggested version: Trẻ sinh non có tuổi thai 37 tuần trẻ chưa trưởng thành mặt sinh lý có nguy tử vong cao thời kỳ sơ sinh Example 25: Fewer dehydrated children were seen at health facilities as families learned to increase fluids and keep feeding children who were suffering from diarrhoea (Paragraph 17) There are two dependent clauses in this sentence including an adverbial clauses of reason: "as families learned to increase fluids and keep feeding children" and a relative clause "who were suffering from diarrhea" The relative pronoun “who” is replaced for “children”.In fact, we can translate this sentence as “ cho trẻ ăn bình thường người mà mắc bệnh tiêu chảy” However, if I converted in that way, the suggested version will be very verbose and boring Thus, I decided to translate the relative clause " who were suffering from diarrhoea " into " … cho trẻ ăn bình thường trẻ mắc bệnh tiêu chảy… " because it makes the sentence more natural Suggested version: Ngày trẻ em bị mất nước đến sở y tế để khám vì hộ gia đình biết cách bù nước vẫn cho trẻ ăn bình thường trẻ mắc bệnh tiêu chảy 4.2.3 Compound-Complex sentences A sentence with at least independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is defined as a compound-complex sentence Example 26: Polio-free countries and areas are increasingly at risk of reinfection from countries which remain endemic; should this occur, it will delay the global eradication goal (Paragraph 15) Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 65 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A In this sentence, there are two independent clauses and two dependent clauses  The first independent clause is: Polio-free countries and areas are increasingly at risk of reinfection from countries The second independent clause is: it will delay the global eradication goal  The first dependent clause is : which remain endemic  The second dependent clause is: should this occur The two independent clauses are joined together by a semicolon In the first sentence, there is a relative clause “which remains endemic”.The relative pronoun “which” is replaced for “countries ” In addition, the second sentence has an inversion in conditional sentences: Should + S1 + (not) + V, S2 + will / may / might / should / can… + V (infinitive) So, to translate this sentence clearly, I decide to free translate and split it into sentences in Vietnamese Suggested version: Các quốc gia khu vực khơng có bệnh bại liệt ngày có nguy tái nhiễm từ q́c gia vẫn còn bệnh Nếu điều xảy ra, làm trì hỗn mục tiêu xóa bỏ bệnh tồn cầu Example 27: Current efforts are aimed at the first-level health facility, but it is essential to convince the population of the need for urgent medical attention when children are sick (Paragraph 20) In this sentence , we can see that: The first independent clause is: Current efforts are aimed at the firstlevel health facility The second independent clause is: it is essential to convince the population of the need for urgent medical attention The dependent clause is : when children are sick Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 66 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A The two independent clauses in the sentence are linked by a comma and the coordinator " but", and the dependent clause is linked by the subordinator " when" Suggested version: Những nỗ lực hiện nhằm vào sở y tế tuyến đầu, nhiên điều thiết yếu làm cho người dân tin vào cần thiết của việc chăm sóc y tế khẩn cấp trẻ bị ớm 4.2.4 Passive voice Passive Voice is used when you want to emphasize the object affected by that action The structure of the passive voice will change with different tenses Example 28: Each episode is accompanied by loss of appetite and decreased food intake, and each time the illness itself makes increased demands on the child’s energy (Paragraph 6) In this sentence, the passive voice is “TOBE + PARTICIPLE” and the main verb “accompany” is used in the passive voice “accompanied” This sentence can be translated: “Mỗi đợt bệnh kèm theo chán ăn ăn ít, lần lại làm tăng nhu cầu sức lực trẻ” Nevertheless, Vietnamese people favor to use active voice because it will make this sentence easier to understand With this purpose, I try to shift this passive voice to active voice by using a paraphrase in Vietnamese Suggested version: Mỗi đợt bệnh kèm theo chán ăn ăn ít, mỗi lần thế lại làm tăng nhu cầu sức lực của trẻ Example 29: An estimated million young lives were saved from measles, neonatal tetanus and pertussis in 1990 alone By 1995, over 80% of the world’s Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 67 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A children had been immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis (Paragraph 11) In this example, there are two passive sentences However, I choose two different ways to solve them In the first sentence, I translate to active form because passive voice is not popular in Vietname However, in the second sentence, I think the author want to emphasize the number of children who have been immunized against the diseases, so it is better to keep the passive form This sentence can be translated: Suggested version: Ước tính cứu sớng khoảng triệu trẻ em khỏi bệnh sởi, uốn ván sơ sinh ho gà năm 1990 Đến năm 1995, 80% trẻ em thế giới được chủng ngừa bệnh bạch hầu, uốn ván, ho gà, bại liệt, sởi lao Example 30: Polio has been eradicated from the Americas since 1991, and is on the verge of eradication in Europe and the Western Pacific (Paragraph 14) The author used passive voice in this sentence: has + been + Ved and the passive voice is “has been eradicated” We can know, in Vietnamese, when we want to express a passive idea, we usually use “được”or “bị” Thus, in this sentence, I remained the passive structure and transferred the idea This is my suggested translation: Suggested version: Từ năm 1991,bệnh bại liệt bị xóa sổ khỏi châu Mỹ đà xóa sổ châu Âu Tây Thái Bình Dương Example 31: While between 800 000 and million newborns died from tetanus in the early 1980s, an estimated 730 000 such deaths are now prevented every year, particularly by targeting elimination efforts to high-risk areas (Paragraph 16) Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 68 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A The passive form in this sentence is “TOBE + PARTICIPLE” The verb “prevent” is used in the passive voice “prevented” And in this case, if I translate like “….được ngăn chặn…” then the sentence doesn't seem to be smooth Therefore, it is more natural to translate in an active voice, like this: Suggested version: Trong khoảng 800 000 đến triệu trẻ sơ sinh tử vong vì uốn ván vào đầu những năm 1980, thì ngày nay, ước tính ngăn chặn được khoảng 730 000 ca tử vong của bệnh , đặc biệt nỗ lực mục tiêu loại trừ bệnh khu vực có nguy mắc bệnh cao 4.2.5 Dummy subjects In English, sometimes we need to use a dummy subject when there is no subject attached to the verb, and where the real subject is somewhere else in the clause "It" and "there" are the two dummy subjects used in English Example 32: From 1981 there was a fourfold increase from approximately 20% to reach the 1990 goal of 80% immunization coverage among infants worldwide with BCG, measles, and the third dose of DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and oral poliovirus vaccines (Paragraph 11) In this sentence, “there” operates as a dummy subject and does not refer to anything in particular In English, the word "there" is often translated "có", but for this sentence, if I translate like that, the sentence will not be smooth and correct So I translated: Suggested version: Từ năm 1981đến năm 1990, mục tiêu tỷ lệ tiêm chủng trẻ sơ sinh toàn thế giới tăng gấp bốn lần khoảng 20% đến 80% với vắc-xin BCG, sởi, liều thứ ba của vắc-xin DPT (bạch hầu, ho gà, uốn ván) vắc-xin bại liệt uống Example 33: In 1997, there were an estimated 275 000 deaths (Paragraph 16) Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 69 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A The sentence used the structure "THERE (Se) + (aux) + BE + S (r) + PREDICATION” It marks more prominently as new information the noun phrase" 275 000 deaths " Existential there can occur not just with main verb "be" but also when some form of "be" is an auxiliary verb So, in this sentence, the auxiliary verb is "were", S(r) is " 275 000 deaths " and “estimated” is Vpass Suggested version: Năm 1997, ước tính có khoảng 275 000 ca tử vong Example 34: It took smallpox nearly two centuries to be eradicated (Paragraph 11 ) The author used empty subject "it" to express his idea In this sentences, the word "it" has no real meaning - it exists simply to refer to something else in the sentence, which is the focus of the message.This type of sentence is not available in Vietnamese, so it is often difficult to translate In English, "it" is often translated " ", but in this sentence if I translated " Nó gần hai kỷ bệnh đậu mùa diệt trừ", the suggested sentence was unnatural So I have a suggested version as: Suggested version: Phải mất gần hai thế kỷ bệnh đậu mùa được diệt trừ Example 35: In the late 1980s ,it was shown that acute respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, were the major killers of children aged under (Paragraph 18) First, in this sentence, the author not only used the empty subject "it" but also used the noun clause starting from "that": "that acute respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, were the major killers of children aged under 5" The noun clause functions as an object after the verb "show" to express the main idea of the whole sentence However, to translate this sentence correctly and spontaneously, I cannot translate "Nó cho thấy ", instead Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 70 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A I translated "nghiên cứu cho thấy " So, my recommended translation is: Suggested version: Vào cuối những năm 1980, nghiên cứu nhiễm trùng đường hơ hấp cấp tính, chủ ́u viêm phổi, ngun nhân khiến trẻ em tuổi tử vong Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 71 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS 5.1 Difficulties After four years of majoring in English, this graduation is an opportunity for me to apply my English expertise, especially lessons related to translation These are subjects that provide me with ways to translate, analyze phrases and sentence structures, and hone a variety of skills Translation requires that we have expertise, translate articles with high accuracy and clarity and clarity Therefore, in the process of translating, I encountered many difficulties Firstly, my translation is related to medicine, so this article requires translators to need specialized knowledge, understanding many fields related to this industry Meanwhile, I have not had the opportunity to learn and learn much about the medical profession before, so when doing this project I was quite confused and difficult to handle the vocabulary and how to translate the lesson correctly as fluent as possible Another obstacle is that there are many words with multiple meanings, except statues or unclear meanings, which makes it difficult for me to choose the most correct words and this takes me quite a lot of time The second is about grammar and context Whether a sentence or phrase can convey the meaning accurately, naturally, and fluently is when the translator determines their structure, grammar and context In the article "" there are many complex structures, I can not only look at the vocabulary to translate their meaning, but need to understand what the author is referring to, the context and how to convert the structure properly Besides, language processing is sometimes quite complicated Because foreigners and Vietnamese have different ways of speaking, the structure of sentences is also different, for example Vietnamese people often use active speech while native speakers the opposite That is why, when I read my Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 72 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A translation, I feel quite embarrassed and not fluent This requires translators to be experienced, fluent and understand both the mother tongue and English In short, to successfully complete this graduation paper requires not only professional knowledge and skills but also a lot of knowledge about different professions and fields, and above all, a dedicated effort and effort to complete the lesson the best possible 5.2 Solutions Difficulties and challenges are an inevitable part of the translation process.However, thanks to these things, I have learned some useful solutions to solve as follows: Firstly, before starting to translate, I will read through the entire article to know about the content and context that the author is referring to Then, in the process of translating, I will highlight words, phrases, and sentence structures that are difficult to study For words with multiple meanings or difficult to translate, I will use dictionaries with high accuracy such as Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Lac Viet Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary and so on However, for figurative words, or idiomatic phrases, concepts, I must search the school's websites, books, library materials or ask my instructor to choose the most suitable meaning Second, in order to accurately translate a sentence with a complex structure or multiple propositions, I must first identify the subject and verb of the sentence, then the remaining components and their functions Thanks to this research, my ability to analyze sentences has also improved a lot and I learned many useful things Third is the ability to communicate and use native language A translation essay is highly appreciated not only as a translator who is good at English, good at analyzing structure, but also depends on the translation Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 73 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A method Translators need to be fluent in both English and the native language and based on the context that the author sets to make his translation Every translation is required to ensure high accuracy, clarity, clarity, logic, so during the translation process, I always re-read it many times to refine my translation as best as possible Despite many difficulties, I will try my best to complete my translation as much as I can Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 74 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1.Conclusions Through this project, I think that a translator not only needs to learn English well enough, but also must be able to convey the content fluently, fully conveying the author's content Therefore, it is very important to read many books and newspapers and explore many different professions In addition to helping us to gain more knowledge, we also know many specialized words and contexts we can more easily define Also through this translation, I feel that my translation skills are poor and still have many shortcomings, there are many specialized vocabulary that I not know, the sentence structure is not analyzed yet and sometimes cannot convey the internal content content of the author in the best way From here, we must know that translation is a subject that requires a very high level of expertise in vocabulary, grammar, analytical ability, how to communicate and use language selectively, etc 6.2 Suggestions After four years of studying at Duy Tan school and through the project project, I have some suggestions as follows: First, just years in school is not enough for you to become a good translator If you want to be good, outside of school, you need to practice a lot In addition to grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking, reading and writing, you must improve your ability by self-study Learning through books, newspapers, magazines, through websites, doing the best, by yourself, persevering, working hard because it is very difficult to become a real translator What is missing, still weak, it is necessary to improve it Second, train your transmission ability When reading any article or book, you should read both your source language and your native language so Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper 75 Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A that your communication becomes more natural and smooth At the same time, you should study cultures around the world and other professions to improve your language Third, to complete this project well, I feel that the Foreign Language Department should give students more time to study and refine the translation Moreover, there should be more subjects in the curriculum such as PBL to give students more opportunities to practice because it will help students gain more experience and confidence Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A REFERENCES I BOOKS [1] Thakeray.W.M (1796), Vanity Fair, Oxford University Press [2] Catford, J.C (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford [3].Newmark,(1998 ,P5) A textbook of translation, Prentice Hale International [4] Nguyễn Mạnh Quang (2007), Translation Theory , Internal – used textbook, Duy Tan University – Department of Foregin Languages [5] Theories of Translation , Peter Newmark, 1998 [6] Translation, Alan Duff and Alan Maley, (1990, p.10-11) [7] Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics , R.L.Trask, 1999 Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A II WEBSITES [8] https://kdtqt.duytan.edu.vn/Home/ArticleDetail/vn/33/5138/full-andpartial-translation [9] https://nguyenphuocvinhco.com/2020/11/11/phuong-phap-dich-nguyenvan-literal-translation/ [10] https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/1260703 [11] http://hocngoaingukhongkho.vietuytin.vn/2016/04/bien-dich-tieng-anhbai-6-cac-kieu-bien.html [12].http://saokhue.edu.vn/7-phuong-phap-dich-thuat-co-ban-nd,67030 [13] https://tienganhtflat.com/blog/nhng-thanh-ng-ting-anh-hay [14] https://chiase.org/threads/nhung-cau-noi-hay-cua-joker-bang-tienganh.730/ [15] https://elight.edu.vn/tong-hop-60-cau-thanh-ngu-tieng-anh-hay-thongdung-trong-cuoc-song/ III DICTIONARIES [17] Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary [18] Cambridge Dictionary [19] Tflat Dictionary Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS Student: Dao Thi Kim Hoa Code: 23203111448 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION THESIS DAO THI KIM HOA THE ANALYSIS OF A SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER FROM THE REPORT “ THE WORLD HEALTH. .. policy of offering vitamin A at the same time as measles vaccine to 9-monthold infants is appropriate, safe and effective The benefit of administering vitamin A in cases of measles at any age has... is organized as follows: - Chapter 1: Leading and responding - Chapter 2: Measuring health - Chapter 3: Health across the life span - Chapter 4: The changing world - Chapter 5: Achieving health