THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THU QUYÊN AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH FINAL CONSONANTS BY H'RE ETHNIC GROUP STUDENTS AT SON HA HIGH SCHOOL, QUANG NGAI PROVINCE Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THU QUYÊN AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH FINAL CONSONANTS BY H'RE ETHNIC GROUP STUDENTS AT SON HA HIGH SCHOOL, QUANG NGAI PROVINCE Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES SUPERVISOR: Dr HUỲNH NGỌC MAI KHA Da Nang, 2020 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Da Nang, April 2020 Nguyen Thi Thu Quyen ii ABSTRACT Pronunciation is an integral part of foreign language learning since it directly affects learners' communicative competence as well as performance Limited pronunciation skills can decrease learners' self-confidence, restrict social interactions, and negatively affect estimations of a speaker's credibility and abilities This study, therefore, has been carried out basing on the contrastive analysis between H'Re and English final consonant systems in order to find out errors in pronouncing English final consonants of H'Re students at Son Ha High School, Quang Ngai Province The hypotheses in this thesis were tested on the actual pronunciation performances on the available words in the trial word tables The study points out some typical errors in pronouncing English final consonant of H'Re students Another feature is the inability to pronounce the English final consonant combinations Two typical types of errors related to consonant combinations are that students remove consonants in combinations or syllabic sonorant of combinations Then some suggestions for the effective pronunciation teaching and learning are also mentioned here to help learners overcome the problems TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Statement of authorship i Abstract ii Table of contents iii List of tables vii List of figures and schemata ix List of appendix x Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Research methods 1.5.1 Research methods 1.5.2 Selected Subject 1.5.3 Sampling 1.6 Significance of the study 1.6.1 Theoretical significance 1.6.2 Practical significance 1.7 Organization of the study 6 Chapter REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Review of the previous studies 2.1.1 In the world 2.1.2 In Vietnam 2.1.3 The situation of teaching and learning English at Son Ha 13 High 11 School 2.2 2.3 2.2.1.2 The purpose, task and object of contrastive 16 linguistics 2.2.1.3 The principles of collation 17 2.2.1.4 The importance of contrastive linguistics for 21 foreign language teaching 2.2.1 Error and analyzing error 23 2.2.2.1 2.3.3.1 2.2.2.2.2.2.2.3 2.3.3.4 English final four-consonant combination 2.2.2.5 2.2.2.6 2.3.4 H'Re consonants 2.2.2.8 2.2.2.9 2.3.5 H'Re final consonant 2.2.2.11 2.2.2.12 2.3.6 The similarities between English and H'Re final consonant 2.2.2.14 2.2.2.15 systems 2.2.2.17 2.2.2.18 2.3.7 The differences between English and H'Re final consonant 2.2.2.20 2.2.2.21 systems 2.2.2.23 2.2.2.24 Conclusion 2.2.2.26 Chapter RESEARCH METHODS 2.2.2.28 2.2.2.29 Methodology 2.2.2.31 2.2.2.32 3.1.1 The concept of methodology 2.2.2.34 2.2.2.35 3.1.2 The classification of methodology 2.2.2.37 2.2.2.38 3.1.3 The significance of methodology 2.2.2.40 2.2.2.41 2.2.2.43 2.2.2.44 2.2.2.46 2.2.2.47 2.2.2.4 32.2.2.7 2.2.2.10 2.2.2.13 2.2.2.16 2.2.2.19 42.2.2.22 2.2.2.25 42.2.2.27 2.2.2.30 2.2.2.33 2.2.2.36 2.2.2.39 2.2.2.42 42.2.2.45 Research methods 3.2.1 Describing phonetics - phonology 3.2.2 Recording 2.2.2.48 2.2.2.51 2.2.2.54 42.2.2.57 2.2.2.49 2.2.2.50 3.2.3 Contrasting 2.2.2.52 2.2.2.53 3.2.4 Other methods 2.2.2.55 Selected subjects 2.2.2.56 2.2.2.58 2.2.2.60 2.2.2.59 Sampling 2.2.2.61 2.2.2.62 Chapter ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN PRONOUNCING 47 2.2.2.63 ENGLISH FINAL CONSONANTS 4.1 Errors in pronouncing English final consonants 47 4.1.1 Single-consonant errors 4.1.1.1 47 The final consonant group is common in both two 47 languages 4.1.1.2 4.1.2 English final consonants cause pronunciation 48 errors Two-consonant combination errors 4.1.2.1 Errors of consonant omission in combination 60 4.1.2.2 Errors of combination syllabic sonorants 61 4.1.3 Three-consonant combination errors 62 59 4.1.3.1 Errors of consonant omission in combination 62 4.1.3.2 Errors of combination syllabic sonorants 63 4.1.4 Four-consonant combination errors 4.1.4.1 Errors of consonant omission in combination 64 4.1.4.2 Errors of combination syllabic sonorants 66 4.2 64 Some solutions fixing the errors in pronouncing English final 67 consonants of H'Re students at Son Ha High School 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 REFERENCES 4.2.4 QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (bản sao) APPENDIX/APPENDICES 4.2.5 4.2.6 Table LIST OF TABLES 4.2.7 Name of Table 4.2.8 P age 4.2.9 Table 2.1 4.2.10.English consonants 4.2.11 35 4.2.12.Table 2.2 4.2.13.H'Re consonants 4.2.14 39 4.2.15.Table 4.1 4.2.16.Error of final consonant [-p] 4.2.17 48 4.2.18.Table 4.2 4.2.19.Error of final consonant [-Ỗ] 4.2.20 49 4.2.21.Table 4.3 4.2.22.Error of final consonant [-0] 4.2.23 50 4.2.24.Table 4.4 4.2.25.Error of final consonant [-d3] 4.2.26 51 4.2.27.Table 4.5 4.2.28.Error of final consonant [-tj] 4.2.29 51 4.2.30.Table 4.6 4.2.31.Error of final consonant [-J] 4.2.32 52 4.2.33.Table 4.7 4.2.34.Error of final consonant [-3] 4.2.35 53 4.2.36.Table 4.8 4.2.37.Error of final consonant [-z] 4.2.38 53 4.2.39.Table 4.9 4.2.40.Error of final consonant [-s] 4.2.41 54 4.2.42.Table 4.10 4.2.43.Error of final consonant [-l] 4.2.44 55 4.2.45.Table 4.11 4.2.48 4.2.46.Error of final consonant [-b] 4.2.47 55 10 4.2.49.Table 4.12 4.2.50.Error of final consonant [-d] 4.2.51 56 4.2.52.Table 4.13 4.2.53.Error of final consonant [-g] 4.2.54 57 4.2.55.Table 4.14 4.2.56.Error of final consonant [-f] 4.2.57 58 4.2.58.Table 4.15 4.2.59.Error of final consonant [-v] 4.2.60 59 4.2.61.Table 4.16 4.2.62.Error of final consonant [-nd] 4.2.63 60 4.2.64.Table 4.17 4.2.65.Error of final consonant [-st] 4.2.66 61 4.2.67.Table 4.18 4.2.68.Error of final consonant -lfO| 4.2.69 63 4.2.70.Table 4.19 4.2.71.Error of final consonant [-mpt] 4.2.72 64 4.2.73.Table 4.20 4.2.74.Error of final consonant [-ksts] 4.2.75 65 4.2.76.Table 4.21 4.2.77.Error of final consonant [-lfOs| 4.2.78 67 4.2.79.Figure/Sc hema 4.2.80.Name of figure/schema 4.2.81.P age 4.2.82.Figure 1.1 4.2.83.Ethnic minorities of South VietNam 4.2.84.3 4.2.85.Figure 1.2 4.2.86.Minority language groups of South VietNam Central 4.2.88.Schema 2.1 4.2.91.Schema 2.2 4.2.89.English Syllable Structure 4.2.87.3 4.2.90 31 4.2.92.English Syllable Structure 4.2.93 31 4.2.94.Schema 2.3 4.2.95.McCully's Syllable Structure 4.2.96 32 4.2.97.Schema 2.4 4.2.98.English Syllable Structure 4.2.99 32 92 4.2.1536 4.2.1540 4.2.1544 4.2.1548 4.2.1552 4.2.1556 4.2.1560 4.2.1564 3 4.2.1568 4.2.1572 4.2.1576 4.2.1580 4.2.1584 4.2.1588 4.2.1592 4.2.1596 4.2.1600 4.2.1604 4.2.1608 4 4.2.1612 4.2.1616 4.2.1620 4.2.1624 4.2.1628 4.2.1632 4.2.1636 4.2.1640 4.2.1644 4.2.1648 4.2.1537 Student 26 4.2.1541 Student 27 4.2.1545 Student 28 4.2.1549 Student 29 4.2.1553 Student 30 4.2.1557 Student 31 4.2.1561 Student 32 4.2.1565 Student 33 4.2.1569 Student 34 4.2.1573 Student 35 4.2.1577 Student 36 4.2.1581 Student 37 4.2.1585 Student 38 4.2.1589 Student 39 4.2.1593 Student 40 4.2.1597 Student 41 4.2.1601 Student 42 4.2.1605 Student 43 4.2.1609 Student 44 4.2.1613 Student 45 4.2.1617 Student 46 4.2.1621 Student 47 4.2.1625 Student 48 4.2.1629 Student 49 4.2.1633 Student 50 4.2.1637 Student 51 4.2.1641 Student 52 4.2.1645 Student 53 4.2.1538 1B2 4.2.1542 1B2 4.2.1546 1B2 4.2.1550 1B2 4.2.1554 1B2 4.2.1558 1B2 4.2.1562 1B2 4.2.1566 1B2 4.2.1570 1B3 4.2.1574 1B3 4.2.1578 1B3 4.2.1582 1B3 4.2.1586 1B3 4.2.1590 1B3 4.2.1594 1B3 4.2.1598 1B3 4.2.1602 1B3 4.2.1606 1B3 4.2.1610 1B3 4.2.1614 1B3 4.2.1618 1B3 4.2.1622 1B3 4.2.1626 1B3 4.2.1630 1B3 4.2.1634 1B3 4.2.1638 1B3 4.2.1642 1B3 4.2.1646 1B3 4.2.1539 4.2.1543 4.2.1547 4.2.1551 4.2.1555 4.2.1559 4.2.1563 4.2.1567 4.2.1571 4.2.1575 4.2.1579 4.2.1583 4.2.1587 4.2.1591 4.2.1595 4.2.1599 4.2.1603 4.2.1607 4.2.1611 4.2.1615 4.2.1619 4.2.1623 4.2.1627 4.2.1631 4.2.1635 4.2.1639 4.2.1643 4.2.1647 93 4.2.1649 4.2.1653 5 4.2.1657 4.2.1661 4.2.1665 4.2.1669 4.2.1673 4.2.1677 4.2.1681 4.2.1685 4.2.1689 4.2.1693 4.2.1697 6 4.2.1701 4.2.1705 4.2.1709 4.2.1713 4.2.1717 4.2.1721 4.2.1725 4.2.1729 4.2.1733 4.2.1737 4.2.1741 7 4.2.1745 4.2.1749 4.2.1753 4.2.1757 4.2.1761 4.2.1650 Student 54 4.2.1654 Student 55 4.2.1658 Student 56 4.2.1662 Student 57 4.2.1666 Student 58 4.2.1670 Student 59 4.2.1674 Student 60 4.2.1678 Student 61 4.2.1682 Student 62 4.2.1686 Student 63 4.2.1690 Student 64 4.2.1694 Student 65 4.2.1698 Student 66 4.2.1702 Student 67 4.2.1706 Student 68 4.2.1710 Student 69 4.2.1714 Student 70 4.2.1718 Student 71 4.2.1722 Student 72 4.2.1726 Student 73 4.2.1730 Student 74 4.2.1734 Student 75 4.2.1738 Student 76 4.2.1742 Student 77 4.2.1746 Student 78 4.2.1750 Student 79 4.2.1754 Student 80 4.2.1758 Student 81 4.2.1651 1B3 4.2.1655 1B3 4.2.1659 1B3 4.2.1663 1B3 4.2.1667 1B3 4.2.1671 1B3 4.2.1675 1B3 4.2.1679 1B3 4.2.1683 1B3 4.2.1687 1B3 4.2.1691 1B3 4.2.1695 1B3 4.2.1699 1B3 4.2.1703 1B3 4.2.1707 1B3 4.2.1711 1B4 4.2.1715 1B4 4.2.1719 1B4 4.2.1723 1B4 4.2.1727 1B4 4.2.1731 1B4 4.2.1735 1B4 4.2.1739 1B4 4.2.1743 1B4 4.2.1747 1B4 4.2.1751 1B4 4.2.1755 1B4 4.2.1759 1B4 4.2.1652 4.2.1656 4.2.1660 4.2.1664 4.2.1668 4.2.1672 4.2.1676 4.2.1680 4.2.1684 4.2.1688 4.2.1692 4.2.1696 4.2.1700 4.2.1704 4.2.1708 4.2.1712 4.2.1716 4.2.1720 4.2.1724 4.2.1728 4.2.1732 4.2.1736 4.2.1740 4.2.1744 4.2.1748 4.2.1752 4.2.1756 4.2.1760 94 4.2.1762 82 4.2.1766 4.2.1770 84 4.2.1774 85 4.2.1778 86 4.2.1782 87 4.2.1786 88 4.2.1790 89 4.2.1794 90 4.2.1798 91 4.2.1802 92 4.2.1806 93 4.2.1810 94 4.2.1814 4.2.1818 96 4.2.1822 97 4.2.1826 98 4.2.1830 99 4.2.1834 4.2.1838 00 4.2.1763 Student 82 4.2.1767 Student 83 4.2.1771 Student 84 4.2.1775 Student 85 4.2.1779 Student 86 4.2.1783 Student 87 4.2.1787 Student 88 4.2.1791 Student 89 4.2.1795 Student 90 4.2.1799 Student 91 4.2.1803 Student 92 4.2.1807 Student 93 4.2.1811 Student 94 4.2.1815 Student 95 4.2.1819 Student 96 4.2.1823 Student 97 4.2.1827 Student 98 4.2.1831 Student 99 4.2.1835 Student 100 4.2.1764 11B4 4.2.1768 11B4 4.2.1772 11B4 4.2.1776 11B4 4.2.1780 11B4 4.2.1784 11B4 4.2.1788 11B4 4.2.1792 11B4 4.2.1796 11B4 4.2.1800 11B4 4.2.1804 11B4 4.2.1808 11B4 4.2.1812 11B4 4.2.1816 11B4 4.2.1820 11B4 4.2.1824 11B4 4.2.1828 11B4 4.2.1832 11B4 4.2.1836 11B4 4.2.1765 4.2.1769 4.2.1773 4.2.1777 4.2.1781 4.2.1785 4.2.1789 4.2.1793 4.2.1797 4.2.1801 4.2.1805 4.2.1809 4.2.1813 4.2.1817 4.2.1821 4.2.1825 4.2.1829 4.2.1833 4.2.1837 95 4.2.1839 4.2.1840 4.2.1842 APPENDIX TRIAL WORD TABLE 4.2.1841 Table English Final Single Consonant Final 4.2.1843 Trial word 4.2.1844.IPA consonant 4.2.1845 4.2.1846 [-p] map 4.2.1848 4.2.1849 4.2.1850.[klAb [-b] club ] 4.2.1851 4.2.1852 4.2.1853.[seim [-m] same ] 4.2.1854 [-f] 4.2.1855 beef 4.2.1857 4.2.1858 [-v] live 4.2.1860 [-0] 4.2.1863 [-Ỗ] 4.2.1866 [-t] 4.2.1861 4.2.1864 math breathe 4.2.1867 mute 4.2.1869 4.2.1870 [-d] dad [-n] can 4.2.1872 4.2.1875 [-tf] 4.2.1878 [-d3] 4.2.1873 4.2.1876 watch 4.2.1879 change 4.2.1881 4.2.1882 [-s] kiss [-z] rise 4.2.1884 4.2.1887 [-l] 4.2.1885 4.2.1888 pull 4.2.1890 4.2.1891 [-J] fish 4.2.1893 [-3] 4.2.1896 4.2.1894 rouge 4.2.1897 [-k] pick [-g] bag 4.2.1899 4.2.1902 [-5] 4.2.1905 4.2.1900 4.2.1903 thing 4.2.1847.[m^p] 4.2.1856.[bi:f] 4.2.1859 [liv] 4.2.1862.[m^0] 4.2.1865.[bri:0 ] 4.2.1868 [mju:t] 4.2.1871 [d^d] 4.2.1874 [k^n] 4.2.1877 4.2.1880 4.2.1883 [wotf] [tfeind3] [kis] 4.2.1886.[raiz] 4.2.1889 [pul] 4.2.1892 [flf] 4.2.1895 [r : ] 4.2.1898 [pik] u3 4.2.1901.[b^g] 4.2.1904 [0in] 96 4.2.1906 Table English Final Two-Consonant Combination 4.2.1907 Final 4.2.1908 Trial word 4.2.1909 IPA consonant 4.2.1910 [-Oz] 4.2.1911 breathes 4.2.1912 [breOz] 4.2.1913 [-to] 4.2.1914 eighth 4.2.1915 [eito] 4.2.1916 [-d d] 4.2.1917 ridged 4.2.1918 [rid3d] 4.2.1919 [-tjt] 4.2.1920 matched 4.2.1921 |mx'tjt| 4.2.1922 [-JI] 4.2.1923 wished 4.2.1924 [wijt] 4.2.1925 [-pt] 4.2.1926 stopped 4.2.1927 [stopt] 4.2.1928 [-st] 4.2.1929 last 4.2.1931 [-sk] 4.2.1932 task 4.2.1933 [ta:sk] [-m ] 4.2.1935 jump 4.2.1936 [d Am ] [-nd] 4.2.1938 mind [- k] 4.2.1941 tank 4.2.1934 4.2.1937 4.2.1940 4.2.1943 4.2.1946 p [-gd] 4.2.1944 tagged 4.2.1930 [la:st] 4.2.1939 p [maind] 4.2.1942 [tank] 4.2.1945 [tffigd] 4.2.1947 Table English Final Three-Consonant Combination 4.2.1948 Final 4.2.1949 Trial word 4.2.1950 IPA consonant 4.2.1953.[helps [-l s] 4.2.1951 p 4.2.1952 helps ] 4.2.1954 4.2.1957 4.2.1960 4.2.1963 4.2.1966 4.2.1969 [-kst] 4.2.1955 text 4.2.1956 [tekst] [- ts] p 4.2.1958 scripts [-lpt] 4.2.1961 helped 4.2.1962 [helpt] [- ks] n 4.2.1964 tanks 4.2.1965 [tanks] [-ndz] 4.2.1967 hands 4.2.1968 [hsndz] 4.2.1959 [skripts] 97 4.2.1970 [-lfe] 4.2.1973 [-fes] 4.2.1971 twelfth [twelfe] 4.2.1974 fifths 4.2.1975 [fifes] 4.2.1978 [lspst] 4.2.1976 [- st] P 4.2.1977 lapsed 4.2.1979 [-m t] 4.2.1980 prompt P 4.2.1972 4.2.1981 [prompt] 4.2.1982 Table English Final Four-Consonant Combination 4.2.1983 Final 4.2.1984 Trial word 4.2.1985 IPA consonant 4.2.1986 [-lies] 4.2.1987 twelfths 4.2.1988 [twelfes] 4.2.1989 [-mpts] 4.2.1990 prompts 4.2.1991 [prompts] 4.2.1992 [-kses] 4.2.1993 sixths 4.2.1994 [sikses] 4.2.1995 [-ksts] 4.2.1996 texts 4.2.1997 [teksts] 4.2.1998 4.2.1999 4.2.2000 APPENDIX ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION RATING SCALE Listen and assess the collaborator's achievement of the final consonant elements in bold 4.2.2001 The assessment scale has frameworks to evaluate the collaborator's ability to pronounce at the levels: False, Acceptable, Average, Fair and True 4.2.2002 10 4.2.2003 4.2.2004 Evaluation criteria: False Acceptable Average Fair True 4.2.2005 Pronounced 0-2 points: False 4.2.2006 Pronounced 3-4 points: Acceptable 4.2.2007 Pronounced 5-6 points: Average 4.2.2008 Pronounced 7-8 points: Fair 4.2.2009 Pronounced 9-10 points: True 4.2.2010 Note: Evaluate directly on the Trial Word Table of each collaborator 4.2.2011 4.2.2012 4.2.2013 APPENDIX THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (Source: https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipachart) 4.2.2014 THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) 4.2.2015 CONSONANTS © 2015 IP A (PULMONIC) Clicks Q Btebte Dental * (PlMlkdveute • Pateuahvciat Ị Alveolar teerxl Voiced implosive* Ljccilvc* B labial Examples (.f Dentri/teheute p* BiUbte J rauu t c| Velar k’v— Cl* Uvulae s' Akcute fricative Dotfal/alv cute 4.2.2016 4.2.2017 4.2.2018 4.2.2019 4.2.2020 4.2.2021 4.2.2022 4.2.2023 4.2.2024 4.2.2025 4.2.2026 4.2.2027 4.2.2028.4.2.2029.4.2.2030 4.2.2031 l 4.2.2032 4.2.2033 4.2.2034 4.2.2035.4.2.2036 4.2.2037 4.2.2047 4.2.2038 4.2.2039 4.2.2040 4.2.2041.4.2.2042 4.2.2043 4.2.2044 4.2.2045.4.2.2046 4.2.2050 4.2.2052 4.2.2053 4.2.2054 4.2.2056 4.2.2057 4.2.2048 4.2.2049 4.2.2051 4.2.2055 4.2.2059 4.2.2060 4.2.2063 4.2.2064 4.2.2065 4.2.2066 4.2.2067 4.2.2058 4.2.2061 4.2.2062 4.2.2068.4.2.2069 4.2.2070 4.2.2071 4.2.2072 4.2.2073 4.2.2074 4.2.2075 4.2.2076 4.2.2077 4.2.2078 4.2.2079 4.2.2082 4.2.2084 4.2.2085 4.2.2086 4.2.2087 4.2.2088 4.2.2089 4.2.2080 4.2.2081 4.2.2083 ■1 4.2.2091 4.2.2097 4.2.2098 4.2.2099 4.2.2090 4.2.2092 4.2.2093.4.2.2094 4.2.2095 4.2.2096 4.2.2101 4.2.2102.4.2.2103.4.2.2104 4.2.2108 4.2.2109 4.2.2100 4.2.2105 4.2.2106.4.2.2107 Lateral 4.2.2110 Symbols to the right in a cell arc voiced, to the leli arc voiceless Shaded areas denote articulations judged tnipossible 4.2.2111.CONSONANTS (NOH-PULMONIC) 4.2.2112 4.2.2113 4.2.2114 OTHER SYMBOLS A\ VukdeM IdiiteLvtte ftaeanvc £ Ahculu-fmUul fncaflncs w Voiced labiai-vclar appruxinunl IỊ Voiced hibtal-ptetenl apfwoxtnunl I) Stinuluocuw I and X 11 Voiceless cpigkitul trieativc 4.2.2115 4.2.2116 .Am kales actel ikikNc are*cutetexts s Voiced epạỊtettel fricative cun be represented by luo symbols ts Vuiied ak cute loDefal Hop 4.2.2117 4.2.2118 IS taiined by a tic isu ifncuesnrry T Eplgkaui pkMk e VOWELS • Half-king C’ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may he placed above a ^mbo