Grammatical cohesionin “ the wind in the willow” by kenneth grahame and their equivalents in google translate’svietnamese translations

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ THỊ NGỌC THẢO GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN “THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS” BY KENNETH GRAHAME AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS FIELD: English Linguistics CODE: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ THỊ NGỌC THẢO LIÊN KẾT NGỮ PHÁP TRONG “GIÓ QUA RẶNG LIỄU” CỦA KENNETH GRAHAME VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA GOOGLE TRANSLATE Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.22.02.01 Người hướng dẫn: TS LÊ NHÂN THÀNH i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I confirm that the thesis “Grammatical cohesion in “The Wind in the Willow” by Kenneth Grahame and their equivalents in Google Translate’s Vietnamese Translations” is my work except where reference is made in the text of the thesis No other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma Binh Dinh, 2021 Lê Thị Ngọc Thảo ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was completed with the support of many people First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Le Nhan Thanh, my supervisor, for his patience, guidance and professional advice during the process of completing this thesis Without his expertise and encouragement, I would not have been able to finish this study I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to all my lecturers who have taken part in my MA course at Quy Nhon University and provided me with useful and interesting knowledge and experience as well as their inspiration which helped me conduct my research Last but not least, I feel deeply indebted to my family members for their support and motivation whenever I needed to finish the thesis iii ABSTRACT The study aims to examine the quality of Google Translate’s Vietnamese translations of the grammatical cohesive devices in “The Wind in the Willow” by Kenneth Grahame in terms of translation errors To fulfil this aim, 10934 reference ties and 770 conjunction ties found in 2306 English sentences containing the references and conjunctions in “The Wind in the Willow” and their equivalents in GT’s Vietnamese translations were examined to classify the translation errors in the Vietnamese translations in terms of grammatical cohesion using Costa et al.’s (2015) model The research employs both quantitative and qualitative content analysis in this study to collect data and analyze it to answer the research questions The results of the study show that GT cannot achieve accuracy in translating the references with contextual meaning and GT shows better quality in translating the conjunctions than the references iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.2.1 Aim 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Organization of the Study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Theory of Cohesion 2.1.1 Definition of cohesion 2.1.2 Grammatical cohesion 2.1.3 Previous studies 29 2.2 Errors in translation 33 2.2.1 Definition of translation errors 33 2.2.2 Classification of translation errors 33 2.2.3 Conceptual Framework 36 2.3 Google Translate 42 v 2.3.1 Machine translation 43 2.3.2 Overview of Google Translate 44 2.3.3 Previous studies on Google Translate 47 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 51 3.1 Research Methods 51 3.2 Data Collection 56 3.3 Data Analysis 60 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 64 4.1 References and Conjunctions in “The Wind in the Willows” and their Equivalents in GT’s Vietnamese Translations 64 4.1.1 Types of references 64 4.1.2 Types of conjunctions 71 4.2 Types of Translation Errors 78 4.2.1 Semantic errors 79 4.2.2 Lexis errors 82 4.2.3 Orthographic errors 84 4.2.4 Grammar errors 85 4.2.5 Discourse errors 85 4.2.6 No translation errors 86 4.3 The Quality of Google Translate’s Vietnamese translations of English Grammatical Cohesive Devices 87 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 90 5.1 Summary of the main Findings 90 5.2 Limitation of the Study 93 5.3 Implication of the Study 93 5.3.1 Implication for teachers and students of translation 93 5.3.2 Implication for translators 94 vi 5.4 Suggestions for Future Research 94 REFERENCES 95 APPENDICES vii ABBREVIATIONS (a) Abbreviation Abbreviation Definition C.ad Conjunction: additive C.av Conjunction: adversative C.ca Conjunction: causal C.te Conjunction: temporal DE Discourse errors DER Discourse errors of references GE Grammar errors GEC Grammar errors of conjunctions GER Grammar errors of references GT Google Translate LE Lexis errors LEC Lexis errors of conjunctions LER Lexis errors of references MT Machine translation NMT Neural machine translation OE Orthographic errors OEC Orthographic error of conjunctions OER Orthographic error of references R.co Reference: comparative R.de Reference: demonstrative R.pe Reference: personal SE Semantic errors SEC Semantic errors of conjunctions viii SER Semantic errors of references SMT Statistical machine translation (b) Conventions In the text: ITALICS are used for emphasis, examples or technical terms; BOLD words are used to mark the first use of technical terms In numbered examples: BOLD and UNDERLINED words in examples are the features under discussion 93 which made the target translations incomprehensible when GT translated the English sentences containing the references and conjunctions into Vietnamese Besides, the incompetence of GT in adjusting or conforming to appropriate target communicative situations showed its low quality in translating the English references into Vietnamese GT had better quality in translating the English conjunctions than it did the English references 5.2 Limitation of the Study Hard as the researcher has tried, there are still some limitations due to time constraints and other unexpected factors Firstly, the study evaluated the quality of GT by analyzing the translation errors in GT’s Vietnamese translations of two grammatical cohesive devices, including references and conjunctions whereas the other two grammatical cohesive devices, which are substitutions and ellipsis were not analyzed Therefore, the findings cannot be applied to all types of grammatical cohesion 5.3 Implication of the Study On carrying out this research, I hope this research will offer some benefits to teachers and students of translations as well as translators 5.3.1 Implication for teachers and students of translation Firstly, the findings of this thesis give teachers and learners insights into the translation errors committed by GT in translating the grammatical cohesive devices from English to Vietnamese Taking these mentioned errors into consideration when teaching how to translate English grammatical cohesive devices, teachers can ask their students to pay more attention to the context and the functional aspect of grammatical cohesive devices rather than just their basic meanings Moreover, teachers and learners are also provided with insights into GT’s quality in translating two kinds of grammatical cohesion (references and conjunctions) Teachers and students are supposed 94 to be aware of potential errors to avoid such problems when translating grammatical cohesive devices and students should just take GT’s translations as a reference for consultation 5.3.2 Implication for translators First of all, the results of this thesis give translators clear evidence of GT’s translation errors as well as the overview of GT quality in grammatical cohesive device translations Specifically, GT helps translators boost their process of learning in terms of literal translations of texts with acceptable and relatively accurate outcomes However, it is advisable that translation should be wary of GT’s translation of figurative items or similar genres Because GT cannot achieve accuracy and fluency when translating conjunctions, translators should just consult these unreliable translations as references and make any changes to conform to the target context and cultural background without distorting the intended meanings These results also give evidence for those who work in technology and linguistic fields to supplement larger-scale of references related to grammatical cohesion to improve the overall quality of GT in translating the grammatical cohesive devices, especially in English-Vietnamese pair by building a parallel corpora for statistical machine translation in the future 5.4 Suggestions for Future Research Other researchers who develop interest in a similar topic may find the following recommendations useful for their future works Firstly, this thesis just focuses on evaluating GT’s translation errors in only two out of four grammatical cohesive types, which are references and conjunctions Therefore, further researches should be carried out with a larger scope Secondly, the effect of GT’s translation errors in cohesion 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Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage White, M D & Marsh, E E (2006) Content Analysis: A Flexible 100 Methodology In Research Methods (Eds Lynda M Baker) Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45 Yule, G (2010) The Study of Language (4th ed.) Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Vietnamese source Ban, D Q (1998) Văn liên kết Tiếng Việt (3rd ed.) HaNoi, VietNam: Education Publishing House Them, T N (1985) Hệ thống liên kết văn Tiếng Việt HaNoi, VietNam: Education Publishing House Data Sources Grahame, K (1908) The wind in the willow London, England: Methuen Publishing Ltd Dictionary Wehmeier, S., et al (Eds.) (2005) Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (3rd ed.) Oxford University Press Online Dictionary https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ AP.1 APPENDICES Sample Analysis English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions (1) Error types Nguyễn Tâm (2) (3) The (R.de) Mole had (4) Chuột chũi làm Chuột Chũi (5) NE been working very hard việc chăm làm việc chăm all the (R.de) morning, buổi sáng, dọn dẹp suốt buổi sáng spring-cleaning (R.pe) little home his nhà nhỏ để quét dọn tổ nhỏ bé mình (R.pe) (R.pe) vào dịp mùa xuân First with Đầu tiên chổi, Thoạt đầu dùng brooms, then with sau bụi; sau chổi, sau dusters; then on thang khăn lau; tiếp đó, ladders and steps and bước ghế, với trèo lên thang, chairs, with a brush and bàn chải lên bậc cửa a pail of whitewash; till thùng sơn trắng; cho ghế với SER (C.te) he (R.pe) had đến (C.te) bàn chải dust in his (R.pe) throat (R.pe) có bụi cổ xô nước vôi and eyes, and splashes họng mắt, cổ SER of whitewash all over vệt trắng mắt dính đầy his (R.pe) black fur, and khắp lông đen bụi khắp an aching weary arms back and (R.pe), lơng đen cánh tay đau nhức vấy đầy nước vôi, AP.2 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm mỏi mịn lưng đau nhừ đơi tay rã rời Spring was moving in Mùa xuân Mùa xuân the (R.de) air above and chuyển động chuyển in the (R.de) động earth khơng khí bên khoảng below and around him trái đất bên không bên (R.pe), penetrating even xung quanh his mặt đất, LER (R.pe) dark and (R.pe), thâm khắp xung quanh, lowly little house with nhập ngơi chí thâm its (R.pe) spirit of divine nhà nhỏ bé tối tăm nhập vào SER discontent and longing (R.pe) nhà nhỏ bé, tầm với tính khao khát thường tối om thiêng liêng khí nỗi bất bình khát khao thần thánh It was small wonder, Sau đó, (C.te) có Rồi, chẳng SEC then (C.te), that he thắc mắc nho nhỏ ngạc nhiên (R.pe) suddenly flung (R.pe) đột ném bàn chải SER down his (R.pe) brush nhiên vứt bàn chải xuống sàn nhà mà on the (R.de) floor, said xuống sàn nhà, nói nói “Bực thật!” ‘Bother!’ and ‘O blow!’ ‘Làm phiền!’ Và ‘Ôi “Điên ruột!” and also ‘Hang spring thổi!’ Và ‘Hãy cịn nói “Cái trị cleaning!’ and bolted out lau chùi mùa xuân!’ dọn dẹp vào dịp AP.3 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions of the (R.de) Error types Nguyễn Tâm house Và lao khỏi nhà mùa xuân chết without even waiting to mà không cần chờ tiệt!” lao vọt put on his (R.pe) coat đợi để mặc vào áo khỏi nhà mà LER khốc anh chí khơng kịp mặc áo khốc (R.pe) Something up above was Một Một điều calling him (R.pe) gọi anh imperiously, and (C.ad) (R.pe) he (R.pe) made for the bướng bỉnh, ta phía SER cách khẩn thiết mời gọi nó, bước SER (R.de) steep little tunnel (C.ad) (R.pe) tới đường which answered in his làm cho đường hầm vừa nhỏ vừa (R.pe) case to the (R.de) hầm nhỏ dốc đứng trả dốc dẫn tới lối gravelled carriage-drive lời trường hợp trải sỏi LER owned by whose animals (R.pe) vật cư trú gần residences are với xe ngựa chở với mặt trời nearer to the (R.de) sun hàng thuộc sở hữu khơng khí động vật có nơi and air gần mặt trời khơng khí So (C.ca) he (R.pe) Vì (C.ca), Thế hì hục SEC scraped and scratched cào xé cào xé đào bới nạo vét SER and scrabbled scrooged (C.te) and he and vẩy vẩy sau lại nạo vét SEC then (C.te) (R.pe) đào bới, vừa hối LER (R.pe) lại cào xé cào xé AP.4 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions scrooged again Error types Nguyễn Tâm and cào xé, làm việc bàn chân nhỏ bé scrabbled and scratched bận rộn với bàn chân vừa lẩm and scraped, working nhỏ (R.pe) bẩm mình, busily with his (R.pe) lẩm bẩm với “Chúng little paws and muttering mình, to himself, ‘Up "Chúng ta lên ta nào! Chúng ta lên we (C.pe) thôi! Cuối nào!” (R.pe) go! Up we (R.pe) (R.pe) nghe đánh SER go!’ till at last, pop! his đi! Mõm anh “bốp” cái! (R.pe) snout came out (R.pe) bước ánh Mũi thị bên SER into the (R.de) sunlight, sáng mặt trời, anh đầy nắng and he (R.pe) found (R.pe) thấy thấy lăn himself (R.pe) rolling in (R.pe) lăn lộn tròn thảm cỏ the (R.de) warm grass bãi cỏ ấm áp ấm áp of a great meadow đồng cỏ lớn ‘This (R.de) is fine!’ he Điều (R.de) “Thảm (R.pe) said to himself tốt! Anh (R.pe) mịn nói với ‘This (R.de) The (R.de) cỏ SER thật!” SER thầm nhủ is better Điều (R.de) tốt “Còn mịn LER than whitewashing!’ đồng cỏ rộng lớn so với quét vôi! lớp vôi trắng!” sunshine Ánh nắng gay gắt Ánh nắng chiếu struck hot on his (R.pe) lơng anh vào làm nóng SER fur, soft breezes caressed (R.pe), lơng nó, his (R.pe) heated brow, gió nhẹ vuốt ve vầng gió nhẹ mơn and (C.ad) after the trán nóng bỏng man vầng trán SER AP.5 English sentences No containing the references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions types Nguyễn Tâm (R.de) seclusion of the anh (R.de) Error (R.pe), hầm hập nó, cellarage he (C.ad) sau ẩn dật sau thời gian (R.pe) had lived in so hầm, anh lâu sống tách SER long (R.co) the (R.de) (R.pe) sống lâu biệt carol of happy birds fell (R.co), tiếng hót hầm mình, on his (R.pe) dulled chim hạnh tiếng chim hót ríu hearing almost like a phúc rơi vào thính rít đập vào thính SER giác mờ mịt anh giác ù shout (R.pe) gần giống gần một tiếng hét 10 Jumping off all tiếng quát his Nhảy khỏi bốn chân Nhảy vọt (R.pe) four legs at once, (R.pe) in the (R.de) bốn chân, LER joy of lúc, niềm niềm vui living and the (R.de) vui sống niềm vui sống delight of spring without mùa xuân mà nguồn vui its (R.pe) cleaning, he không cần dọn dẹp, mùa xuân không SER (R.pe) pursued his anh (R.pe) theo đuổi cần quét dọn, (R.pe) way across the đường tiếp tục hành trình (R.de) meadow till he (R.pe) qua đồng cỏ qua đồng cỏ cho the reached (R.de) hedge on the (R.pe) đến hàng bờ giậu phía (R.de) further side 11 ‘Hold up!’ elderly rabbit said at anh đến tới LER (R.pe) rào phía bên bên an “Cố lên!” Một “Dừng lại!” NE the thỏ già khoảng bác thỏ già từ AP.6 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions (R.de) gap Error types Nguyễn Tâm trống nói lỗ hỏng bờ giậu thị đầu quát 12 ‘Sixpence for the (R.de) Sixpence cho đặc “Nộp sáu penny NE privilege of passing by quyền qua đường phép the (R.de) đường riêng private riêng! road!’ này!” 13 He (R.pe) was bowled Anh ta (R.pe) bị Bác ta sun SER over in an instant by the quấy rối ngay vòi lại (R.de) impatient and Mole thấy anh chàng contemptuous Mole, thiếu kiên nhẫn Chuột Chuỗi dáng who trotted along the khinh miệt, người vẻ bực bội (R.de) side of the chạy dọc theo bên khinh khỉnh túc (R.de) hedge chaffing cạnh hàng rào tắc dọc bờ the (R.de) (R.de) other chọc ngoáy giậu, vừa vừa (R.co) rabbits as they thỏ khác (R.co) giễu cợt (R.pe) peeped hurriedly chúng (R.pe) thỏ khác vội from their (R.pe) holes lút nhìn từ lỗ ghé mắt dòm qua LER to see what the (R.de) chúng (R.pe) để xem cửa hang xem có row was about hàng nói chuyện mà om 14 ‘Onion-sauce! sauce!’ he sịm Onion- ‘Nước sốt hành tây! “Thật láo xược! (R.pe) Onion-sauce!” Anh Thật láo xược!” SER remarked jeeringly, and (R.pe) giễu cợt nhận Chuột Chũi bình AP.7 English sentences No containing the references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm was gone before they xét, họ biến câu đầy vẻ (R.pe) could think of a trước họ (R.pe) nhạo 7ang SER thoroughly satisfactory kịp nghĩ câu trả lời hút trước lũ thỏa đáng reply thỏ kịp nghĩ câu trả đũa thật thỏa đáng 15 ‘How STUPID you 'Bạn (R.pe) thật “Mày ngu SER (R.pe) are! ‘Why didn’t ngôc! Tại bạn mất! Sao mày SER you (R.pe) tell him (R.pe) khơng nói với khơng bảo nó…” SER (R.pe)—’ ‘Well, why anh (R.pe) - ’“ “Ồ, mày SER didn’t YOU (R.pe) Chà, say—’ ‘You (R.pe) (R.pe) khơng nói- ’‘ mày SER might have bạn khơng nói…” “Lẽ reminded Bạn (R.pe) nhắc nhở nó…” SER him (R.pe)—’ and so nhắc nhở anh vân vân, cách on, in the (R.de) usual (R.pe) - ’và vân vân, chiếu lệ, song cố way; course, but it (C.av), was of theo then thường; cách thông nhiên q muộn, mà (R.de) much too late, as (C.av), tất nhiên, lúc lần is always the (R.de) (R.de) case muộn, ... in ? ?The Wind in the Willow” and Their Equivalents in Google Translate’s Vietnamese Translations 65 x Number Names of tables Page Table 4.2 The Occurrences of Conjunction in ? ?The Wind in the Willow”. .. containing the references and conjunctions in ? ?The Wind in the Willow” and their equivalents in GT’s Vietnamese translations were examined to classify the translation errors in the Vietnamese translations. .. the framework of Halliday and Hasan in Cohesion in English (1976), the researcher investigated reference and conjunction in ? ?The Wind in the Willow” by Kenneth Grahame and their equivalents in