... NewMark, there are eight methods of translation, namely word-for-word -translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, idiomatic translation, ... translated out of context. Literal translation is considered the basic translation step, both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. As pre -translation process, ... technological information. In “ Approaches to translation (1981) Newmark differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “Technical translation is one of the part of...