TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO MÔN NGỮ ÂM ÂM VỊ HỌC TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP.HCM KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL OF ENGLISH PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY Compiled by: Le Thi Minh Thuy (M.A.) Vo Thi Bao Chau (M.A.) Ho Chi Minh City, 09/2020 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP.HCM KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO MÔN NGỮ ÂM – ÂM VỊ HỌC Lê Thị Minh Thủy Võ Thị Bảo Châu Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 09/2020 INTRODUCTION The importance of intercultural communication is growing in a globalized and ever‐changing world In this context, the role of English as an international language cannot be denied The knowledge of English Phonetics and Phonology, i.e how particular sounds are produced, their properties, how we perceive speech and what happens to speech sounds when we speak fast, helps us to speak clearly and understand others correctly, which is of utmost importance, especially in intercultural contexts The present resource book is designed as a supplement to Peter Roach’s (2010) textbook English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course and may be used to accompany lecture courses on English Phonetics and Phonology at university level It is equally suitable for self‐study and for in‐class situations with a teacher The book gives students practice in pronunciation and transcription of English sounds, enhances their understanding of phonological structures and rules, and improves speaking and listening skills The resource book consists of eight chapters Each contains both summary of theory and plenty of practice CONTENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS PRACTICE .8 CHAPTER 2: THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS 16 PRACTICE .18 CHAPTER THE CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS 24 PRACTICE .26 CHAPTER THE CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS 34 PRACTICE .39 CHAPTER 5: THE SYLLABLE 54 PRACTICE .62 CHAPTER 6: STRESS IN ENGLISH AND WEAK FORMS 73 PRACTICE .83 CHAPTER 7: ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH 105 PRACTICE 110 CHAPTER 8: INTONATION 118 PRACTICE 125 SUGGESTED ANSWER 127 REFERENCES 179 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS Definitions of Phonetics and Phonology Both phonetics and phonology are important components of linguistics, which is the science that deals with the general study of language While phonetics is the study of the sounds made by the human voice in speech, phonology is the study of how sounds pattern and function in a given language (Lodge, 2009) Phonetics describes the concrete, physical form of sounds (how they are produced, heard and how they can be described), while phonology is concerned with the function of sounds, that is with their status and inventory in any given language In other words, phonetics studies the actual sounds that we produce while phonology studies the abstract patterns of the sounds in our mind (Ladefoged, P & Johnson, K., 2011) Types of phonetics Ashby (2013) believes that speech can be examined in various ways, corresponding to the stages of the transmission of the speech signal from a speaker to a listener a Articulatory phonetics is concerned with the articulation of speech, i.e the position, shape, and movement of articulators, such as the lips, tongue, and vocal folds b Acoustic phonetics is concerned about the physical nature of the speech signal c Auditory phonetics is the study of how the ear receives the speech signal Acoustic phonetics Pressure Pressure Articulatory phonetics Auditory phonetics High Frequency Wave Time Period Low Frequency Wave Time Period Letters, sounds, and symbols In the study of phonetics, symbols are used to represent sounds We cannot use the ordinary letters of the alphabet to symbolize sounds as there are obvious differences between pronunciation and ordinary spelling These letters may have totally different values from those which learners are accustomed to In addition, many English sounds may be spelt in a large number of different ways (Skandera & Burleigh, 2005) Accents and dialects in English Accents are several ways in which the language can be pronounced Dialects refer variations in grammar and vocabulary Varieties refer all these aspects of language variation – pronunciation together with grammar and vocabulary (Skandera & Burleigh, 2005) One variety of English pronunciation which has traditionally been connected with the more privileged section of the population is variously referred to as ‘Oxford English’, ‘BBC English’ and even ‘the Queen’s English’, but none of these names can be considered at all accurate For a long time, phoneticians have called it Received Pronunciation (or RP) The term ‘Received Pronunciation’ seems to have caught on with the media and has begun to have wider currency with the general public (Roach, 2009) Segments, phonemes, and allophones Speech is a continuous flow of sounds with interruptions only when necessary to take in air to breathe, or to organize our thoughts The process of dividing up this continuous flow into smaller chunks that are easier to deal with is called segmentation, and the resulting smaller sound units are termed segments (Lodge, 2009) A phoneme can be defined as the smallest distinctive, or contrastive, unit in the sound system of a language In other words, a phoneme contrasts meaningfully with other speech sounds Phonemes are abstract, idealized sounds that are never pronounced and never heard Actual, concrete speech sounds can be regarded as the realization of phonemes by individual speakers, and are referred to as allophones (Skandera, & Burleigh, (2005) The allophones of a particular phoneme typically have phonetic similarity • They usually sound fairly similar to each other • They are usually articulated in a somewhat similar way The occurrence of allophones in this instance is predictable They can be considered as complements to each other; where one occurs the other cannot Such an allophonic patterning is termed complementary distribution (McMahon, 2002) Example Phonemic and phonetic transcription According to Lodge, (2009), phonetic transcription can be defined as a system of alphabetic writing in which each symbol represents one and only one distinct elementary speech sound and one of the phonetic alphabets that are widely used is that of the International Phonetic Association A phonetic transcription can indicate minute details of the articulation of any particular sound by the use of differently shaped symbols, e.g [Ɂ ɹ], or by adding little marks (known as diacritics) to a symbol, e.g [ẽ ḅ] In contrast, a phonemic transcription shows only the phoneme contrasts and does not tell us precisely what the realisations of the phoneme are A broad phonetic transcription may be defined as a transcription obtained by using the minimum number of symbols requisite for representing without ambiguity the sounds of the language in question (without reference to other languages) If it is desired to have separate symbols for all the sounds occurring in several languages and dialects, a very large number of symbols and diacritical marks will be necessary Transcriptions of this kind are called narrow phonetic transcriptions SYMBOLS FOR VOWEL PHONEMES Monophthongs Diphthongs ɑː park ə potato aɪ light eə there æ flat ʌ cup eɪ play ɪə fear e bed ɜː third ɔɪ toy ʊə tour ɪ ship iː feet əʊ coat ɒ not ɔː four aʊ house ʊ look u: food SYMBOLS FOR CONSONANT PHONEMES Voiceless Voiced p pen b bad t tea d did k cat ɡ get s see z zoo ʃ shoe ʒ vision tʃ chain dʒ jam f fall v van θ thin ð this h hat m man n now ŋ sing l leg r red w wet j yes Minimal pairs and minimal sets McMahon, (2002) defines a minimal pair as a pair of words distinguished by a single sound For example, if we take the word ‘man’, and replace the first sound by /p/, we get a new word ‘pan’ Meanwhile, a minimal set is a set of words distinguished by replacing one sound with another For example, man, ban, tan, ran, etc can make a minimal set Instead of changing the initial consonant, we can also change the vowel (e.g mean, moan, men, mine, moon) or the final consonant (e.g man, mat, mad) Homophones and homographs Another feature of English is that some pronunciations correspond to multiple spellings According to Ashby (2013), homophones are words that look different but sound exactly the same Example: • Cs, seas, sees and seize are all pronounced /siːz/, • rowed and road /rəʊd/, • file and phial /faɪl/ • passed and past /pɑːst/ • two, too, and to /tuː/ Homographs, on the other hand, are words which are pronounced differently but spelt exactly the same Example: • bow /baʊ/ (‘bending from the waist or the front end of a boat’) and bow /bəʊ/ (an elaborate knot in a piece of ribbon or about a piece of musical equipment) • lead /led/ (‘a kind of metal’) and lead /liːd/ (‘to go first’) • wind /wɪnd/ (‘current of air’) and wind /waɪnd/ (‘to turn round’) PRACTICE Activity 1.1 Decide whether these statements describe phonetics (A) or phonology (B) Write A or B This is the science of speech sound It deals with the abstract side of the sounds of a language It deals with “actual” physical sounds as they are manifested It is the study of the selection and patterns of sounds in a single language It is the term used for the study of sound in human language It is the business of describing the sounds that we use in speaking It is concerned with the function of sounds It describes the concrete, physical form of sounds Phonologist is the term used for linguists who study this 10 Phonetician is the term used for linguists who study this Activity 1.2 Decide which branch of phonetics, (a) articulatory, (b) acoustic or (c) auditory, these statements describe Write (a), (b) or (c) It describes how sounds are made It is concerned with the perception, categorization, and recognition of speech sounds It studies the vibrations in the air caused by sounds travelling in the air from the speaker’s mouth to the hearer’s ear It informs theories of speech production It deals with the physical nature of speech sounds It is related to listening to speech sounds and thinking about exactly what they sound Activity 1.3 Compare the sounds in bold in the following words and decide if they have the same or different pronunciations Explain your answer the a’s in father, fall, any, ago, watch the i’s in grind, machine, bird 16 adˈmire ➔ ˌadmiˈration 53 green ➔ ˈgreenish 17 ˈmeaning ➔ ˈmeaningful 54 ˈalcohol ➔ ˈalcoholism 18 ˈvictory ➔ vicˈtorious 55 ˈhuman ➔ ˈhumanist 19 ˈjournal ➔ ˌjournaˈlese 56 subˈmit ➔ subˈmissive 20 ˈlemon ➔ ˌlemoˈnade 57 ˈspecial ➔ ˈspecialize 21 ˈmillion ➔ ˌmillioˈnaire 58 ˈbottom ➔ ˈbottomless 22 ˈrealize ➔ ˌrealiˈzation 59 friend ➔ ˈfriendly 23 ˈabsent ➔ ˌabsenˈtee 60 aˈmend ➔ aˈmendment 24 ˈmountain ➔ ˌmountaiˈneer 61 frank ➔ ˈfrankness 25 Jaˈpan ➔ ˌJapanˈese 62 friend ➔ ˈfriendship 26 ˈpicture ➔ ˌpictuˈresque 63 ˈburden ➔ ˈburdensome 27 ˈkitchen ➔ ˌkitcheˈnette 64 clock ➔ ˈclockwise 28 ˈlarynx ➔ ˌlarynˈgitis 65 grow ➔ growth 29 ˈhonor ➔ ˌhonoˈrific 66 ˈcertain ➔ ˈcertainty 30 ˈperson ➔ perˈsonify 67 silk ➔ ˈsilky 31 ˈlabor ➔ laˈborious 68 ˈmoment ➔ ˈmomentary 32 ˈhumid ➔ huˈmidity 69 ˈAristotle ➔ Arisˈtotelian 33 speed ➔ speeˈdometer 70 ˈsubstance ➔ subˈstantial 34 ˈcontext ➔ conˈtextual 71 ˈlibrary ➔ liˈbrarian 35 ˈmoment ➔ moˈmentous 72 geˈometry ➔ geoˈmetrical 36 ˈhomonym ➔ hoˈmonymy 73 ˈinsect ➔ inˈsecticide 37 ˈatom ➔ aˈtomic 74 ˈperiod ➔ ˌperiˈodic Activity 6.16 ˈladybird 17 ˈteapot 33 ˈshopkeeper ˈhandwriting 18 ˈdistance learning 34 ˈwaiting room deˈfining moment 19 ˈsearch party 35 conˈtrol tower ˈabsolute zero 20 ˈhot seat 36 ˈred herring ˈtuning fork 21 ˈhoneymoon 37 submaˈrine chaser ˈblood pressure 22 ˈglobal warming 38 ˈBrussel sprouts 165 ˈmonkey wrench 23 ˈpocket watch 39 ˈrubber stamp ˈflash card 24 ˈdreamcatcher 40 ˈguinea hen ˈgift catalog 25 ˈquestion mark 41 ˈschool ground 10 ˈclothes hanger 26 ˈWhite House 42 ˈVirgin Islands 11 reˈclining chair 27 ˈvacuum cleaner 43 ˈfortune telling 12 ˈkettledrum 28 ˈrhythm band 44 ˈflutter kick 13 ˈgoalkeeper 29 ˈprescription drug 45 ˈglass blowing 14 ˈheadhunting 30 ˈrip cord 46 ˈMiddle East 15 ˈdressing gown 31 beˈginner’s luck 47 ˈgun runner 16 ˈthink tank 32 ˈlanguage arts 48 ˈcrackerbarrel 17 ˌupˈdate 34 ˌback‐ˈpedal ˌill‐ˈtreat 18 ˈbabysit 35 ˈwaterproof ˈstir-fry 19 ˈcolor-code 36 ˌdouble-ˈclick ˌtake ˈoff 20 ˌback ˈup 37 ˈproofread ˈsoundproof 21 ˈair-conˌdition 38 ˌsecond-ˈguess ˈtest-drive 22 ˌshortˈchange 39 ˌbreak ˈup ˌtake ˈaway 23 ˌtake ˈout 40 ˈflyby ˌdry-ˈclean 24 ˈwindow-shop 41 ˈghostwrite ˌhandˈpick 25 ˈtroubleshoot 42 ˈwhitewash ˈbrainwash 26 ˌdouble-ˈspace 43 ˌdouble-ˈcheck 10 ˈgift-wrap 27 ˈhighlight 44 ˌhome-ˈgrow 11 ˈheadhunt 28 ˈbird-ˌwatch 45 ˈhandcuff 12 ˈbad-mouth 29 ˌdownˈload 46 ˌdownˈplay 13 ˈdownsize 30 ˌdownˈgrade 47 ˈupshift 14 ˈupbeat 31 ˌupˌgrade 48 upˈhold 15 ˌ fine-ˈtune 32 ˌunderˈmine 49 ˌmake ˈup 16 ˈcounterˌattack 33 ˈsidestep 50 ˌcount ˈdown Activity 6.17 166 Activity 6.18 ˈclockwise 23 ˌantiˈclockwise 46 ˈlengthwise ˈlikewise 24 ˈanywhere 47 ˈsometimes ˌupˈstairs 25 ˈmeanwhile 48 ˈeverywhere ˈsomehow 26 ˌoverˈnight 49 ˌdownˈhill ˌoutˈside 27 aˌlongˈside 50 ˈupturn ˌhereˈby 28 ˌhereˈin 51 ˈwhereabouts ˌthereaˈbouts 29 ˌthereˈby 52 ˌthereˈin ˌthereuˈpon 30 ˌwhereuˈpon 53 ˌhenceˈforth ˌhenceˈforward 31 ˈtherefore 54 ˈinwards 10 ˈanyway 32 ˌ furtherˈmore 55 ˌaltoˈgether 11 whenˈever 33 ˈnorthwards 56 ˈnowhere 12 ˌnearˈby 34 ˈforwards 57 ˌoverˈseas 13 ˈworldwide 35 throughˈout 58 beˈforehand 14 ˌhalf ˈway 36 ˈindoor 59 ˌnonˈstop 15 ˌnationˈwide 37 ˌmidˈway 60 ˌoff ˈshore 16 ˌanyˈmore 38 ˈonwards 61 ˌonˈline 17 ˌoff ˈline 39 ˌbackˈstage 62 ˈsomeday 18 ˌupˈmarket 40 ˌdownˈmarket 63 ˌoff ˈstage 19 ˌunderˈground 41 ˌoverˈhead 64 ˌdownˈtown 20 ˌupˈriver 42 ˈwholesale 65 ˌonˈboard ˌbattle‐ˈhardened 16 ˌalcohol-ˈbased 32 ˌpear‐ˈshaped ˌone‐ˈarmed 17 ˌfirst‐ˈclass 33 ˈwaterproof ˌlong-ˈlasting 18 ˌeasy-ˈgoing 34 ˌtight-ˈfitting ˈmouth-watering 19 ˌgluten-ˈfree 35 ˈtime-saving ˌworld-ˈfamous 20 ˌ family-ˈfriendly 36 ˌbrightly-ˈlit ˈsmoke-free 21 ˌmiddle-ˈaged 37 ˌwell-ˈknown ˌice-ˈcold 22 ˈwater-cooled 38 ˌdensely-ˈpopulated Activity 6.19 167 ˌself-ˈconscious 23 ˌill-ˈsuited 39 ˌ flat-ˈfooted ˌ fast-ˈmoving 24 ˌwell-ˈmannered 40 ˈtongue-tied 10 ˌbrand ˈnew 25 ˌred-ˈhot 41 ˌlong-ˈlasting 11 ˈthought-ˌprovoking 26 ˌabsent-ˈminded 42 ˌnarrow-ˈminded 12 ˌage‐ˈrelated 27 ˌhighly-reˈspected 43 ˌ far-ˈreaching 13 ˌsecond-ˈhand 28 ˌold-ˈfashioned 44 ˌshort-ˈsighted 14 ˌself-ˈconfident 29 ˌlong-forˈgotten 45 ˌnever-ˈending 15 ˌquick-ˈthinking 30 ˌshort-ˈlived 46 ˈtime‐consuming Activity 6.20 Simple words Complex (derivative) words Compound words approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ Portuguese /ˌpɔ:tʃuˈɡi:z/ first‐class /ˌfɜ:stˈklɑ:s/ unique /juˈni:k/ navigation /ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/ catdog /ˈkætdɒɡ/ police /pəˈli:s/ irregular /ɪˈreɡjələ/ Spiderman /ˈspaɪdəmæn/ arrow /ˈærəʊ/ uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜ:tnti/ Typewriter /ˈtaɪpwraɪtə/ provide /prəˈvaɪd/ renew /rɪˈnu:/ greenhouse /ˈɡri:nhaʊs/ tomato /təˈmɑ:təʊ/ Polish /ˈpəʊlɪʃ/ dragonfly /ˈdræɡənflaɪ/ mother /ˈmʌðə/ iconography /ˌaɪkəˈnɒɡrəfi/ talisman /ˈtælɪzmən/ oppression /əˈpreʃn/ archaeology /ˌɑ:kiˈɒlədʒi/ Russian /ˈrʌʃn/ aloud /əˈlaʊd/ deacon /ˈdi:kən/ motive /ˈməʊtɪv/ alarm /əˈlɑ:m/ novella /nəˈvelə/ beta /ˈbi:tə/ apartment /əˈpɑ:tmənt/ Activity 6.21 ˈmother-in-law ˌright-of-ˈway ˌup-and-ˈcoming ˈjack-in-the-box ˌmother-of-ˈpearl 168 ˌman-of-ˈwar ˌnine to ˈfive ˈmerry-go-round ˌover-the-ˈcounter ˌup to ˈdate ˌstate of the ˈart ˌrent-a-ˈcar ˌsalt-and-ˈpepper ˌhead-to-ˈhead Activity 6.22 15 ˌEnglish-speaking ˈcountries a ˌ five-minute ˈbreak 16 a ˌlast-minute deˈcision a ˌthree-hour ˈdrive 17 a ˌten-story ˈbuilding a ˌone-way ˈstreet 18 a ˌtwenty-page ˈbook a ˌmid‐day ˈsun 19 a ˌright‐hand ˈside a ˌsoft‐hearted ˈcouple 20 an ˌoverseas ˈposting a ˌgood‐tempered ˈchild 21 a ˌfull-length ˈversion a ˌpart-time ˈjob 22 a ˌdeep-sea ˈdiving a ˌshort-term ˈplan 23 ˌlong-distance ˈtraining ˌhigh-quality ˈgoods 24 a ˌrecord-breaking ˈjump 10 a ˌ fee-paying ˈschool 25 an ˌone-armed ˈbandit 11 ˌdownstream ˈareas 26 a ˌ fund-raising eˈvent 12 a ˌdrug-induced ˈcoma 27 a ˌready-made ˈsuit 13 ˌdeeply-rooted traˈditions 28 a ˌ free-standing ˈtower 14 ˌsun-dried toˈmatoes 29 a ˌshort-hair ˈcat Activity 6.23 Function words Weak forms Strong forms I /aɪ/, for /fə/, him /ɪm/, for /fə/, an /ən/ are /ə/, you /ju/, at /æt/ I /aɪ/, am /əm/, at /ət/ the /ðə/, in /ɪn/, a /ə/ you /ju/, are /ə/, than /ðən/, your /jə/ he /hi/, can /kən/, and /ən/, I /aɪ/, too /tu:/ /də/, you /ju/ from /frɒm/ 169 I /aɪ/, from /frəm/ you /ju/, should /ʃəd/, have /əv/, me /mi/, for /fə/ I /aɪ/, must /məst/, the /ðə/, on /ɒn/ they /ðəɪ/, some /səm/, and /ən/ can /kən/, I /aɪ/, some /səm/, more /mə/ have /əv/, you /ju/ been /bɪn/ I /aɪ/, at /ət/ don’t /dəʊnt/, you /ju/, that /ðət/, were /wə/, to /tə/, the /ðə/, on /ɒn/ not /nɒt/ Activity 6.24 It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be /ɪt/ /ɪz/ /ə/ /ðət/ /ə/ /ɪn/ /əv/ /ə/ /məst/ /bi/ in want of a wife However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first /ɪn/ /əv/ /ə/ /ðə/ /ə/ /əv/ /meɪ/ /bi/ /ɒn/ /ɪz/ entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that /ə/ /ɪz/ /ɪn/ /ðə/ /əv/ /ðə/ /ðət/ he is considered as the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters /ɪz//ɪz/ /əz/ /ðə/ /ə/ /ə/ /əv/ /ðə/ “My dear Mr Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “Have you heard that Netherfield Park is /maɪ/ /ɪz/ /tə/ /ɪm/ /həv/ /ju/ /ðət/ /ɪz/ let at last?” /ət/ Mr Bennet replied that he had not /ðət/ /i/ /həd/ "Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of /maɪ/ /ju/ /məst/ /ðət/ /ɪz/ /baɪ/ /ə/ large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to /frəm/ /ðə/ /əv/ /ðət/ /ɒn/ /ɪn/ /ə/ /ən/ /tə/ see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr Morris immediately; /ðə/ /ən/ /wəz/ /wɪð/ /ɪt/ /ðət/ /i/ 170 /wɪð/ that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house /ðət/ /i/ /ɪz/ /tə/ /ən/ /səm/ /əv/ /ɪz/ /ə/ /tə/ /bi/ /ɪn/ by the end of next week." /ðə/ /əv/ "What is his name?" /ɪz/ /ɪz/ "Bingley." "Is he married or single?" /ə/ /ɪz/ "Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year /maɪ/ /tə/ /bi/ /ə/ /əv/ /ə/ What a fine thing for our girls!" /ə/ /fə/ /ə/ Activity 7.1 A ǀbird in the ǀhand is ǀworth ǀtwo in the ǀbush ǀOver a ǀquarter of a ǀcentury has eǀlapsed since his ǀdeath Comǀputers conǀsume a conǀsiderable aǀmount of ǀmoney and ǀtime ǀMost of them have aǀrrived on the ǀbus ǀNewspaper ǀeditors are inǀvariably underǀworked A parǀticular ǀproblem of the ǀboat was a ǀleak ǀOpening the ǀbottle preǀsented ǀno ǀdifficulty There is ǀno alǀternative to the ǀgovernment’s proǀposal We ought to ǀmake a coǀllection to ǀcover the exǀpenses 10 ǀFinally they aǀrrived at a ǀharbor at the ǀedge of the ǀmountains 171 /ə/ 11 ǀJames deǀcided to ǀtype the ǀletter himǀself 12 The ǀplane was aǀpproaching the ǀrunway at ǀhigh ǀspeed 13 ǀTry to ǀsee the ǀother ǀperson’s ǀpoint of ǀview 14 You ǀput your ǀbrakes ǀon when the ǀlight ǀturns to ǀred 15 In a ǀshort ǀtime the ǀhouse was ǀfull of ǀchildren 16 ǀEach ǀperson in the ǀgroup was ǀtrained in surǀvival 17 About ǀthree ǀhundred ǀsoldiers were ǀlined ǀup 18 ǀBuying a ǀnew comǀputer is a ǀmajor exǀpense 19 ǀAll the ǀpeople who ǀcame to the ǀwedding were from ǀEngland 20 ǀTry to be as ǀtactful as you can when you ǀtalk to him 21 ǀMary has ǀlived in ǀEngland for ǀten ǀyears 22 He’s going to ǀfly to ǀChicago ǀnext ǀweek 23 I ǀdon’t underǀstand ǀthis ǀchapter of the ǀbook 24 The ǀchildren will be ǀswimming in the ǀocean at ǀfive o’ǀclock 25 ǀJohn had ǀeaten ǀlunch ǀbefore his ǀcolleague aǀrrived 26 The ǀbest ǀtime to ǀstudy is ǀearly in the ǀmorning or ǀlate in the ǀevening 27 The ǀtrees aǀlong the ǀriver are beǀginning to ǀblossom 28 Our ǀfriends ǀcalled us ǀyesterday and ǀasked if we’d ǀlike to ǀvisit them ǀnext ǀmonth 29 You’ll be ǀhappy to ǀknow that she’d deǀcided to ǀtake the poǀsition 30 I ǀwon’t ǀgive aǀway your ǀsecret 172 Activity 7.2 /laɪt ˈmju:zɪk/ /laɪp ˈmju:zɪk/ /laɪt blu:/ /laɪp blu:/ /braɪt mu:n/ /braɪp mu:n/ /waɪt ˈpeɪpə/ /waɪp ˈpeɪpə/ /ðæt mæn/ /ðæp mæn/ /ˈfʊtpɑ:θ/ /ˈfʊpɑ:θ/ /fæt bɔɪ/ /fæp bɔɪ/ /ðæt ˈpɜ:sn/ /ðæp ˈpɜ:sn/ /waɪt bred/ /waɪp bred/ 10 /ˈwaɪt kɒfi/ /ˈwaɪk kɒfi/ 15 /kʌt ɡlɑ:s/ /kʌk ɡlɑ:s/ 11 /ˈʃɔ:t kʌt/ /ˈʃɔ:k kʌt/ 16 /ðæt ɡɜ:l/ /ðæk ɡɜ:l/ 12 /ˈkredɪt kɑ:d/ /ˈkredɪk kɑ:d/ 17 /fæt ɡəʊt/ /fæk ɡəʊt/ 13 /ˈstri:t kredɪbɪlɪti/ /ˈstri:k kredɪbɪlɪti/ 18 /braɪt ɡri:n/ /braɪk ɡri:n/ 14 /waɪt ɡləʊvz/ /waɪk ɡləʊvz/ 19 /ɡʊd ˈmɔ:nɪŋ/ /ɡʊb ˈmɔ:nɪŋ/ 24 /ɡʊd bɔɪ/ /ɡʊb bɔɪ/ 20 /ˈɡrænd mɑ:stə/ /ˈɡrænb mɑ:stə/ 25 /hɑ:d pɑ:θ/ /hɑ:b pɑ:θ/ 21 /red mɑ:sk/ /reb mɑ:sk/ 26 /bæd peɪn/ /bæb peɪn/ 22 /ˈblʌd bæŋk/ /ˈblʌb bæŋk/ 27 /ˈred pepə/ /ˈreb pepə/ 23 /red brɪk/ /reb brɪk/ 33 /red ɡeɪt/ /reɡ ɡeɪt/ 29 /ˈsekənd klɑ:s/ /ˈsekənɡ klɑ:s/ 34 /ˈkɪd ɡləʊvz/ /ˈkɪɡ ɡləʊvz/ 30 /ˈred krɒs/ /ˈreɡ krɒs/ 35 /ɡʊd ɡɜ:l/ /ɡʊɡ ɡɜ:l/ 31 /ˈsænd ˈkæsl/ /ˈsænɡ ˈkæsl/ 36 /ˈkləʊzd ɡeɪm/ /ˈkləʊzɡ ɡeɪm/ 32 /ˈhɑ:d kɒpi/ /ˈhɑ:ɡ kɒpi/ 37 /ˈfi:ld ɡlɑ:sɪz/ 28 /bæd kəʊld/ /bæɡ kəʊld/ /ˈfi:lɡ ɡlɑ:sɪz/ 38 /ɪn mɑ:tʃ/ /ɪm mɑ:tʃ/ 43 /ˈɡri:n bi:n/ /ˈɡri:m bi:n/ 39 /ten men/ /tem men/ 44 /ˈdaʊn peɪmənt/ /ˈdaʊm peɪmənt/ 40 /ˈəʊpən mɑ:kɪt/ /ˈəʊpəm mɑ:kɪt/ 45 /ˈpen pæl/ /ˈpem pæl/ 41 /ɡəʊn bæk/ /ɡəʊm bæk/ 46 /ˈtɪn pleɪt/ /ˈtɪm pleɪt/ 42 /ˈtʃɪkɪn brest/ /ˈtʃɪkɪm brest/ 173 47 /ˈpeɪnkɪlə/ /ˈpeɪŋkɪlə/ 52 /ɡri:n ˈɡrɑ:s/ /ɡri: ŋ ˈɡrɑ:s/ 48 /wʌn kʌp/ /wʌŋ kʌp/ 53 /ˈmeɪn ɡeɪt/ /ˈmeɪŋ ɡeɪt/ 49 /ˈɡri:n kɑ:d/ /ˈɡri:ŋ kɑ:d/ 54 /ˈkɒmən ɡraʊnd/ /ˈkɒməŋ ɡraʊnd/ 50 /ˈəʊpən kɔ:t/ /ˈəʊpəŋ kɔ:t/ 55 /ˈækʃn ɡru:p/ /ˈækʃŋ ɡru:p/ 51 /ˈrəʊmən kælɪndə/ /ˈrəʊməŋ kælɪndə/ 56 /ˈaɪən kɜ:tn/ /ˈaɪəŋ kɜ:tn/ 57 /naɪs ʃu:z/ /naɪʃ ʃu:z/ 62 /ðɪs ˈʃaɪni wʌn/ /ðɪʃ ˈʃaɪni wʌn/ 58 /ˈspeɪsʃɪp/ /ˈspeɪʃɪp/ 63 /ðɪs jɪə/ /ðɪʃ jɪə/ 59 /ˈbʌs ʃeltə/ /ˈbʌʃ ʃeltə/ 64 /naɪs jɒt/ /naɪs jɒt/ 60 /ˈdres ʃɒp/ /ˈdreʃ ʃɒp/ 65 /ðɪs ˈjɒɡət/ /ðɪs ˈjɒɡət/ 61 /naɪs ʃɜ:t/ /naɪʃ ʃɜ:t/ 66 /ðəʊz ʃɒps/ /ðəʊʒ ʃɒps/ 71 /nju:z ʃi:t/ /nju:ʒ ʃi:t/ 67 /ði:z ʃu:z/ /ði:ʒ ʃu:z/ 72 /waiz ˈjʌŋstə/ /waiʒ ˈjʌŋstə/ 68 /rəʊz ʃəʊ/ /rəʊʒ ʃəʊ/ 73 /weəz jɔ:z/ /weəʒ jɔ:z/ 69 /ði:z ʃi:p/ /ði:ʒ ʃi:p/ 74 /ɪz jʌŋ/ /ɪʒ jʌŋ/ 70 /ˈtʃi:z ʃɒp/ /ˈtʃi:ʒ ʃɒp/ 75 /ɪz ˈju:θfl/ /ɪʒ ˈju:θfl/ 76 /fifθ ˈsi:zn/ /fifs ˈsi:zn/ 81 /bəʊθ ˈseksɪz/ /bəʊs ˈseksɪz/ 77 /bɑ:θ sɔ:lts/ /bɑ:s sɔ:lts/ 82 /fɔ:θ ˈsʌmə/ /fɔ:s ˈsʌmə/ 78 /ˈbɜ:θ səˌtɪfɪkət/ /ˈbɜ:s səˌtɪfɪkət/ 83 /ˈnɔ:θ saʊθ/ /ˈnɔ:s saʊθ/ 79 /ˈɜ:θ saɪəns/ /ˈɜ:s saɪəns/ 84 /fɪfθ set/ /fɪfs set/ 80 /bəʊθ saɪdz/ /bəʊs saɪdz/ 85 /ˈbɑ:θ si:t/ /ˈbɑ:s si:t/ 86 /su:t jɔ:ˈself/ /su:tʃɔ:ˈself/ 91 /wəd ju/ /wədʒu/ 87 /lɑ:st jɪə/ /lɑ:stʃɪə/ 92 /kəd ju/ /kədʒu/ 88 /ˈdɪdnt ju/ /ˈdɪdntʃu/ 93 /dɪd ju/ /dɪdʒu/ 89 /wɒt ju ni:d/ /wɒtʃu ni:d/ 94 /ˈedjukeɪt/ /ˈedʒukeɪt/ 90 /aɪ bet ju/ /aɪ betʃu/ 95 /ju hæd jɔ:z/ /ju hæd jɔ:z/ 174 Activity 7.3 /ˈhændɡrɪp/ /ˈhæŋrɪp/ /ˈsændstəʊn/ /ˈsænstəʊn/ /ˌhændˈmeɪd/ /ˌhænˈmeɪd/ /ˈsændstɔ:m/ /ˈsænstɔ:m/ /ˈlændmɑ:k/ /ˈlænmɑ:k/ /ˈbændzmən/ /ˈbænzmən/ /ˈlændbri:z/ /ˈlænbri:z/ 10 /ˈbændmɑ:stə/ /ˈbænmɑ:stə/ /ˈmaɪndfl/ /ˈmaɪnfl/ 11 /ˈbændbɒks/ /ˈbænbɒks/ /ˈsændbæɡ/ /ˈsænbæɡ/ 12 /ˈhændʃeɪk/ /ˈhænʃeɪk/ Activity 7.4 12 after rall clutter rof cats 13 mother‐rin‐law for rexample 14 litter rof pigs daughter rand son 15 for rinstance muster rof peacocks 16 brother rand sister more rimportant 17 pair rof horses mother rand father 18 bigger rand better a lecture ron history 19 dead or ralive a picture rof a city 20 sooner ror later a teacher rof English 21 ask for favor 10 a tour rof Scotland 22 German or rEnglish 11 the Tower rof London 23 partner rand colleague Activity 7.5 /ˈɡrænmɑ: ˈrɔ:lweɪz/ /kəˈriə rən dʒəˈpæn/ /ɒsˈtreɪliə rɔ:l aʊt/ /ˈlɔ: rən ˈɔ:də/ /ə ˈmi:diə rɪvent/ 10 /ˈvɒdkə rən kəʊk/ /ˈɪndiə rən ˈtʃaɪnə/ /lɔ: rəv ðə lænd/ 11 /aɪ sɔ: rə fɪlm təˈdeɪ, əʊ bɔɪ/ /ˈlɪliə rən ˈi:dʒɪpt/ /ˈfɔ:mjələ reɪ/ 175 Activity 7.6 /tu: wə θri:/ /nju: wəˈdres/ /blu: wə ɡreɪ/ /ɡəʊ ˌwaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ɡəʊ wʌp/ 10 /nju: wəˈsɪstənt/ /ɡəʊ wəˈlɒŋ/ /ə ˈjeləʊ wən blu: wʌn/ /ju ˈwɒfn/ /du: wɪz ˈhəʊmwɜ:k/ Activity 7.7 /θri: jə fɔ:/ /ði ˈjælfəbet/ /maɪ ˈjɑ:nsə/ 13 /pleɪ jə sɒŋ/ /ði jend/ /aɪ ˈjəʊnli/ 10 /baɪ ˈji:meɪl/ 14 /aɪ jəm/ /ði jeɪt/ /ˈmeɪbi jɪts/ 11 /si: ˈjeniθɪŋ/ 15 /hi ˈjɪznt/ /ði jɪˈlevnθ/ /dʒi: jə eɪtʃ/ 12 /ˈkɒfi jə ti:/ Activity 7.8 my train /maɪ treɪn/ might rain /maɪt reɪn/ he lies /hi laɪz/ heal eyes /hi:l aɪz/ keep sticking /ki:p ˈstɪkɪŋ/ keeps ticking /ki:ps ˈtɪkɪŋ/ I scream /aɪ skri:m/ ice cream /ˈaɪs kri:m/ a name /ə neɪm/ an aim /ən eɪm/ all that I’m /ɔ:l ðət aɪm ˈɑ:ftə all the time after /ɔ:l ðə taɪm ˈɑ:ftə after today təˈdeɪ/ today Activity 8.1 /Actually, it was pretty \good In my o/pinion, it’s too ex\pensive How are you \doing? When does it \start? Who /told you? I’m going out\side I’ll be /back in a minute If I study /hard, I’ll get an \A 176 təˈdeɪ/ I’m going /inside, to get something to \drink Can you /call me at five? 10 Is it /good? 11 I left /work, came /home, and had \dinner 12 I need /milk, /apples, /eggs, and \sugar 13 Do you want the /blue one or the \black one? Activity 8.2 A C D A A D C F 10 E 11 B 12 A 13 F Activity 8.3 ˈhighlighting im H \port TS ant ˈwords T my PH ˈflight a H /ˈrrives TS at PH /ˈnine TS o’ˈclock T I’ll PH /ˈcall TS you T from the PH \ˈair TS port T I PH ˈonly ˈwant to H \/ˈtaste TS the PH ˈbus was H \ˈlate TS Is PH ˈthat the H /ˈend? TS We PH ˈasked if it had H \ˈcome TS 177 it T D 10 \/ˈmost TS of them T 11 /\all TS of themˈ went T 12 Would you PH ˈlike some ˈmore /ˈmilk? H TS 13 ˈonly when the H \/ˈwind TS 14 /Why TS did you ˈgo? T 15 ˈWhat was the H \ˈname TS of the ˈplace? T 16 I PH \/ˈmight TS ˈbuy it T 17 I PH \/ˈmight TS have ˈthought of ˈbuying it T 178 ˈblows T REFERENCES Ashby, P (2013) Understanding Phonetics Routledge Carr, P (2008) A glossary of Phonology Edinburge University Press Collins, P & Mees, I (2013) Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A resource book for students (3rd ed) Routledge Davenport, M & Hannahs, S.J (2013) Introducing Phonetics and Phonology (3rd ed) Routledge Gut, U (2009) Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology Oxford: Peter Lang House, L.I (2013) Introductory Phonetics and Phonology: A Workbook Approach New York: Psychology Press Ladefoged, P & Johnson, K (2011) A course in Phonetics (6th ed.) Cengage Learning Lodge, K (2009) A critical introduction to Phonetics London: Continuum International Publishing Group McMahon, A (2002) An introduction to English Phonology Edinburgh University Press Ogden, R (2009) An introduction to English Phonetics Edinburgh University Press Roach , P (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology: A practical course (4th ed.) CUP Skandera, P & Burleigh, P (2005) A manual of English Phonetics and Phonology Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen Yavas, M (2011) Applied English Phonology (2nd ed.) Wiley-Blackwell 179 ...TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP.HCM KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO MÔN NGỮ ÂM – ÂM VỊ HỌC Lê Thị Minh Thủy Võ Thị Bảo Châu Thành phố Hồ Chí