The quality of google translate’s translations of metaphors in kafka on the shore by murakami haruki into vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY HUỲNH HÀ MI THE QUALITY OF GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S TRANSLATIONS OF METAPHORS IN “KAFKA ON THE SHORE” BY MURAKAMI HARUKI Field: English Linguistics Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN HUỲNH HÀ MI ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƢỢNG DỊCH ANH-VIỆT CỦA GOOGLE TRANSLATE KHI DỊCH CÁC PHÉP ẨN DỤ TRONG TÁC PHẨM “KAFKA TRÊN BỜ BIỂN” CỦA MURAKAMI HARUKI Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.22.02.01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: TS LÊ NHÂN THÀNH i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This thesis represents my own work and due acknowledgement is given whenever information is derived from other sources No part of this thesis has or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any university except where due reference has been made in the text Quy Nhon, 2020 HUỲNH HÀ MI ii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS It is utterly impossible to complete this study without the support from many individuals around me First and foremost, I own a substantial debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Le Nhan Thanh, who is always willing to offer advice and encouragement during my course of conducting the study regardless of being overwhelmed with his heavy academic workload and personal life Secondly, I would like to show my strong indebtedness to all the lecturers of Foreign Languages Department in Quy Nhon University Honestly speaking, they not only instruct me academically to sharpen my language skills but are also of great inspiration for my orientation of ethical manner and professional development Last but not least, it is my family and friends that I profoundly appreciate and am indebted for their unconditional love as well as encouragement Their spiritual support keeps me positive and committed to my conduction of thesis Binh Dinh, August, 2020 iii ABSTRACT This thesis was conducted to investigate the quality of Google Translate when translating English metaphors into Vietnamese The data was extracted from the novel Kafka on the Shore by Murakami Haruki The metaphors in the novel were identified based on the theory put forward by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the occurrences of translation errors were found using the framework of Nord (1997) The results after analyzing the number and frequency of translation errors for each metaphor type helped to assess the translation quality of Google Translate when dealing with metaphors It was noted that all the three types of metaphors were present in the novel Among these metaphors, ontological metaphor was the dominant type Regarding the translation errors, there were only three out of four types categorized by Nord (1997) found in the novel They were pragmatic translation errors, linguistic translation errors and text-specific translation errors Cultural translation errors were absent in the source text The data collected showed that Google Translate seemed to be reliable source to refer to when rendering the metaphorical meanings of the source text since approximately half of the metaphors’ translations of done by Google Translate were correct The results of the study also showed that Google Translate handled orientational metaphors better than other metaphor types However, the occurrence of translation errors was not trivial The most challenging element was pragmatic errors followed by linguistic errors and text-specific errors iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION .vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 Aim 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 METAPHORS 2.1.1 Definition of metaphors 2.1.2 Traditional approach to metaphors 2.1.3 Cognitive approach to metaphors 2.1.4 Classification of metaphors 2.2 TRANSLATION THEORY 13 2.2.1 Definition of translation 13 2.2.2 Translation method 13 2.2.3 Different theories of translation equivalence 14 2.4 TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT 20 2.5 TRANSLATION ERRORS 23 2.5.1 Definition of translation errors 23 v 2.5.2 Classification of translation errors 24 2.6 MACHINE TRANSLATION 28 2.6.1 Introduction to machine translation 28 2.6.2 Google Translate 29 2.7 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON GOOGLE TRANSLATE 30 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODLOGY 32 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 32 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 34 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 36 CHAPTER RESEARCH FINGDINGS AND DISCUSSION 40 4.1 TYPES OF METAPHORS 40 4.1.1 Ontological metaphors 40 4.1.2 Structural metaphors 42 4.1.3 Orientational metaphors 43 4.2 TRANSLATION ERRORS 44 4.2.1 Pragmatic translation errors 45 4.2.2 Linguistic translation errors 48 4.2.3 Text-specific translation errors 50 4.2.4 Cultural translation errors 51 4.3 Quality of Google Translate in translating metaphors 51 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 60 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS 60 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY 62 5.2.1 Implication for teachers and students 62 5.2.2 Implication for translators 62 5.2.3 Implication for researchers 63 5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 63 REFERENCES 64 ANNEX: TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF METAPHORS vi LIST OF TABLES Table Names of tables Table page number Table 3.1 Metaphor samples 35 Table 3.2 Metaphor and translation error samples 37 Table 3.3 The number and frequency of translation errors made 38 by Google Translate Table 4.1 The number and frequency of metaphors 40 Table 4.2 Translation errors of Google Translate 45 Table 4.3 Rates of translation errors and correct translations 52 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATION B.C: before Christ etc.: et cetera GT: Google Translate MT: machine translation p.: page pp.: pages SL: source language ST: source text TL: target language TQA: translation quality assessment TT: target text CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE As the world has increasingly globalized in the past few decades, the need for reading literary works in English among Vietnamese people has risen as well However, in the process of reading, readers might encounter some challenges related to figurative languages, one of which is the translation of metaphors Generally, literary works such as novels are usually featured with figurative languages in order to give special effects on readers Through reading novels, they will get unlimited imagination, pleasure, and enjoyment Gibbs (2008, p 233) states ―the literary writer uses metaphor to go beyond and extend our ordinary linguistic and/or conceptual resources and to provide novels insights and perspectives into human experiences‖ That is to say, by using metaphors, the writers invite readers to read between the lines instead of clinging only to the literal meanings Interesting as it might seem, metaphors can be problematic for translators since they are closely related to the source language culture and requires translators to keep not only the meanings but also the aesthetic values of the story in the novel Besides, they compare one thing to another in a more indirect and subtle manner in which the sign of comparison is not clear as that in simile since metaphors not use signal words such as like, as, and as though In an attempt to partly bridge this gap, an obvious tool which has been created to help accommodate the urgent need for instant translation of metaphors within a short timeframe is using online machine translation Among those available on the market, Google Translate is one of the most prominent ones that came out in 2006 However, there has been considerable concern about the quality of Google Translate’s translations as machine translation is known to experience certain problems among which translating metaphors is a significant one This is mainly 60 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this final chapter, the main findings that have been discussed in details will be summarized Besides, limitations of the research will be addressed The researcher will also recommend some implications for teachers, students, translators, and other researchers 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The source text contained all the three types of metaphors with 421 items Among them, ontological metaphors made up the largest part, with 252 items accounting for 59.9% Structural metaphors ranked second with 150 expressions – more than one-third of the total metaphors In contrast to the high volume of these kinds of metaphors, orientational metaphors only took up a small fraction of 4.5% presented by 19 items This had posed a challenge for the researcher in assessing the quality of Google Translate in rendering the meanings of the English metaphors into Vietnamese since there were not enough data for a more solid conclusion on the translation of orientational metaphors Only three out of four types of translation errors were committed by Google Translate They were pragmatic translation errors, linguistic translation errors and text-specific translation errors, among which pragmatic problems were the most prevalent type of errors, with 113 items representing more than half of the total errors Linguistic translation errors were the second popular problems, accounting for 30.6% with 66 instances It was followed by text-specific translation errors, with 37 items equivalent to 17.1% It came as a big surprise that cultural translation error did not exist in the data This result could be accounted for essence of each type of translation errors Pragmatic problems were caused by differences between the source-text and target-text situation, including differences in the sender, receiver, medium, time, place, motive, and text function Therefore, misunderstanding the original author’s intention or neglecting the context will lead to translation errors 61 Linguistic translation errors were mainly caused by the inability of Google Translate when opting for the appropriate term in a set of equivalents Text-specific translation errors were rather limited as the researcher only focused on metaphors Cultural problems were even harder to be found as no traced of them appeared in the data The possible reason for this was that the scope of the research was restricted to metaphors The most remarkable point was that Google Translate seems to be a useful tool in rendering the meanings of metaphors found in the text Indeed, the data collected show that the majority of reproduction done by Google Translate was categorized as readable Specifically, 105 out of 252 translations of the ontological metaphors, accounting for 41.7%, ensured readability The share of that type in structural metaphors was relatively higher, with 85 items equivalent to 56.6% Orientational metaphors had the largest proportion of readable translations as nearly four-fifth of these metaphors were readable The high percentage of appropriate expressions left small room for translation errors, among which pragmatic problems took up a more significant part of all three types of metaphors, while text-specific translation errors only accounted for a humble part in these three types The high level of readability might lie in the fact that this localization platform applies Statistical Machine Translation in which statistical analysis and predictive algorithms are used to define rules that are best suited for target sentence translation These models are trained using a bilingual corpus Therefore, if the source texts are similar to content from the training corpora, the accuracy of translation can partly be ensured Another possible reason explaining the accuracy of Google Translate was because of the similarities between the two cultures There are many metaphor expressions which are widely accepted by people in these cultures such as TIME IS A RESOURCE, IDEA IS A RESOURCE AND LIFE IS A JOURNEY Therefore, even when Google Translate employed word-by-word mechanism for translation, it would not distort the original meanings that the author wanted to convey 62 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY The results of the investigation offer some implications for not only translators and researchers but also teachers and students in order to enhance the translation productivity 5.2.1 Implication for teachers and students The research examined the quality of Google Translate in metaphorical translation and proposed some possible reasons that could be blamed for the inaccuracy of machine translation They include pragmatic issues, semantic issues or types of writing Regarding pragmatic aspect, the major focus should be given to the intention of the sender, the interpretation of the receiver and the pragmatic situations of language at the time of speaking Linguistic problems mainly be caused by one-to-many equivalence, so adequate training on identifying factors contributing to the correct option of vocabulary can be useful for students Paying attention to the writing style of the source text is also an important requirement when translating Therefore, if writing lessons offer more insight into this domain, it can help students respond better to different types of text 5.2.2 Implication for translators It is a widespread belief that Google Translate is terrible for translating especially literary texts However, the results of the study show that this localization platform seems to improve its quality since the level of readability is rather high for three types of metaphors Therefore, it is feasible for translators to utilize machine translation as a source for reference Translators should also keep in mind that there are some obstacles preventing Google Translate from performing translation tasks accurately as mentioned in the preceding section Therefore, having adequate knowledge and practice focusing on these challenges will help translators dramatically in selecting wiser and more suited terms for their translation products 63 5.2.3 Implication for researchers The world is now becoming a small village where information from all corners can reach you just with a click of the computer mouse Therefore, the demand for translation to bridge the language gap and connecting different cultures will be continuously increasing This phenomenon requires more research to involve so that the enhancement of machine translation can be ensured Firstly, researchers can examine Google Translate’s translation quality with different genres of texts and different types of linguistic elements so that we can have a more comprehensive overview of its productivity Secondly, the length of the text is also a factor affecting the translation result Therefore, instead of putting sentences one by one for Google Translate to translate, researchers should try with longer texts to examine whether there is any change of quality 5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Although the study achieved the expected aim, there are some limitations Firstly, due to the limited time, the author did not investigate perceptions of target readers when reading the translations produced by Google Translate Secondly, the 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giọng Cái thứ giọng bạn vừa thức dậy vừa thức giấc, NE miệng bạn cảm miệng thấy nề thấy nặng nề buồn nề nhạt tẻ I give him another nod ONT Tôi gật đầu với anh He's just giving me a hard time ONT Anh cho Nó muốn hành thời gian khó khăn tơi thơi PE "I'll think about that when the time comes," I say ONT "Tơi nghĩ điều "Tớ nghĩ đến đến lúc," tơi nói chuyện vào lúc," tơi nói LE "When the time comes," Crow repeats, as if ONT "Khi thời đến," Crow lặp lại, thể cân nhắc từ tay "Đúng lúc," Quạ nhắc lại thể cân chữ lòng bàn tay LE Cuộc sống bạn Cuộc đời cậu mới bắt đầu có bắt đầu có vơ vơ số điều giới số điều gian LE ONT weighing these words in his hand Your life's just begun and there's a ton of things out STR STR NE PE NE mà bạn chưa cậu chưa để để mắt tới mắt tới in the world you've never laid eyes on Tôi gật đầu Get everything else out of your head ONT Lấy thứ khác Gạt bỏ thứ khác khỏi đầu bạn khỏi đầu NE 10 I what he says, ONT Tơi làm anh Tơi làm theo lời nó, NE Pl-2 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors nói, lấy thứ gạt thứ khác khác khỏi đầu khỏi đầu get everything else out of my head 11 You change direction but the ONT Bạn đổi hướng Mày đổi hướng bão cát đuổi theo bão cát bạn đuổi theo mày NE STR Sẽ tuần để Chắc phải NE sandstorm chases you 12 It'd take a week to go into the whole thing, all the details vào toàn bộ, tất tuần nói hết chi tiết chuyện với đầy đủ chi tiết 13 Once he finds out I've taken it, my father will probably get the phone company to cut off service ONT Khi phát tơi lấy nó, cha tơi khiến công ty điện thoại cắt dịch vụ Một biết tơi lấy nó, có lẽ cha tơi báo cho công ty điện thoại cắt bỏ dịch vụ NE 14 It takes a while STR Mất lúc tơi Cũng chút thời trừ nhiều thứ gian, song tơi có danh sách thể loại khối thứ khỏi danh sách PE 15 Any later and I would have missed my chance STR Bất kỳ sau Muộn lỡ bỏ lỡ hội tơi hội NE 16 He spends most of his time in his studio, far away, and I my best to avoid him STR Anh dành phần lớn thời gian phịng thu mình, xa, tơi cố để tránh anh Phần lớn thời gian ơng phịng làm việc mình, cố tránh mặt ông NE 17 I always paid close attention to STR Mặc dù vậy, Tuy vậy, chú ý đến ý nghe giảng NE but I'm able to subtract a lot of things from my list Pl-3 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors what was said in class, though 18 You probably won't have any chance to go to school anymore, so like it or not you'd STR meant, committed everything memory lớp Bạn khơng cịn hội đến trường nữa, thích hay khơng bạn tiếp thu tốt điều Có lẽ cậu chẳng may học nữa, dù muốn hay không, tốt hấp thu NE bạn điều bạn có hội cậu có hội better absorb whatever you can while you've got the chance 19 My brain like a sponge, I focused on every word said in class and 20 let it all sink in, figured out what it nói lớp ONT STR and Não tơi miếng bọt biển, tơi tập trung vào lời nói lớp để tất chìm vào, tìm ý nghĩa cam kết thứ Với óc miếng bọt biển, tơi tập trung vào lời giảng để LE thấm vào đầu, hình dung ý LE vào nhớ nghĩa nhập tất vào nhớ to 21 But when the time comes it silently rushes out, chilling every cell in your body ONT Nhưng đến lúc âm thầm lao ra, làm lạnh tế bào thể bạn Nhưng vào thời điểm, lặng lẽ trào ra, làm ớn lạnh tế bào thể mày NE 22 I can erase my STR Tơi xóa mẹ tơi Tơi xóa mẹ LE khỏi nhớ tơi mother from my memory 23 But there's no way to erase the DNA they passed down to me STR tơi khỏi trí nhớ Nhưng khơng có cách Nhưng khơng cách để xóa DNA mà xóa đƣợc họ truyền lại cho gien họ truyền cho NE Pl-4 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors 24 I look around, standing stock-still, and take a deep breath ONT Tơi nhìn xung quanh, Tơi nhìn quanh, đứng yên, hít đứng im sững hít thật sâu thật sâu NE 25 No sooner I settle down than my consciousness, ORI Chẳng chốc Vừa yên vị, ý ổn định ý thức thức lịm mình, giống chìm cục pin hết PE 26 like a battery that's lost its charge, starts to fade away, and I fall asleep ORI cục pin bị điện, bắt điện đầu mờ dần ngủ thiếp thiếp ngủ NE 27 I wake up every once in a while, part the chintzy curtain at the window, and gaze ORI Thỉnh thoảng thức dậy, phần mờ ảo cửa sổ, nhìn đường cao tốc ạt Thi thoảng, thức giấc, rèm cửa xe nhìn đường xa lộ vùn qua NE ONT Tự động đẩy phía Và, tự khắc bị đẩy trước, sinh nhật thứ sân khấu, sinh nhật PE out at the highway rushing by 28 Automatically shoved to the front, mƣời lăm làm lần thứ mƣời lăm cho xuất của liền xuất my fifteenth birthday makes its appearance 29 As she searched her memory she grew very tense at times, and whenever this happened she had a tendency to speak more slowly STR Khi tìm kiếm ký Trong moi óc cố ức, đơi lúc trở nên nhớ lại, cô căng thẳng, điều xảy ra, có xu hướng nói chậm trở nên căng thẳng lúc vậy, có khuynh hướng nói chậm lại PE Pl-5 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors 30 Supply routes from Taiwan and the continent had been cut off by this time and urban areas were suffering terribly from a lack of food and fuel STR Các tuyến đƣờng cung cấp từ Đài Loan lục địa bị cắt đứt vào thời điểm khu vực thị phải chịu đựng khủng khiếp thiếu lương thực nhiên liệu Các tuyến đƣờng tiếp tế từ Đài Loan lục địa hồi bị cắt đứt vùng đô thị bị thiếu lương thực chất đốt ghê gớm LE 31 It was like carrying empty shells—the strength was completely drained from them STR Nó giống mang Như vỏ ốc vỏ rỗng, rỗng – sức sức mạnh bị rút cạn lực bị hút kiệt hoàn toàn khỏi chúng NE 32 All sixteen of them had fallen to the ONT Tất mười sáu người Toàn mười sáu số họ ngã em ngã xuống NE xuống đất bất tỉnh đất, bất tỉnh ground and lost consciousness 33 Same with the engine, its monotonous sound like a mortar smoothly grinding ONT Tương tự với động cơ, Cả động âm đơn điệu vậy, tiếng ro ro đơn tiếng súng cối điệu nghe nghiền nát thời gian cối ý thức nghiền nhuyễn thời người tàu gian ý thức người xe NE ONT Nụ cƣời cô bƣớc Nụ cƣời cô rút khỏi sân khấu vào hậu trƣờng lúc, sau lát xuất trở TE down time and the consciousness of the people on board 34 Her smile steps offstage for a moment, then does an encore, all while I'm dealing encore, lại, tơi đối phó với đánh vật với đỏ Pl-6 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors khuôn mặt đỏ bừng mặt mình with my blushing face 35 I just want to ONT Tôi muốn bắt vài nháy mắt trước đến, bạn chàng trai tốt Tơi muốn chợp mắt chút trước tới nơi, thấy cậu người tốt PE STR Cô quàng cổ Cô vươn cổ, lia mắt quét mắt mắt nhìn khắp xung quanh PE ONT Đằng sau cặp kính Đằng sau cặp kính có nhìn đơi mắt có nhìn sắc bén, cảnh giác sắc linh hoạt trí nhớ đáng tin cậy TE ONT Anh nói với tơi lớp ý thức chơi đồi để hái nấm Ơng nói với tơi lớp học bị ngất xỉu dã ngoại hái nấm đồi LE 39 Her body had no strength in it at all and was limp as a rag doll STR Cơ thể khơng cịn Người chẳng chút sức lực chút lực khập khiễng mềm oặt tã búp bê giẻ rách NE 40 Other than their eyes moving back and forth like a searchlight, there was nothing out of the ordinary ONT Khác với đôi mắt họ di chuyển qua lại ánh sáng tìm kiếm, khơng có khác thƣờng NE catch a few winks before we arrive, and you seem like a nice guy 36 She cranes her neck and sweeps the place with her eyes 37 Behind his glasses his eyes have a very sharp, alert look, and his memory seems reliable 38 He told me that an entire class had lost consciousness while on an outing in the hills to pick mushrooms Ngoài việc mắt chúng lia qua lia lại đèn qt, khơng có lạ thƣờng Pl-7 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors 41 Sadly, there was one child, a boy, who didn't regain consciousness ONT Đáng buồn thay, có Buồn thay, em đứa trẻ, cậu không tỉnh lại đƣợc bé, không tỉnh lại NE 42 At the station I pop into the first little diner that catches STR Ở nhà ga, ghé vào Tại bến xe, tạt quán ăn nhỏ vào quán ăn bắt mắt ăn miếng nhìn thấy PE my eye, and eat my fill of udon udon tơi đánh chén udon đến căng bụng 43 I decide to kill time till evening at a library ONT Tôi định giết thời gian buổi tối thư viện Tôi định giết thời gian tối thư viện NE 44 For some reason ONT Vì số lý mà ảnh thực lại với tơi, tơi muốn tận mắt nhìn thấy điều Vì lý đó, PE that photo really stayed with me, and I wanted to đó, có hội đến dịp, đến xem tận mắt see this in person if someday the chance came along 45 A pleasant middleaged lady marks the spot on a tourist map and gives me instructions on ảnh thực lƣu lại trí tơi tơi muốn ONT Một phụ nữ trung niên dễ chịu đánh dấu vị trí đồ du lịch cho tơi hƣớng dẫn việc nên tàu Một bà trung niên hịa nhã đánh dấu vị trí đồ du lịch dẫn phải tàu nào, chuyến LE ONT PE don't Tôi gật đầu, Tôi gật đầu, lời không đến khơng biết nói 47 When I open them, most of the books Khi mở chúng ra, Mỗi lần mở hầu hết sách sách ấy, which train to take 46 I nod, but words come the Pl-8 No English sentences Types of Vietnamese sentences Vietnamese Types containing metaphors translated by Google sentences translated of metaphors Translate by Duong Tuong errors ONT có mùi một mùi thời thời gian trƣớc bị xƣa lại phả từ rò rỉ trang trang chữ - TE ONT Một mùi đặc biệt kiến thức cảm xúc mà từ lâu bình tĩnh nghỉ ngơi trang bìa mùi đặc biệt tri thức cảm xúc từ bao đời an nghỉ bìa TE ONT Quay trở lại phịng đọc, tơi trở lại "Câu chuyện Abu-lHasan, Wag", tâm trí tơi rời khỏi sách Quay phịng đọc, tơi đọc tiếp "Truyện anh Abu-IHasan," đầu óc tơi lang bang khỏi sách LE 49 Unfortunately, some exceptional artists did not win their favor or were not received by them as they deserved to be STR Thật không may, số nghệ sĩ đặc biệt không giành đƣợc ƣu họ không họ nhận họ xứng đáng Rủi thay, số nghệ sĩ kiệt xuất lại không chiếm đƣợc ƣu họ khơng đón nhận cách xứng đáng NE 50 The name came to me ONT Tên đến với Cái tên đến đầu lão PE have the smell of an earlier time leaking out between the pages—a special odor of the knowledge and emotions that for ages have been calmly between covers resting the 48 Back in the reading room I return to "The Tale of Abu-l-Hasan, the Wag," but my mind away book wanders from the just ... more convenient comparison The study is entitled The quality of Google Translate‟s translations of metaphors in ? ?Kafka on the shore? ?? by Murakami Haruki into Vietnamese with the main focus on the. .. questions: What are the metaphors used in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki? What are Google Translate’s translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by. .. translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki  to examine the frequencies of Google Translate’s translation errors of different types of metaphors