Paraphrase Entailment English Semantics

Example • PARAPHRASE is the relationship between a word and a combination of other words with the same meaning.. POSSIBLE WAYS TO PARAPHRASE A SENTENCE 1 Change indidual words • Using S

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MEMBERS

ENGLISH SEMANTICS

ENTAILMENT

1 DEFINITION

I PARAPHRASE

2 EXERCISE

1 DEFINITION

.

Example

• PARAPHRASE is the relationship between a word and a combination

of other words with the same meaning.

LOUD PARAPHRASE can be be heard from far away

• We use words or other equivalent symbols to explain other words

=> PARAPHRASE

• Sentences are paraphrases if they have the same meaning (except possibly for minor differences in emphases)

Example (1) The girl kissed the boy.

(2) The boy was kissed by the girl

• In the second the emphasis is on what happened to the boy, whereas in the

first the emphasis is on what the girl did

1 DEFINITION

A difference in the emphasis

• The meaning relations between the verb kiss and the two noun phrases

the girl and the boy are the same in the both case

On this basis the two sentences are paraphrase of each other.

POSSIBLE WAYS TO PARAPHRASE A SENTENCE

(1) Change indidual words

• Using SYNONYMS

Cats DRINK cream Domestic felines CONSUME the liquid fat of milk.

• Using relational antonyms (also called converses)

I LENT that book to Jim Jim BORROWED that book from me

(2) Change sentence structure

Cats DRINK cream Cream IS DRUNK by cats.

(3) Change both individual words and sentence structure

Cats DRINK cream. The liquid fat of milk IS DRUNK by

domestic felines

POSSIBLE WAYS TO PARAPHRASE A SENTENCE

II EXCERCISE

.

The following pairs are paraphrases of each other Identify the way employed

to paraphrase them

a The house was CONCEALED by the tree

b The house was HIDDEN by the tree

a John is the parent of James

b James is the child of John

Change individual words

by using synonyms

Change individual words by using relational antonyms

a We HAD hardly BEGUN our work when it rained

b Hardly HAD we BEGUN work when it rained

Change sentence structure

The following pairs are paraphrases of each other Identify the way employed

to paraphrase them

a They had a wonderful holiday even though the weather was bad.

b They had a wonderful holiday in spite of the bad weather.

a Some countries have no coastline

b Not all countries have a coastline Change individual words by using synonyms

a Sam SLICED the salami with a knife

b Sam USED a knife to slice the salami

Change sentence structure

Change both individual words and sentence structure

1 DEFINITION

II ENTAILMENT

2 CHARACTERISTICS

3 TYPES OF ENTAILMENT

4 EXERCISES

John was killed entails John died

Obviously, John died could bot be true any time before it was true that

John was killed.

Entailment is a relationship that applies between two sentences,

where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meanings of the words involved

1 DEFINITION

Example

• An entailment is something that logically follows from what

is asserted in the utterance

Shirley: “It's so sad George regrets getting Mary pregnant.”

Jean: “But he didn't get her pregnant We know that now.”

• Entailments are inferences that can be drawn solely from our

knowledge about the semantic relationship in a language

1 DEFINITION

• Entailment applies cumulativvely.

• Thus if X entials Y and Y entails Z, then X entails Z

X, some boys ran down the street entails Y, some kids ran down the street.

Y, some kids ran down the street entails Z, some kids went down to the street

X, some boys ran down the street entails Z, some kids went down to the street

2 CHARACTERISTICS

Example

• Hyponymy involves entailment.

To say “ This is a tulip” entails This is a flower, and This is scarlet entails This is red.

The relation between tulip and flower and between scarlet and

red brings out the HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION involved in

hyponymy.

2 CHARACTERISTICS

(1) One-way entailment

The entailments of this first type come about because of hyponymic relations between words

Ex1: Alfred saw a bear asymmetrically entails Alfred saw an animal

If Alfred saw a bear then he necessarily saw an animal, but if Alfred saw an animal, he could have seen a bear but not

necessarily It could be a big bad wolf

3 TYPES OF ENTAILMENT

(2) Two-way entailment

The entailments between a pair of sentences are mutual since

the truth of either sentence guarantees the truth of the other.

Ex1: Paul borrowed a car from Sue symmetrically entails Sue lent a car to Paul

Ex2: The police chased the burglar symmetrically entails The burglar was chased by the police

3 TYPES OF ENTAILMENT

Notice that

(1) Hyponymic relations between words result in a great

number of one-way entailments

(2) Paraphrases are two-way entailments

(3) Relationship pairs of antonym such as sell-buy, lend-borrow, own-belong to, etc do contribute to two-way entailments

3 TYPES OF ENTAILMENT

4 Exercises

Task 1: Use => to show one-way entailments and <=> to show two-way

entailment in each of the following pairs of sentences

a John is a bachelor

b John is a man

a Bachelors prefer red-haired girls

b Girls with red haird are preferred

a My pet cobra likes the taste of chocolate

b My pet cobra finds chocolate tasty

One-way entailment

One-way entailment Two-way entailment

4 Exercises

Task 2: What sense relation holds between the two sentences in each of

the following pairs:

a Some of students came to my party

b Not all of the students came to my party.

a Jim is fatter than Ed and Ed is fatter than Bob

b Jim is fatter than Bob

a The beetle is alive

b The beetle is dead

Paraphrase

Asymmetrically entails

Contradict