Bài giảng quản trị công chapter 9 pgs ts sử đình thành

CHAPTER GOVERNANCE & GOVERNMENT Networking with external stakeholders SU DINH THANH LEARNING OBJECTIVES SORTING IT ALL OUT: KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ Governance is not a new term Indeed, the term “governance” was first used in France in the fourteenth century where it meant ‘seat of government’ (Pierre and Peters, 2000, p 1) „ The term became much more popular when the World Bank ‘re-invented’ governance in a World Bank Report of 1989 „ The use of the term ggovernance byy the World Bank signalled a new approach to development which was based on the belief that economic prosperity is not possible ibl without ih a minimum i i l l off rule level l off law l andd democracy KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ Today, governance has become a highly topical issue for all international organizations: the United Nations, OECD and the EU produce policy-relevant advice and research related to various governance issues „ Many governments have put governance – either explicitly or implicitly – on their public sector reform agenda „ For example, p , the UK g government has g given a high g profile to its ‘public standards’ committee to deal with issues of ‘sleaze’ in public life KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ Almost all definitions contain some common elements which show that governance (Bovaird and Löffler, 2002): „ „ collective problems can no longer be solved only by public authorities but require the cooperation of other players (e.g.citizens, business, voluntary sector, media) deals with formal rules (constitutions, laws, regulations) and informal rules (codes of ethics, customs, traditions) but assumes that negotiation between stakeholders seeking to use their power can alter the importance of th these rules; l KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ „ „ no longer focuses only on market structures as steering mechanisms, as in conventional ‘new public management’ approaches, but also considers hierarchies (such as bureaucracies) and cooperative networks as potential facilitating structures in appropriate circumstances; does not reason only in terms of the logic of ends and means, inputs and outputs, but recognizes that the characteristics of the key processes in social interaction (e.g (e g transparency, transparency integrity, integrity honesty) are likely to be valuable in themselves; is inherently political, concerned as it is with the interplay of stakeholders seeking to exercise power over each other in order to further their own interests KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ „ „ no longer focuses only on market structures as steering mechanisms, as in conventional ‘new public management’ approaches, but also considers hierarchies (such as bureaucracies) and cooperative networks as potential facilitating structures in appropriate circumstances; does not reason only in terms of the logic of ends and means, inputs and outputs, but recognizes that the characteristics of the key processes in social interaction (e.g (e g transparency, transparency integrity, integrity honesty) are likely to be valuable in themselves; is inherently political, concerned as it is with the interplay of stakeholders seeking to exercise power over each other in order to further their own interests THE CHANGING ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS FROM POLICY MAKING TOWARDS POLICY MODERATING „ If governance is much more than government, does this mean that governments no longer have an important role to play in local politics and service delivery? „ Such questions are misguided, since they consider governance issues out of context More meaningful governance questions ti would ld rather th be: b ƒ When does government still matter? ƒ What functions could public agencies share with other stakeholders? What at aaree tthee roles o es oof ddifferent e e t sta stakeholders, e o de s, including c ud g tthee ƒW public sector, in solving different problems in society? THE CHANGING ROLE „ The importance of public governance does not so much pose the question of ‘how much state?’ but rather ‘which state?’ „ where we have to deal with the state as the interaction of multiple stakeholders, each of whom has some public responsibility to influence and shape decisions in the public bli sphere h IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IN PUBLIC GOVERNANCE Even though government remains an important player in most contexts, it is only one player in a multi-stakeholder context „ Not only y ppublic agencies g but also non-governmental g stakeholders such as business and the media exercise an influence upon the way the rules of the game are formulated and how it is played out in the public domain „ „ The press can change the view of a large part of the population on how important is the issue of asylum seekers IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS „ Typically, T i ll public bli governance issues i are likely lik l to involve the following key stakeholders (among others): „ „ „ „ „ „ „ citizens (as individuals); community organizations, organizations whether formally or loosely organized; nonprofit p organizations g ((includingg charities and major j non-governmental organizations); business; media; public agencies (e.g different levels of government or elected bodies, bodies including international levels); elected politicians NETWORKS AS A SPECIFIC MODE OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE „ Networks have become an increasingly important aspect of public governance „ What we mean by networks? Policy networks consist of a varietyy of actors who all have their own goals and strategies but who are also dependent on each other to achieve the desired public policy outcomes „ There is no single actor who has enough power to ensure the achievement of the policy outcomes himself se oor herself e se NETWORKS „ Obviously, the operation of networks will differ depending on the distribution of power and the institutional context which determines incentives or obstacles for cooperation „ One famous typology of policy networks is the ‘Rhodes typology’ which focuses on welfare state services NETWORKS NETWORKS „ In the academic literature, network management is seen as consisting of two major elements (Kickert and Koppenjan, 1997): „ „ direct management of interactions within networks (so-called game management); influencing the institutional arrangements in order to improve conditions for cooperation indirectly (socalled network constitution) NETWORKS ... of two major elements (Kickert and Koppenjan, 199 7): „ „ direct management of interactions within networks (so-called game management); influencing the institutional arrangements in order to improve... to exercise power over each other in order to further their own interests KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS KEY GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS „ „ „ no longer focuses only on market structures as steering mechanisms,... their own interests THE CHANGING ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS FROM POLICY MAKING TOWARDS POLICY MODERATING „ If governance is much more than government, does this mean that governments no longer have