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1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY - LE TUAN DAT FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT SERVICE IN URBAN AREAS IN VIETNAM A CASE STUDY OF HANOI CITY Major: Economic Management (Management Science) Code: 9340410 BRIEF INFORMATION OF PHD THESIS Instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Hoan Assoc Prof Dr Phan Kim Chien HANOI - 2022 INTRODUCTION Reason for choosing the topic Over the years, urban areas in Vietnam have grown strongly in terms of scale, quantity as well as quality The urban system of Vietnam has created a new urban appearance in the direction of a civilized and modern urban space, creating conditions for people to have a high quality life The urban system in Vietnam is growing stronger and stronger, distributed relatively evenly across the country Urban areas have played an important role in bringing our country out of poverty to become a low-middle-income country Urban appearance is gradually improving The urban infrastructure system has been greatly improved, especially roads, river bridges, water supply, electricity supply and public lighting Many new urban areas were built However, in Vietnam after “Doi moi”, many problems appeared in the process of urban development such as hot growth, lack of planning, environmental problems, and social management in urban areas On the one hand, the vision of poor urban planning and management has given rise to many complicated problems, threatening to sustainable development, on the other hand, many rural areas have been "impatient" to become urban areas through the administrative regulations without complying with the development laws of urban economy, etc Economic growth along with rapid urbanization has led to an explosion in travel demand in urban areas, especially in urban areas particularly large cities To meet the ever-growing travel demand for means of transport, this is really a challenge for the urban transport system The rapid increase of private vehicles is one of the causes leading to traffic congestion, environmental pollution and many other problems of urban areas The Government together with the municipalities have been making efforts to find tools to solve this situation, in which the development of public passenger transport, especially the public passenger transport service by car bus is considered an effective and central solution However, the reality shows that the public bus transport system in Vietnam's urban areas has not been really effective, and has only met a very small part of the travel needs of people people Hanoi is the political, administrative and cultural center of the country In recent years, the urbanization process in Hanoi is taking place very quickly in breadth, which brings many development opportunities but also entails many problems such as the lack of traffic infrastructure The city's development speed, traffic congestion and environmental pollution are becoming more and more complicated In order to solve the problem of the city's hot growth, together with the limitation of private means of transport, it is necessary to develop and improve the efficiency of public transport, especially the bus system, which is identified by the city government as a task important and central service in the city's development strategy This policy should continue to be consistently implemented with appropriate priorities for each stage A case study of bus service in Hanoi, a typical city of Vietnam, includes conducting an assessment of the current development situation, determining the factors affecting the development and the direction and importance of the bus service The development goals of the city government will help provide highly generalized knowledge about the development of public transport services by bus, thereby helping managers to plan strategies and build solutions to develop bus services suitable to the characteristics of each city in Vietnam Therefore, the PhD student chooses the topic "Factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas in Vietnam - A case study of Hanoi city" Research objective “ The research objective of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the development of the public passenger transport service by bus from the current situation of the development of the public passenger transport service by bus buses in Hanoi city, thereby determining the position, role and impact of each party in the State - Business People tripartite relationship, then give some recommendations to develop the public bus transport service in urban areas of Vietnam To achieve the above goal, the thesis will focus on solving the following specific tasks: - Clarifying theoretical issues about the development of the public bus transport service and factors affecting the development of the public bus transport service in urban areas; - Analysis of the current situation of developing public passenger transport services by bus in Hanoi - Identify factors and evaluate the importance of factors affecting the development of the public bus transport service in Hanoi The factors are classified into three groups based on the criteria of stakeholders involved in the development of the public bus transport service, including: (1) State management; (2) The capacity of the enterprise; and (3) People's perception - From the results of the study on the public bus transport service in Hanoi, some solutions are proposed to develop the public passenger transport service by bus in the cities of Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular in the near future Subjects and scope of the research 3.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the factors affecting the development of the public bus transport service in urban areas (research in Hanoi city) 3.2 Research scope - Content: Factors affecting the development of passenger transport services by bus in Hanoi - Space - location: Research in Hanoi city - Time: Assess the current situation in the period 2016-2020; Proposing solutions for the period of 2020 - 2025 with a vision to 2030 Research Methodology The thesis is carried out with dialectical materialism method, historical materialism method At the same time, the following specific research methods were used: - Method of analyzing secondary documents: Conducted by collecting and analyzing research works on passenger transport services by bus and factors affecting the development of passenger transport services by bus bus, evaluate the value side that can be inherited, the backward side needs to be discarded, the anti-value side needs to be criticized, and at the same time, detect gaps that need to be filled or researched and developed - Statistical data processing method: Based on statistical data sources of professional statistical agencies, administrative reports, social reports of previous studies, the research team will analyze , evaluate the achievements and limitations of data and information, compared with primary data obtained from independent research results of the topic - Sociological survey method: It is carried out by: (1) selecting the survey sample; (2) design the questionnaire, pay attention to the types of questions (choice question, weighted answer, open-ended question, structural analysis question; (3) process of survey results: based on on the basis of mathematical statistics on computers (by popular programs such as: Excel, Stata, SPSS - Statistic Package for Social Studies) course (detailed in chapter of the thesis) - In-depth interview method: This method is applied to synthesize in-depth opinions of experts on the issues, contents and research results of the topic In particular, this method is applied to consult and identify results related to proposing and recommending policies to develop passenger transport services by bus to meet urban development requirements - case study of Hanoi capital - Modeling method: To achieve the research objectives, it is necessary to apply modeling methods, including on both aspects: the development model of passenger transport services and the development of passenger transport services passengers by bus; and factors affecting the development of passenger transport services by bus Design the model according to many different options, analyze the advantages and disadvantages, advantages and disadvantages of each model, on that basis select the optimal model to put in the proposal Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion and list of references, the list of related works published by the author, the content of the thesis includes chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation Chapter 2: Theoretical basis of factors affecting the development of the public bus transport service in urban areas Chapter 3: Research Methods Chapter 4: Reality and factors affecting the development of the public bus transport service in Hanoi City Chapter 5: Developing the public bus transport service in urban areas in Vietnam in the period of 2020-2025 and vision to 2030 – Through the case study of Hanoi city 4 Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1 Public services and public bus transport services 1.1.1 Public services Based on the collected studies, it can be determined that bus service is a type of public service, belonging to the group of public services with the goal of meeting the travel needs of the people, under the management of the public regulated by the State, provided by the State or a 3rd party In fact, in Hanoi city, bus service is being provided in the form of state subsidies and to qualified enterprises bidding to participate in the supply under the inspection and supervision of the State 1.1.2 Urban and urban public transport services Research by Nguyen Van Diep (2011) gives the definition of urban passenger transport service as follows: “Urban public bus transport service is a type of urban transport that can meet a large volume of demand travel demand of all classes of population on a regular basis, continuously according to a definite time, in a stable direction and route, in a stable direction and route in each certain period.” The study also makes some observations: Public bus transport service is a complex, multifunctional system Previously, the structure of the public bus transport system was usually only considered according to the type of mode and mode of transport transportation area Therefore, when investing in the construction and operation of the public bus transport system, people only talk about the investment in vehicles and infrastructure serving that means as well as the coordination between modes and types carriage However, along with the requirements of modernization and improvement of service quality of the public service system in urban areas, the public bus transport system needs to be considered in a more comprehensive and complete way, not only in a unified transport technology but in a unified transport technology In the market mechanism, in order to ensure the quality of passenger service, public bus transport service activities are not merely transporting passengers according to time and space but also providing people with a type of travel service complete again 1.2 Development of public bus transport services and factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas 1.2.1 The public bus transport services and development of public bus transport services in urban areas Research by Nguyen Van Diep (2011) gives the following definition: “Public bus transport service is all the constituent elements to contribute to the safe and satisfactory transport of passengers by bus satisfy the travel needs of people in urban areas Thus, the bus system is a small system in the large public transport service The public bus transport service is composed of the following two groups of elements: The group of elements on material and technical foundations includes: - Bus route network to transport passengers - Means of transportation - Infrastructure for passenger transport: Stops, waiting houses, bus stations, transit points The group of human factors includes: - Businesses carrying out passenger transportation - State management agency for public bus transport service - Human resource training facility 1.2.2 Factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas Regarding the factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas, the most notable of these is the study of Daniel Albalate and Germá Bel (2009) The study combines analysis of the link between human capital and regional economic growth in the European Union and uses different indicators of the importance of efficient and effective mobility in cities Large scale is becoming essential for planners and residents due to its impact on social, economic and geographical development The aim of this study was to identify the factors that explain urban transport systems by estimating the aggregate supply and demand equations for 45 major European cities When considering the public bus transport system as a service, we have research by Philip Kotler (2002) indicating main groups of factors affecting the behavior of consumers using the service, including: cultural factors, social factors, psychological factors and personal factors The study of Satoshi Fujii and Hong Tan Van (2009) explores the behavioral intention to use the bus while considering aspects including: people's perception of the quality of bus service, perception of issues and moral obligations of people in Ho Chi Minh City The aim is to test the feasibility of developing mobility management measures to convince motorcycle users to use buses more, and if so, how Research by M Susilawati and D P E Nilakusmawati (2017) evaluates the factors affecting the satisfaction of bus passengers The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the user's satisfaction with the quality of transport services by public bus and determine the variables that become the determining factor affect user satisfaction The study was conducted on public bus travel between districts in the province of Bali, among eight governments and one municipality, using a questionnaire as a data collection tool Chapter 2: THEORETICAL BASIS ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION SERVICES IN URBAN CITY 2.1 Overview of the urban area and the public bus transport service in the urban area 2.1.1 Urban area 2.1.1.1 The concept of urban area In Vietnam, according to the 2015 Law on Urban Planning, the concept of an urban area is defined as follows: “An urban area is an area with high density of population living and mainly operating in the non-economic field agriculture, is the political, economic, cultural or specialized center, plays a role in promoting the socio-economic development of a country or a territory, a locality, including the inner city , the outskirts of the city; inner and outer towns of towns and townships” 6 2.1.1.2 Characteristics of urban areas The characteristics of the city are summarized as follows: - An urban center is a political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific - technical center, an important transport hub of the region, the locality or the whole country Cities are places where state agencies from the central to local levels are concentrated, and are the focal points of many management levels and branches Depending on the location of the urban types, the influence on the localities is also different - Urban areas are places with high population density and heavy coherence - Cities, especially large cities, have strong economic potential - The city is constantly moving and developing, especially in the trend of urbanization, where it is easy to receive new things (especially trends, trends, technological revolution 4.0) - Urban areas are places where important physical infrastructures such as transportation, telecommunications, electricity, water, construction works are concentrated - Urban areas have a mixture of urbanized areas and peripheral areas - The city is the center of tourism services - Urban areas are also the place where many social problems arise, unemployment, criminal crimes, social evils often overcrowding at training, medical, and traffic establishments 2.1.1.3 Urban travel demand Travel demand is the average number of trips per person per unit time The trip is a purposeful movement with a distance of ≥ 500 meters The average number of trips per person in a day is called the travel coefficient, this coefficient is usually determined in a time of day and night When studying the travel needs of citizens, people distinguish the following concepts: - Possible travel demand: is the largest possible number of trips of a person in a year to serve the purposes of production, study, play, entertainment - Actual travel demand: Is the actual number of trips of people in a year to satisfy the needs in the fields of production, life and daily life In practice, the actual number of travel needs is smaller than the possible number of travel needs because of the duplication of trips (Multi-Purpose Trips) - The demand for travel by means of transport, referred to as transport demand for short, is the actual number of trips of people by means of transport In fact, not all people use PTFE to satisfy their travel needs, so the number of trips a person takes in a year using PTTV is always smaller than that person's actual trip in a year In developed countries, walking accounts for a large proportion (maybe up to 30%) and the trend of trips using non-motorized vehicles is increasing 2.1.2 Public transport service in urban areas 2.1.2.1 Concept and mode of providing the public transport services in urban areas Public transport service is a component in the urban transport service system, it is a type of urban transport that can meet a large volume of travel needs of all classes of population on a regular basis, continuously in a definite time, in a direction and along a stable route in each certain period Passengers accept to pay the prescribed price In Vietnam, according to the regulations on public passenger transport in urban areas of the Ministry of Transport, public transport service is a collection of modes and modes of transport to transport passengers in urban areas at a distance of less than 50 kilometers and has a capacity of more than passengers The complete public transit service system is an organic combination of three subsystems: - Types of public transport vehicles - The system of technical infrastructure includes: Infrastructure on the route, Logistics facilities in the enterprise, technical infrastructure serving the management and operation of vehicles and operating the entire network - Passenger services and support services include: Service services in the preparation and terminal operations of the transport process; Additional passenger services to enhance the comfort and accessibility of passengers using the public transport service A system of public transport services in urban areas operating smoothly and efficiently is determined by the compatibility between the type of public passenger transport vehicle and the technical infrastructure and the system of public transport services support services, service services for vehicles as well as passengers Figure 2.1: Standard public transport system for a city (Source: Nguyen Van Diep, 2011) 2.1.2.2 Types of public transport services with large capacity in urban areas - The subway - Iron-wheeled tram - Monorail 8 - Light overhead tram - LRT - Steam train - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) - Buses 2.1.3 The public bus transport in urban areas 2.1.3.1 The concept The public bus tranport service is a form of transport using buses to transport passengers on fixed routes of a city, operating according to the operating chart and prescribed fare to satisfy customers daily travel needs of the people For cities that have not yet developed urban public rail transport (subway system, skytrain, ), PUBLIC The public bus tranport service plays a key role, meet the travel needs of the city's people by public transport According to the regulations on business and conditions for transport business by car in Decree No 10/2020/ND-CP, dated January 17, 2020 of the Government: Clause 4, Article 117 of the draft Law on Road Traffic defines: “The public bus tranport service is a type of public transport business using vehicles with a capacity of seats (including the driver) or more board activities according to predefined routes, schedules, and pickup and drop-off stops 2.1.3.2 Characteristics The characteristics of the public bus transport system in urban areas are reflected in the following aspects: transport routes and operating time; transportation; operating organization; service management and pricing policy; transportation needs; route network management; operating and operating management system; passenger service 2.1.3.3 Advantages and limitations 2.2 Developing the public bus transport service in urban areas 2.2.1 The Concept The development of public bus services in urban areas is to increase service value by expanding the scale of supply, improving service quality, expanding the network and diversifying service types services to customers in order to bring greater efficiency to service providers in urban areas 2.2.2 Contents of the development of public bus transport services in urban areas 2.2.2.1 Service scale growth 2.2.2.2 Improve the quality of transportation services 2.2.2.3 Service network development 2.2.2.4 New service development 2.2.3 Factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas The public bus transport service in urban areas includes basic modules: route network; vehicle; transport management and passenger service; at the same time related to important subjects: the state; transport enterprises and passengers Each entity has a certain responsibility in developing the bus service The factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas can be classified into three groups: 2.2.3.1 State factors - Planning to develop bus route network - Invest in means of public transport by bus - Quality management of public passenger transport by bus - Propagating and mobilizing people to take the bus - Mechanisms and policies for the development of public bus transport service 2.2.3.2 Companies engaged in the business of transporting passengers by bus - Facilities resources - Service capacity of the shipping business unit - Service process - Management capacity of shipping enterprises - Brand image - Social responsibility 2.2.3.3 Customer factors - Residents' preferences and habits - Population size and population structure - Income of residents 2.3 International experience in developing public passenger bus services 2.3.1 China 2.3.2 Thailand 2.3.3 Japan 2.3.4 Korea 2.3.5 Experience for Vietnam 2.4 Research model 10 11 The initial research model of the thesis is proposed as shown in the following figure: comprehensive assessment, and also help control errors and increase the reliability of the study Figure 2.3 : Proposed research model Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research process overview To be able to answer the research question, the thesis conducts quantitative research, runs the test model using primary and secondary data sources, in which: Secondary data is the data in the periodic reports of the Hanoi Transport Corporation Transerco In addition, the thesis can use many other diverse data sources of specialized agencies such as Ministry of Transport, University of Transport and Communications, environmental associations, Directorate for Roads of Vietnam The primary source of data is the data that the graduate student self-investigate by using standardized interview method (survey via pre-designed questionnaire) and expert interview method In addition, the thesis also conducted standardized interviews using a questionnaire with an interview sample of 500 people by convenient sampling method, who are bus passengers, workers living in Hanoi city, etc Cabinet, officials of transportation management agencies, employees of bus service companies The standardized interview with this sample of 500 people is expected to help supplement data to ensure a Figure 1: Thesis’s research process 3.2 Data analysis and processing methods All survey data were entered into SPSS software After reviewing and removing unsuitable samples, the data is processed by computer according to the corresponding criteria The study uses the following main research methods: - Descriptive statistical method: The statistics are taken from updated data provided by the regulatory agencies Descriptive statistics method is used to show and reflect the current state of public passenger transport in the study area - Comparative method: Compare growth levels of the same nature and attributes in different periods and periods on the same line and study area - Method of synthesis analysis: Analysis is the separation of a complex event or phenomenon into its parts, elements, and simple aspects Synthesis is linking and unifying the parts and elements that have been analyzed 3.3 Qualitative research of factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in Hanoi city 3.3.1 Objectives and subjects of qualitative research 12 13 The main objective of carrying out this qualitative study is to examine the views of experts and managers of bus service businesses on the development of public bus transport services in Hanoi Get opinions on what factors can affect the, the degree of influence of those factors Recognizing a number of current status issues and development orientations Subjects of the thesis to conduct in-depth interviews are a number of experts, state managers and managers of some bus service businesses in Hanoi, a total of 20 people 3.3.2 Data collection 3.3.3 Contents of qualitative research Interviews were conducted with experts and managers at seminars with content revolving around public passenger transport, public passenger transport development, network development planning traffic in Hanoi The content of the interview mainly processed to check for missing information for each observation, and cases with revolved around the following issues: - Perspectives on the development of public bus transsport service - The current status of the public bus transport network in Hanoi - What are the governmental factors affecting the development of public bus transsport service? - What factors affect people's bus ride? - Some solutions to develop public bus transsport service in Hanoi in particular and big cities of Vietnam in general - Interviews with bus operators were conducted at face-to-face meetings at a number of transport businesses under Transerco The content of the interview revolved around the following issues: - Business situation of the enterprise - Views of enterprises on the issue of profits and corporate social responsibility when doing business in buses - Are there any factors affecting the bus service business of the enterprise? - Some ideas to develop public bus transsport service 3.4 Quantitative research 3.4.1 Selection of research samples The number of samples used in this quantitative study is 500, Vietnamese people living in Hanoi, the main subjects are workers, students, students and employees of agencies state management of bus services, employees and officers of bus service enterprises in Hanoi Some will be surveyed through Microsoft Forms software, some will conduct questionnaires in paper form to ensure convenience for survey participants The total number of survey questionnaires sent was 500 (both in paper form and through software) These 500 observations, after being collected, continue to be cleaned, uncooperative answers The results show that no observations and observed variables are missing data; None of the observations had an uncooperative response (standard deviation =0) The data set after being cleaned will be used by the NCS to conduct steps in the formal quantitative research such as evaluating the reliability (Cronbach's α) of the scales and assessing the suitability of the scales by analyzing EFA then interpreting the influence of factors by SEM structural equation model 3.4.2 Building a scale of quantitative variables Based on previous studies as well as reports of the Department and the Ministry of Transport plus consultation with a number of experts, the thesis builds a scale for the dependent variable "The development of public bus transport service” (P) is based on whether or not the travel needs of the city people can be met, specifically here will be assessed through the service scale, service quality, bus service network and new services attached The scale of the dependent variable and the independent variables are explained in the table below: Bảng 1: Interpretation of independent variables in the research model Observed variables Explain Source Expect P: The developement of public bus transport service The scale of bus service is getting larger(P1) Bus service quality is getting better (P2) The bus service network is expanding day by day (P3) Bus services are deployed under many new types Likert scale 1-5 1: Totally disagree 2: Disagree 3: Normal 4: Agree 5: Totally disagree Urban Economics (Arthur o’Sullivan, 2003); Public Economics (J.E.Stiglitz, 1995); Urban Transit: Operations, Planning and Economics (Vukan R.Vuchic, 2005) (P4) X1: State management Bus service is planned to be connected and synchronous (X1.1) Bus service development planning in line with the city's development plan (X1.2) The system of roads, road bridges, and tunnels meets the needs of bus riders (X1.3) Likert scale 1-5 1: Totally disagree 2: Disagree 3: Normal 4: Agree 5: Totally disagree The existence of a strategic plan (Aase, 2009) Inadequate management (Hazra et al., 2009) Full legal system (Aase, 2009) The role of the State in providing public services (Nguyen Ngoc Hien, 2002) Adequate management policies (Mrayyan et al., 2006) Support from municipal authorities (Zurbrugg, 2005) + 14 15 The system of transit points, stops, and bus shelters meets the needs of bus riders (X1.4) Family, friends and colleagues encouraged to take the bus (X3.4) The operation of the bus management and operation media encourage bus travel (X3.5) The government and the center is effective (X1.5) Buses help reduce emissions and fuel consumption by reducing the number of private vehicles on the road (X3.6) The policy to support development investment has practical significance and is implemented synchronously and effectively (X1.6) Buses help reduce traffic jams (X3.7) The subsidy policy is very practical and effective (X1.7) + X2: Capacity of bus service companies Enterprises achieve expected profit from bus service business (X2.1) Enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities (X2.2) Available facilities and facilities are appropriate (X2.3) Economic tools (Chung et al., 2008) Corporate Social Responsibility Likert scale 1-5 1: Totally disagree 2: Disagree 3: Normal 4: Agree 5: Totally disagree (Porter & Kramer, 2002) CSR strategy and competitive advantage (Kotler & Lee, 2005) Appropriate infrastructure and facilities are available (Mrayyan et al., 2006) The costs of improving technology (Abarca, 2013) The quality of the business means of the enterprise meets the requirements (X2.4) + X3: People’s perception Buses make traveling more convenient (X3.1) Likert scale 1-5 1: Totally disagree The cost of using the bus is very cheap (X3.2) 2: Disagree 3: Normal Reduce stress when 4: Agree 5: Totally disagree participating in traffic (X3.3) Fujii and Van (2007) Sumaedi et al (2010) Ng dan Phuong (2015), Setiawan (2012), Chen C.F and Chao W.H (2010) Yuwei Liu et al (2017), Heath & Gifford (2002) 16 Chapter 4: REALITY AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT SERVICE IN HANOI CITY 4.1 Overview of the public bus transport system in urban areas across the country and of Hanoi City 4.1.1 Overview of the public bus transport system in urban areas across the country 4.1.1.1 Line network 4.1.1.2 Infrastructure 4.1.1.3 Vehicles 4.1.1.4 Ticket and pricing 4.1.1.5 Policy 4.1.1.6 State management 4.1.2 Overview of bus public bus transport services in Hanoi City and state management of public bus transport services 4.1.2.1 Public transport system in Hanoi City Along with Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi is the largest and special type of urban area in Vietnam After the expansion in 2008, now Hanoi city includes 12 urban districts, town and 17 suburban districts, with an area of 3324.3 km2, a population of more than 7.3 million people (according to statistics 12/ 2015) Public transport in Hanoi consists of two fundamentally different systems An organized system for large vehicles operating in fleets on fixed routes The other system operates regionally for smaller vehicles, operates independently and mainly serves individual passengers Fleet operation now includes one modality, a well-organized bus system planned and operated by the city Operating in a single mode including modes: (i) motorbike taxi - an informal but convenient service, (ii) cyclo - now the traditional service has been banned in most of the country the city center area, and (iii) a mobile and extensive taxi system, and recently the operation of a low-cost mini-taxi model 4.1.2.2 The process of formation and development of public bus transport service in Hanoi City The development process of public bus transport service in Hanoi city can be generalized in stages: - Initiation phase - The period 1960-1986 - The period 1992 - 2000 - The period from 2001 to 2010 - The period from 2011 - up to now 4.1.2.3 State management of the public bus transport service of Hanoi City 17 - State management agency for public bus transport in Hanoi: - Documents on the development of public bus transport issued by Hanoi City - Management contents: + Quality management of traffic infrastructure + Quality management of means of transport + Managing and operating transportation activities + Manage passenger service + Manage passenger ticket sales + Service quality inspection and supervision + Management of environmental sanitation 4.2 Situation of development of public passenger transport services by bus in Hanoi City 4.2.1 Growth in service scale 4.2.1.1 Number of bus transportation business units 4.2.1.2 Number and structure of vehicles 4.2.1.3 Business results 4.2.2 Develop network 4.2.2.1 Bus route network 4.2.2.2 Stopover, waiting house 4.2.2.3 Transshipment point 4.2.2.4 End point 4.2.2.5 Bus-only lanes 4.2.3 Development of service quality 4.2.3.1 Capacity to provide public bus transport 4.2.3.2 Bus service quality as judged by passengers 4.2.3.3 Evaluation of bus service quality through household survey 4.2.3.4 Overall rating 4.2.4 Development of value-added services 4.3 Analysis of factors affecting the development of public bus transport in Hanoi 4.3.1 Qualitative research results When experts, bus service managers were asked how the development of public passenger transport by bus was evaluated, many opinions were given, but most all have the same opinion that the development of bus service should be considered in terms of how much it can meet the travel needs of city people, in addition there are opinions in terms of number of bus routes, density of bus service network, and trip time of passengers calculated by OD method Some argue that the development of public bus transport service has a direct impact on the quality of bus services provided by businesses 18 Summarizing the results of all interviews with 20 experts, scientists, bus network executives and bus transport businesses shows that factors have a positive impact on the success of the bus network The development of the public bus transport service in Hanoi consists of main factors which are State management, Enterprise capacity and Customer awareness These factors will be analyzed and tested using the following observed variables (scales): (1) Connectivity and synchronization of bus network planning (2) The relevance of the bus development plan to the city's development (3) The system of roads, road bridges, road tunnels serving bus passengers (4) System of transit points, bus stops, and bus shelters (5) Operation of the bus management and operation center (6) Policy to support investment and development of bus network (7) Subsidy policy (8) Profit earned by the enterprise (9) Corporate social responsibility (10) Availability of suitable facilities and facilities of the enterprise (11) Vehicle quality (12) Convenience level of the bus (13) Economical level when compared to other modes of transportation (14) Perception of reducing stress in traffic if using the bus (15) Encouragement of taking the bus from the government and the media (16) Encourage bus ride from family, friends & co-workers (17) Buses help reduce emissions and fuel consumption by reducing the number of private vehicles in traffic (18) Buses help reduce traffic jams With a scientific basis are the theories of public services and public service delivery, public service socialization, the theory of the intended behavior of customers, the theory of the role and social responsibility of enterprises industry, as well as theories about the tripartite relationship in public service delivery, the proposed research model, analysis and testing, gives results that are consistent with previous studies The development of public bus transport service is positively influenced by the State's management; Capacity of service business enterprises; and People's perception of bus service 4.3.2 Quantitative research results 4.3.2.1 Description of the study sample 4.3.2.2 Test the research hypothesis 4.3.2.3 Confirm the research model 19 Table Confirmation of research hypotheses Initial research hypotheses The management of the State has a positive influence on H1 the development of the public bus transport service The capacity of the bus service companies has a positive H2 influence on the development of the public bus transport service People’s perception has a positive influence on the H3 development of the public bus transport service Confirm Accept Accept Accept 20 21 Chapter 5: DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT SERVICE IN URBAN CITY IN VIETNAM PERIOD OF 2020-2025 AND VISION 2030 – THROUGH THE CASE STUDY OF HANOI CITY 5.2.1.8 Rearrange the management apparatus, enhance management efficiency to reduce costs 5.2.1.7 Strengthen the work of inspection, examination and handling of violations 5.2.1.8 Rearrange the management apparatus, enhance management efficiency to reduce costs 5.2.2 Solutions from bus operators 5.2.2.1 Innovation in vehicle quality management 5.2.2.2 Innovation in vehicle operation management technology 5.2.2.3 Improve the quality of passenger service 5.1 Major trends impacting the development of public bus transport service and the development goals of public bus transport service of urban areas in Vietnam 5.1.1 Major trends impacting the development of public bus transport service - The people's demand for the scale and quality of public services in urban areas in general, passenger transport by bus is increasing day by day - The trend of decentralizing public service management from the central to local levels and separating the organization of public service provision from state administrative management - Restructuring of public non-business units and the trend of expanding private participation in public service provision in urban areas - The scientific - technological revolution, especially the fourth industrial revolution, strongly affects the way public service provision is organized in urban areas - Extensive international integration under the new generation of free trade agreements 5.1.2 Objectives and perspectives in developing public bus transport service in urban areas in Vietnam 5.1.2.1 Objectives 5.1.2.2 Perspectives 5.2 Some solutions to develop public bus transport service in Hanoi and other cities in Vietnam - A case study of Hanoi city 5.2.1 Solutions on the Government's side 5.2.1.1 Develop a set of regulatory criteria for the quality of public bus transport service 5.2.1.2 Completing the route network planning, enhancing connectivity, rationally developing the public bus transport route network in Hanoi to meet the improvement of transport capacity 5.2.1.3 Invest and exploit effectively the system of transport infrastructure, especially connection and transit infrastructure 5.2.1.4 Promote the application of science and technology in management and exploitation of transportation activities 5.2.1.5 Renovating the business management of public bus transport service 5.2.1.6 Limiting personal vehicles, promoting propaganda and mobilizing people to use public bus transport service 5.2.1.7 Strengthen the work of inspection, examination and handling of violations 5.2.2.4 Ensure environmental issues 5.2.2.5 Building a bus culture 5.3 Recommendations 22 23 FINAL CONCLUSION The rapid urbanization process in Vietnam, on the one hand, creates important prerequisites for the process of industrialization and modernization, on the other hand, it also poses many problems and challenges for all levels of government and one of them is the problem of urban transportation In recent years, in urban areas of Vietnam, the urban transport infrastructure network has been continuously invested, expanded and perfected However, its development speed cannot keep up with the needs of development, the growth rate of means of transport in urban areas, especially the growth rate of personal means of transport Governments and municipalities are making great efforts to find tools to solve this problem, in which the development of a public bus transport system is considered as a right, effective and focused direction in the short, medium and long term In Vietnam, buses are still the main mode of public passenger transport in urban areas, including the two largest cities in Vietnam, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City However, even in these two cities, the public bus transport service only meets about 6-7% of the demand (for Ho Chi Minh City) and 17% of the demand (for Ho Chi Minh City) Hanoi) travel of people However, the development of public bus transport service in which direction to really bring efficiency is still an issue that needs to be studied By identifying and grouping factors affecting the development of public passenger transport by bus in Hanoi city, the thesis delves into the study and test of the relationships between these factors by conducting in-depth interviews and by means of a questionnaire survey with the subjects of experts in the field of public transport, bus service managers, service businesses bus service and with the people of Hanoi city This test has helped the PhD candidates to analyze and test each correlation, the influence level of factors, answer the original research question and fill the identified research gap before From there, propose appropriate solutions and recommendations to the competent authorities in order to develop bus services to more and more meet the travel needs of people in cities in Vietnam This study also has certain limitations as follows, this is also the direction of further research and development of the thesis: Because the limitation of resources as well as research time of the thesis affects the sample size of the survey, the generalizability of the model is not high Further studies can expand the study to other cities such as Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang these are all cities that have a well-developed public bus transport network and carry new features distinctive Quantitative research uses convenient sampling method, non-probability, so the representativeness of the sample is not high Research context has not included other modes of public transportation such as BRT, Metro because these types have not been put into operation In the future, when these types of public transportation are put into operation, it will greatly affect the usage habits of people in big cities This will pose many problems for further studies 24 LIST OF RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE THESIS Le Tuan Dat (2018), "Application of market solutions in public service provision", Proceedings of the State-level scientific conference KX.01/16-20 Le Tuan Dat & Vu Thi Anh Nguyet (2020), "Some factors affecting the use of buses by people in Hanoi", State Management Magazine No 296 (September 2020) Le Sy Tho & Le Tuan Dat (2018), "The current situation and solutions to develop public transportation in big cities of Vietnam", State Management magazine No 274 (11/2018) Le Tuan Dat (2020), "The current situation and some recommendations to improve the efficiency of public bus transport service in Hanoi city", Economic & Manager magazine No 34 (June 2020) ... developement of public bus transport service The scale of bus service is getting larger(P1) Bus service quality is getting better (P2) The bus service network is expanding day by day (P3) Bus services... characteristics of each city in Vietnam Therefore, the PhD student chooses the topic "Factors affecting the development of public bus transport services in urban areas in Vietnam - A case study of Hanoi... service in urban areas in Vietnam 5.1.2.1 Objectives 5.1.2.2 Perspectives 5.2 Some solutions to develop public bus transport service in Hanoi and other cities in Vietnam - A case study of Hanoi

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